18,897 research outputs found
Pharmacoeconomic analysis of adjuvant oral capecitabine vs intravenous 5-FU/LV in Dukes' C colon cancer: the X-ACT trial
No full textOral capecitabine (Xeloda<sup>®</sup>) is an effective drug with favourable safety in adjuvant and metastatic colorectal cancer. Oxaliplatin-based therapy is becoming standard for Dukes' C colon cancer in patients suitable for combination therapy, but is not yet approved by the UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) in the adjuvant setting. Adjuvant capecitabine is at least as effective as 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin (5-FU/LV), with significant superiority in relapse-free survival and a trend towards improved disease-free and overall survival. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of adjuvant capecitabine from payer (UK National Health Service (NHS)) and societal perspectives. We used clinical trial data and published sources to estimate incremental direct and societal costs and gains in quality-adjusted life months (QALMs). Acquisition costs were higher for capecitabine than 5-FU/LV, but higher 5-FU/LV administration costs resulted in 57% lower chemotherapy costs for capecitabine. Capecitabine vs 5-FU/LV-associated adverse events required fewer medications and hospitalisations (cost savings £3653). Societal costs, including patient travel/time costs, were reduced by >75% with capecitabine vs 5-FU/LV (cost savings £1318), with lifetime gain in QALMs of 9 months. Medical resource utilisation is significantly decreased with capecitabine vs 5-FU/LV, with cost savings to the NHS and society. Capecitabine is also projected to increase life expectancy vs 5-FU/LV. Cost savings and better outcomes make capecitabine a preferred adjuvant therapy for Dukes' C colon cancer. This pharmacoeconomic analysis strongly supports replacing 5-FU/LV with capecitabine in the adjuvant treatment of colon cancer in the UK
Influence of ac ageing on space charge dynamics in LDPE
No full textPolymeric materials have been widely used as insulation in power industry due to their excellent electrical properties. However, these properties deteriorate in time irreversibly when the material is subjected to electric stress. Although space charge is believed to play an important role in ac ageing, exact mechanisms are poorly understood due to very limited experimental data. In the present work efforts have been made to investigate the influence of ac ageing on space charge dynamics in low-density polyethylene (LDPE). LDPE films with 200mm were aged at 50 kV/mm at 50 Hz for various times at ambient temperature. Space charge dynamics in the samples prior to and after ageing were monitored using the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) technique under dc electric stress. The results indicate that there is a significant amount of homocharge accumulation in the unaged sample due to charge injection. These injected charges are the captured by the deep traps originated from the interface between crystalline and amorphous regions in LDPE. Ageing under ac condition does not necessarily lead to an increase in amount of charge in the bulk but leads to an increase in mobility of charge carriers. Chemical analysis by infrared spectroscope (FTIR) reveals there are chemical changes taken place in the bulk of the material after ac ageing. It is believed that the chemical changes introduce shallow traps which promote the movement of charge carriers in the bulk. Consequently, the injected charges spread across the sample
Space Charge Behaviour in LDPE after AC Ageing
No full textSpace charge accumulation after ac ageing and its effect on dc poling has been studied in low-density polyethylene (LDPE). LDPE film samples with thickness of around 180mm were aged at an electric stress of 50kV/mm under 50 Hz ac voltage for various times at ambient temperature. Space charge dynamics in the samples after ageing were monitored using the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) technique. Except the presence of considerable amount of space charge accumulation in the aged sample, the ageing has also brought a significant influence into the space dynamic under dc poling voltage. The ageing extent was previously investigated by chemical analysis (i.e. Fourier Transform Infrared FTIR and Raman spectrum) revealed little change taken place in the bulk of the material after ac ageing in the time frame studied. This indicates that the space charge measurement may be an effective method for diagnosing the early stage of material deterioration. It also provides additional information about charge mobility and trap depth that can be extracted from space charge profile
The influence of the number of instances on implicit sequence learning
No full textRecent theories of implicit learning have raised the issue of what was learned (rules or instances) in implicit learning. The study approached this issue by changing the number of instances and applying the Process Dissociation Procedure (PDP, Jacoby, 1991) to a free generation task to disentangle implicit and explicit sequence learning. The results indicated that: (1) participants could implicitly acquire both rules and instances and the number of instances influenced what was learned, and (2) participants might explicitly learn some knowledge when the number of instances decreased to four
Weak solution of (r, (x, u(x)) u′(x))′ = (Fu)′(x) with r(0, u(0))u′(0) = ku(0), r(L, u(L))u′ (L) = hu(L) and k, h are suitable elements of [0, ∞]
