3 research outputs found
Development, calibration and implementation
No full textHovedmålet for FoU programmet VegDim (2018/2023) er å utvikle og ta i bruk et mekanistisk empirisk dimensjoneringssystem for vegoverbygninger. Denne rapporten gir en kort historisk beskrivelse av utvikling, kalibrering og implementering av AASHTOWare PMED og PMS Objekt, verktøy for dimensjonering og analyse av vegoverbygninger. Formålet med beskrivelsen er å gi et grunnlag for å vurdere og sammenligne mot utvikling, kalibrering og implementering av nytt dimensjoneringssystem for Norge.Statens vegvesen Vegdirektorate
Measuring the Returns to R&D: The Depreciation Problem
No full textMeasuring the private returns to R&D requires knowledge of its private depreciation or obsolescence rate, which is inherently variable and responds to competitive pressure. Nevertheless, most of the previous literature has used a constant depreciation rate to construct R&D capital stocks and measure the returns to R&D, a rate usually equal to 15 per cent. In this paper I review the implications of this assumption for the measurement of returns using two different methodologies: one based on the production function and another that uses firm market value to infer returns. Under the assumption that firms choose their R&D investment optimally, that is, marginal expected benefit equals marginal cost, I show that both estimates of returns can be inverted to derive an implied depreciation rate for R&D capital. I then test these ideas on a large unbalanced panel of U.S. manufacturing firms for the years 1974 to 2003. The two methods do not agree, in that the production function approach suggests depreciation rates near zero (or even appreciation) whereas the market value approach implies depreciation rates ranging from 20 to 40 per cent, depending on the period. The concluding section discusses the possible reasons for this funding.
Found memories. What do students think about the armed conflict?
No full textEl presente texto pone sobre la mesa las memorias de los jóvenes estudiantes de Bogotá y su reconocimiento de las problemáticas sociales y políticas que ha desencadenado el conflicto armado colombiano, a la vez que marca cómo están desdibujados otros factores explicativos sobre su persistencia. Muestra las conexiones entre esas representaciones sobre el pasado, las frustraciones del presente y las desesperanzas de cara al futuro que, en ocasiones, los jóvenes viven como condena ineludible. El autor nos expone las ‘memorias encontradas’, las que encontró y las que se encuentran; las que se aproximan y se distancian. Nos revela las ‘luchas por la memoria’, ‘los trabajos de memoria’, ‘las luchas por el pasado’. Nos indica que no solo hay una memoria hegemónica. Nos advierte que los jóvenes también manifiestan cómo operan los cuadros sociales de memoria al exponer memorias que no escapan a la circulación social de diversas memorias. Nos recuerda que las memorias nunca son puramente individuales. Nos trae a superficie palabras e imágenes pero también silencios y omisiones.This text puts on the table the memories of the young students of Bogotá and their recognition of the social and political problems that the Colombian armed conflict has unleashed, while highlighting how other explanatory factors regarding its persistence are blurred. It shows the connections between these representations of the past, the frustrations of the present and the despair regarding the future that, sometimes, young people experience as an inescapable condemnation. The author shows us the 'found memories', those that he found and those that are found; those that approach and distance themselves. He reveals to us the 'fights for memory', 'the work of memory', 'the struggles for the past'. He tells us that there is not only one hegemonic memory. He warns us that young people also manifest how social memory frameworks operate by exposing memories that do not escape the social circulation of various memories. He reminds us that memories are never purely individual. He brings to the surface words and images but also silences and omissions.Bogot
