107 research outputs found
An existentialist victimology of genocide?
Full text linkVictimology is developing increasingly more understanding of genocide, considering different perspectives, such as, but not limited to, sociological, psychological, and cultural approaches. Nevertheless, the existential perspective on genocide has hardly been integrated into victimological explorations of genocide. This contribution will consider existentialism as a useful paradigm for victimology to frame genocide as an existential act. It will be argued that victimology ought to explore several key existential dimensions of genocide by looking at survival of nothingness, the human origin of genocide, and the devastating effects of genocide laws and regulations to shape a new understanding of genocidal victimhood. In doing so, this chapter shall consider the strong yet long denied link between existentialism, victimology, and genocide. Then it will review to which extent genocide is existential destruction and its consequences for surviving such destruction, followed by a critical consideration of the politico-legal concept of genocide. The chapter will conclude by suggesting (genealogical) ways towards an existentialist victimology of genocide
Scientific crimes against humanity for all humankind:Accounting for the space legacy of Aryan criminology and Nazi aerospace science
Full text linkThis chapter goes back in history, critically addressing how space exploration ‘for all humankind’ originates from a dark place; a place where the criminological and aerospace sciences, unitedly, profited from as well as assisted the Nazi regime and its crimes against humanity. During the Second World War criminology - specifically Aryan biological criminology - seems to have functioned as an initiator, accelerator, and amplifier of Nazi crimes against humanity. Simultaneously, Nazi aerospace science and one of its prominent scientists, Wernher von Braun, developed the V-2 rocket that gave the Nazi regime a most destructive power; a power the United States was highly interested in on developing as well by exploiting Nazi scientists and knowledge, as this chapter will discuss. This chapter will conclude on the dark origin of space exploration and ties with Nazi criminology; a past that critical space criminology must account for.</p
Conclusion - A new hope?:The future of researching space crime, criminal justice and ethics
Full text linkn this concluding chapter, which is actually the ending of the first few steps toward a holistic and interdisciplinary study of space crime, criminal justice and ethics, we critically and constructively reflect upon the lessons drawn from each chapter. Based on that reflection, we present further directions and invite those interested in (the intersection of) space criminology, space criminal justice and space ethics to critically engage in such discussions in the future. In doing so, we conclude the need to take seriously and take up the task of researching critically space sectors, actors, (mal)practices, cultures, ambitions and promises, and the possible (unintended) harmful effects they may all bear. Doing so is vital as the human species begins to embark on imminent exploration and expansion of outer space in the coming years and decades
The incorporation of private security actors to protect Dutch merchant vessels:A Bourdieuian reflection
Full text linkThe increasing privatization of security raises salient questions about the configuration of private and public relationships in its provision, especially regarding the Weberian notion of the state’s monopoly of violence. The security privatization trend has not limited itself to land: the boom of Somali piracy between 2006 and 2012 brought rise to a blossoming industry of private security providers. In 2021, the Dutch government legalized the use of private maritime security companies (PMSCs) on board of Dutch merchant vessels in the Merchant Vessel Protection Act (MVPA). This chapter utilizes Bourdieu’s notions of field and economic, cultural, and symbolic capital as a framework to study the construction of public-private relationships in light of the MVPA. The aims of this chapter are twofold. Firstly, this chapter uncovers the utility of a Bourdieuan perspective in the analysis of public-private relationships in security fields. Secondly, it applies this analytical framework to argue that the unique legal and spatial configuration of maritime territory forces changes in the way the Dutch state and private security actors assemble along the lines of economic, cultural, and symbolic capital
Conclusion:Make up leeway. Future maritime criminology and policing studies
Full text linkMaritime Crime and Policing has covered a wide range of maritime topics and interdisciplinary perspectives on them. Firstly, the limited appreciation of causes of piracy may be false and require more insights into how piracy and other illicit maritime trades remain land-based problems, which require a focus on addressing the principal causes of piracy with long-term solutions. Secondly, the broader, more holistic focus on land-based causes regarding piracy is something illegal maritime migration flows and illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing would benefit from as well. Maritime policing and the challenges that come along with it also manifest themselves at the shoreside of the maritime domain, specifically ports. To be compliant and continue their operation, many of the port actors need to consume security services. Although the regulatory regime makes different security measures mandatory, it is still possible to trace resistance and skepticism among several port actors with regard to their spending on security services
Introduction:Bringing together maritime crime & policing scholars and professionals