No full textAbstractWe consider weak solutions to the nonlinear boundary value problem (r, (x, u(x)) u′(x))′ = (Fu)′(x) with r(0, u(0)) u′(0) = ku(0), r(L, u(L)) u′(L) = hu(L) and k, h are suitable elements of [0, ∞]. In addition to studying some new boundary conditions, we also relax the constraints on r(x, u) and (Fu)(x). r(x, u) > 0 may have a countable set of jump discontinuities in u and r(x, u)−1 ϵ Lq((0, L) × (0, p)). F is an operator from a suitable set of functions to a subset of Lp(0, L) which have nonnegative values. F includes, among others, examples of the form (Fu)(x) = (1 − H(x − x0)) u(x0), (Fu)(x) = ∫xLf(y, u(y)) dy where f(y, u) may have a countable set of jump discontinuities in u or F may be chosen so that (Fu)′(x) = − g(x, u(x)) u′(x) − q(x) u(x) − f(x, u(x)) where q is a distributional derivative of an L2(0, L) function
On FU()-spaces and -sequential spaces
No full textsummary:Following Kombarov we say that is -sequential, for , if for every non-closed subset of there is such that and . This suggests the following definition due to Comfort and Savchenko, independently: is a {\rm FU()}-space if for every and every there is a function such that . It is not hard to see that ( denotes the Rudin--Keisler order) every -sequential space is -sequential every {\rm FU()}-space is a {\rm FU()}-space. We generalize the spaces to construct examples of -sequential (for ) spaces which are not {\rm FU()}-spaces. We slightly improve a result of Boldjiev and Malykhin by proving that every -sequential (Tychonoff) space is a {\rm FU()}-space , for ; and is a {\rm FU()}-space for and every sequential space with is a {\rm FU()}-space ; hence, it is independent with ZFC that is a {\rm FU()}-space for all . It is also shown that every space with is -sequential for some every space with is a {\rm FU()}-space for some ; if and , then ( is a {\rm FU()}-space)
Role of figures in cooperative problem solving
No full textExternal representations play an important role in distance cooperation work. In this experiment, every two participants were paired based on their personalities (introversion or extraversion) and then cooperated to solve math questions in one of six different figure conditions. Communication contents, strategies and times during problem-solving process were recorded, and communication experiences were examined by a questionnaire at the end of the tasks. The results showed that distinct figures had disparate effects on cooperative problem-solving tasks. Different personality combinations had respective strategies and communication functions. The learning curve of cooperation could be gained
An experimental study of the mechanical and fracturing behavior in PMMA specimen containing multiple 3D embedded flaws under uniaxial compression
No full textThis paper studies the mechanical and fracture behavior of poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) specimens containing multiple embedded flaws, under uniaxial compression. The initiation, propagation, coalescence of cracks, and failure of specimens are captured by a high-speed digital video camera system. Six types of cracks and three modes of crack coalescence are captured in the PMMA specimens. The experimental observations show that the effects of the flaw angle on crack propagation and coalescence are stronger than the non-overlapping length. Furthermore, the peak strength and crack initiation stress show regular change with increasing in the flaw angle and the non-overlapping length
A three-dimensional non-local lattice bond model for fracturing behavior prediction in brittle solids
No full textIn this paper, a 3D non-local lattice bond model is proposed to model fracturing behaviors of materials. First, the formulations and detailed derivation for three-dimensional non-local lattice bond models are obtained by comparing the strain energy stored in a discrete lattice with the classical continuum strain energy. Then, the capabilities of three-dimensional non-local lattice bond models are verified using benchmarks. To further assess the performance of the non-local lattice bond model, fracturing behaviors in brittle solids are predicted. Compared with the previous numerical results, the proposed model demonstrates better performances, which are more consistent with the experimental observations. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V
Transmission electron microscopic images of 5-FU nanoparticles.
No full text<p>(<b>A</b>) Representative TEM image of 5-FU nanoparicles synthesized by incubating 5 ml of 10<sup>−3</sup> M 5-FU solution with 5 ml of <i>Aloe vera</i> extract for 48 h. (<b>B</b>) TEM image of the plate like hexagonal 5-FU nano-particles prepared from 5-FU (10<sup>−3</sup> M) with <i>Aloe vera</i> leaf extract (5 ml). HRTEM image shows different section of hexagonal nano-particles of 5-FU. (<b>C</b>) Variation in particle size diameter upon incubation of 10<sup>−3</sup> M 5-FU solution (5 ml) with 5 ml <i>Aloe vera</i> extract for 48 h. (<b>D</b>) Particle size analysis of 5-FU nano-particles as determined by Nanofox particle analyzer. (<b>E</b>) Graph showing size of the nano-particle as obtained by Dynamic Light Scattering studies. (F–G) The X-ray diffraction analysis of 5-FU nano-particles. The X-ray diffraction pattern shows characteristic intense peak at diffraction angle (2θ) of 16°, 19°, 22° and 28°. X-ray diffraction of 5-FU nano-particle was analyzed at diffraction angle (2θ) of (<b>F</b>) 20–30 and (<b>G</b>) 25–30 respectively.</p
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