2,880 research outputs found
FTAA, OUTPUT ADJUSTMENTS, AND INCOME REDISTRIBUTION IN A SMALL OPEN ECONOMY: THE CASE OF PERU
No full textThe Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) expected to become effective by 2005 will advance South, North, and Central American free trade. As member countries adjust to free trade, various sectors of each economy will adjust differently. This paper uses the Specific Factors (SF) model of production and trade to estimate comparative statics elasticities of changing prices on factor prices and output for Peru under a free trade scenario. The model predicts that output changes and income redistribution in Peru resulting from the emerging FTAA are substantial.FTAA, Income Redistribution, Peru
Amphibian diversity in Amazonian flooded forests of Peru
No full textGlobal biodiversity is currently facing the sixth mass extinction, with extinction rates at least 100 times higher than background levels. The Amazon Basin has the richest amphibian fauna in South America, but there remain significant gaps in our knowledge of the drivers of diversity in this region and how amphibian assemblages are responding to environmental change.
Surveys were conducted in the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve (PSNR) in Amazonian Peru, with a view to (1) comparing assemblage structure on floating meadows and adjacent terrestrial habitats; (2) determining the predictors of diversity in these habitats; and (3) exploring the effects of disturbance and seasonal flooding on diversity measures. Eighty-one species of amphibians have been recorded in these habitats since 1996 representing 11 families and three orders. In 2012-2013 22 anuran species used the floating meadow habitat, of which 10 were floating meadow specialists. These specialists were predominantly hylids which breed on floating meadows all the year round. Floating meadows therefore host an assemblage of species which is different to that found in adjacent terrestrial areas which are subject to seasonal flooding. Floating meadows enhance the amphibian diversity of the region, and rafts of vegetation that break away and disperse frogs downstream may explain the wide distribution of hylids within the Amazon Basin.
Fourteen different reproductive modes were represented within the 54 anuran species observed. The number of reproductive modes present was influenced by localised disturbance and seasonal flooding. Diversity increased in the low water period, with hylids breeding in temporary pools. When the forest is inundated most species disperse away from the flood waters.
Disturbance, habitat change, emerging diseases and climate change would likely lead to changes in species composition and assemblage structure rather than wholescale extinctions. However, further studies are needed to evaluate long-term consequences of synergistic environmental change
The operation of biopower and biopolitics in the implementation process of reproductive health policies in Peru
No full textIn present-day societies, human life is often an arena of debate within which claims of morality, knowledge, and truth are contested. The meaning of human life, as well as the right to exert control over the bodies that create this life, are constructed by various discourses. In this process, special attention is paid to human bodies with particular capacities and needs, such as women’s bodies. The reproductive capacity of women’s bodies has long been considered central to defining the meaning of being a woman in Western societies. This gender essentialism related to the maternal role guides some reproductive health policies, which are implemented within a complex architecture of discourses, institutionalized social stratification, biopower and biopolitics. The Peruvian case offers clear examples of this situation.
In Peru, reproductive healthcare policy has been irregularly implemented throughout the last twenty years, mostly due to the strong influence that conservative Catholic groups have been able to exert on the Peruvian Government. The discourse articulated by these groups asserts that human life begins at the moment of conception and is a gift from God; therefore, no one should be permitted to interfere in the processes of human life from conception until death. This sacralisation of human life has been progressively constructed within Catholic doctrine, which today incorporates selective interpretations of scientific knowledge in support of its claims. This discourse about human life directly and adversely affects Peruvian women’s bodies and lives. Due to their reproductive capacity, the conservative Catholic discourse considers women as bearers of human life. However, their decision-making power about the creation of this life is not taken into account in this discourse, especially when this decision-making power is linked to the exertion of sexual and reproductive rights. The influence of conservative Catholic discourse on the implementation process of Peru’s reproductive health policy is thus the central focus of this thesis.