Full text linkThe seas and oceans cover 70 percent of the earth’s surface and 80 percent of world trade by volume travels by sea. It is remarkable, especially given the abundant scrutiny of maritime security, that as a subject for professional and academic study, there is hardly any analytical interest in maritime crime and policing. All in all, the origins of one of the biggest criminological ideas (the panopticon) and that of policing principles (Peel’s) are maritime. From the oceans of interlinked maritime crimes, the people go to irregular maritime threats at the littoral sea, a specific maritime domain, which, according to Arabinda Acharya, has received barely any proper attention, whereas crime and chaos in the littoral could potentially undermine security and prosperity on a global scale. Perhaps one of the most neglected, yet interlinked, as well as irregular maritime crimes is that of illegal land reclamation
Introduction:Exploring the final frontier of criminology, criminal justice and ethics scholars together in outer space
No full textThis introductory chapter lays the groundwork for exploring the intricate intersection of space crime, criminal justice, and ethical considerations. As humanity ventures beyond terrestrial boundaries, it is necessary to deliver an examination of space as a novel frontier for criminal activity, where traditional concepts of justice and ethics encounter unique complexities. Next to setting the stage for a deeper exploration of the multifaceted dynamics shaping the evolving landscape of space crime, criminal justice and ethical dilemmas, this chapter introduces the contributing authors to this book.</p
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A criminological biography of an arms dealer /
No full text"For many, the arms trade and its dealers are the root cause for regional wars and global terrorism. In both public and academic debates, arms dealers are considered immoral as they profit from conflict, due to their key position in the international arms trading business. Nevertheless, there seems to be little to no interest in the personal lives of those actively involved. In his criminological biography of a certified arms dealer, Yarin Eski provides in-depth, interdisciplinary approach to and understanding of the global arms trade, revealing a deep insider view in a wider socio-cultural context. From early discussions of childhood and career choices, to reflections on becoming and being an arms trader, Eski offers a methodologically embedded approach, and advances biographical writing in the field of Criminology. It is a unique and though-provoking contribution to the fields of criminology, ethnography, sociology, critical security studies, policing studies, war studies and international politics, and offers an unparalleled insight from within"-
‘Spaceport of Call’:Developing a geopolitical-criminological perspective on spaceport crime and policing
Full text linkEarth-bound spaceports, like NASA’s Mission Control Center in Houston, are crucial for spacefaring and space habitation. Just think of the famous ‘Houston, we have a problem’ quotation from the radio communications between Apollo 13 astronauts and Mission Control in 1970. Without spaceports, there would be no rockets launched into space, no communications with astronauts in distress and no contact with cosmic pioneers setting off to the Moon and beyond. As vital nodes in the transport of people and goods, like maritime ports have been throughout history and still are, spaceports are subject to policing in accordance with rules set at different levels, from the interpersonal relations among dock workers, to international law and norms to geopolitical contestation over trade and legal orders. Criminological research on these topics is virtually non-existent, and the policing of ports, let alone spaceports, is hardly represented in geopolitics literature despite the interlinkage of the spatial dimension of power and its enforcement. Therefore, this chapter provides geopolitical-criminological insights to set a critical research agenda on spaceport crime (control) and policing. To that end, the chapter will explore what a spaceport comprises, followed by important considerations for understanding spaceport crime and policing. Afterward, we situate the conceptual understanding of spaceport policing into the broader context of geopolitics, to conclude on how to move toward a geopolitical-criminology of spaceport crime and policing.</p
Governing ‘undermining’ vs. policing drug-related organized crime in the Port of Amsterdam and North Sea Canal area:An empirical study of port policing an ambiguous concept
Full text linkThe port of Amsterdam and the North Sea Canal Area (NSCA), together, comprise a port area that is used by organized crime groups for illegal drug trafficking, although it may not be as frequent as in the port of Rotterdam or at such a large scale. NSCA’s port policing actors are struggling with deterring drug-related organized crime because of a Dutch governance and political narrative about ‘undermining’. Undermining is a conceptualization of organized crime that undermines democratic order and the Rule of Law. In determining a collectively accepted new definition (of the impact) of organized crime on our society by speaking in terms of ‘undermining’ (transl.: ‘ondermijning’), the port policing of drug-related organized crime is (socially) constructed. The governance of undermining does not always benefit (port) policing of drug-related organized crime. This chapter is an empirical exploration of how the Dutch governance concept of undermining influences port policing actors in the NSCA. We will show what they mean when they talk about and are policing against undermining. What perceptions do they have and how does it influence, perhaps even bother the port policing of drug-related organized crime? How does it affect multi-agency policing cooperation? These and other key questions will be addressed in this chapter
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