The analysis offered in this thesis is informed by a feminist critical discourse analysis of Peruvian politics, policy and law relating to three key issues: coercive sterilisation of indigenous Peruvian women during the regime of Fujimori (1996-2000), the ongoing lack of access to safe and legal abortion, and the 2009 Constitutional Court ban on the distribution of free emergency contraception within the public health sector. My analysis reveals that the Catholic interest in, and influence on, reproductive health policy was largely stimulated by Fujimori’s policy of coercive sterilization, which was in turn prompted by a eugenic discourse that conservative Catholic groups, among others within Peruvian civil society, actively denounced. This opposition consolidated the influence of conservative Catholic discourse within the political domain. Further, I suggest that the actions of the State, increasingly influenced by Catholic interests, can best be understood in terms of Foucault’s concept of biopower, with reproductive health policy being the primary tool used to effect the State’s biopolitical agenda. As I illustrate, the influence of Catholic discourse on reproductive policy and practice is most clearly evident in the ongoing impediments placed in the way of women trying to access therapeutic abortions, and the prohibition of the free distribution of the emergency contraceptive pill via the public health system. Even in the face of local and international condemnation, the State persists in its non-compliance with the provisions of international human rights agreements, a failure which I suggest can only be understood by acknowledging the defining influence of Catholic discourse and interests within Peru’s political domain.
The significance of this thesis thus lies in its analysis of the discourses and political machinations that restrict the exertion of Peruvian women’s sexual and reproductive rights. These constraints are achieved through the operation of biopower enacted through the implementation of various reproductive health policies. This situation, I suggest, confines women via a constructed “naturalness” that reproduces essentialist notions of gender. As the case studies presented in this thesis demonstrate, a vital component of this discursive essentialisation of the maternal role is the identification of women as reproductive bodies that can be regulated and managed in accordance with the interests and discursive affiliations of the State, as opposed to individual citizens with autonomous decision-making power over their bodies and their own lives
Missed opportunities for tuberculosis diagnosis.
No full textBACKGROUND: In high tuberculosis (TB) burden, resource-poor countries, sputum smear microscopy remains the mainstay of diagnosis. The low sensitivity of this test means that patients with smear-negative but culture-positive TB pass undetected through the health care system. Such clinical episodes are missed opportunities for diagnosis and interruption of transmission, which might be averted through the application of more sensitive diagnostic tests. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the proportion of incident TB cases that might have been detected earlier than the actual date of diagnosis if a test more sensitive than smear microscopy had been used at an earlier presentation episode. METHOD: Retrospective cohort study in urban Peru, investigating health care facility interactions for symptoms suggestive of TB prior to TB diagnosis through patient interviews and a review of clinical records. RESULTS: Of 212 participants enrolled, 58% had one or more clinical interactions prior to their diagnostic episode. Of those with a prior episode, the median number of episodes was three. The median delay to diagnosis from first presentation was 26 days. CONCLUSION: There are clear missed opportunities for earlier TB diagnosis, delaying treatment initiation and continued spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to the community. The implementation of sensitive diagnostic tests appropriate to resource-poor settings should be given high priority
Memo from John K. Emmerson, Auxiliary Section to The Ambassador, American Embassy, Lima, Peru, April 18, 1942
No full textIn this memo, the author writes to the American Ambassador in Peru that the Japanese people there have no loyalty to Peru and have not assimilated. He concludes that the Japanese population in Peru is "dangerous, well-organized, and intensely patriotic." This is not the original document.Collection of notes, articles, correspondence, photographs, and term papers collected by Yukio Mochizuki, a student at CSU Dominguez Hills, while researching Japanese American incarceration and Japanese Peruvian internment during World War II
Toward better regulation of private pension funds
No full textThe author analyzes the typical model for regulating investments in private pension funds. Pension reforms like those pioneered by Chile are being initiated or considered in Argentina, Bolivia, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Hungary, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, and elsewhere. Such reforms greatly improve fiscal discipline, make social security benefits and burdens equitable, and deepen financial markets. But they are also typically accompanied by: tight restrictions on the investments in pension fund portfolios; restrictions on the management of mandated retirement savings (to newly created legal entities called pension administrators, to the exclusion of such financial intermediaries as banks and mutual funds); minimum-return guarantees from the state and/or pension funds; and commissions based on salary rather than on the volume of assets managed. Illustrating his conclusions with case studies from Chile and Peru, the author shows that these restrictions, though well-meant, are poorly justified by financial theory, distort incentives for competition based on product choice and efficiency, increase administrative costs, and seriously reduce the affiliates'appropriate risk-return choices and returns. And the resulting potential losses in retirement income are great. The author recommends a significant departure from the Chilean-style model of a private pension fund system. He briefly describes implementation and transition issues for the alternative system that he proposes, which would: permit diverse intermediaries -including banks and mutual funds that meet appropriate prudential standards- to manage retirement savings; allow a greater choice between investment products; require that returns be reported on a net basis; and charge commissions as a fraction of assets managed.Payment Systems&Infrastructure,Economic Theory&Research,International Terrorism&Counterterrorism,Environmental Economics&Policies,Insurance&Risk Mitigation,Pensions&Retirement Systems,Environmental Economics&Policies,Insurance&Risk Mitigation,Banks&Banking Reform,Economic Theory&Research
Peru 1:100,000 /
No full textEd. 1-DMA. Relief shown by contours and spot heights on some sheets.; Some sheets in English and Spanish.; Some sheets are remote-sensing maps.; Author/publisher varies: Defense Mapping Agency Aerospace Center, St. Louis, Missouri; Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN), Lima, Peru, in collaboration with the Defense Mapping Agency, Washington, D.C.; Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) in collaboration with the Defense Mapping Agency Inter American Geodetic Survey.; Edition statement varies: Ed. 1; Ed. 1-DMA (IGN).; Standard map series designation: Series J632, Series J033, Series J033Z, Series J631 = Serie J631.; "Series J033 [and J033Z] is an interim product for Series J632."; Includes notes, boundary diagram, and index to adjoining sheets. Some maps include compilation diagram or Landsat coverage diagram, and/or elevation guide.Series J632.Series J033.Series J033Z.Series J631.Serie J631
Gendering responses to El Niño in rural Peru
No full textMetadata only recordThis article reflects on the gender-specific lessons learned after El Niño in a poor rural community in Peru. The author starts by explaining that El Niño had different impacts in different areas in Peru. On upland areas, where small-scale agriculture is the basis of food source, heavy rains caused devastation. In these areas, food insecurity and epidemics affected women more. The article also sums up government responses to disasters. Government neglected that disasters have different impacts in different places and on different people, and they favored development of agro-exports and rural communities were absent in the development process. The article presents a table of women's vulnerabilities and capacities during El Niño including the perspective of citizenship and social organization, psychological attitudes, and physical and material factors. Suggested preventive measures include, investing in capacity building, mainstreaming gender in participatory processes and local organizations, and the need to recognize women's knowledge of survival techniques
The Peruvian anchoveta and its upwelling ecosystem: three decades of change
No full textClupeoid fisheries, Population dynamics, Upwelling, Peru, Engraulis ringens, Livestock Production/Industries,
How does fair trade, as practised by Trade Aid and MINKA, contribute to the aspirations of Quechua producers in Peru?
No full textAs part of a Master of Indigenous Studies from the University of Otago, Trade Aid staff member, Michelia Ward, conducted research throughout 2011 and 2012 on whether fair trade is able to contribute to the aspirations of indigenous producers. The research focused on fair trade as practiced by Trade Aid, New Zealand and one of its Peruvian partners, MINKA.Fair trade is a development mechanism that aims to support food and craft producers around the world to improve their lives through trade. Many indigenous communities are producers of craft or food products such as woven textiles and coffee, and have engaged in fair trade relationships selling mainly to Western consumers. Fair trade organisations have universal principles that provide guarantees to consumers about working conditions, fair payment and trading relations with producer groups. This research project focuses on whether a universal framework designed to bring development to disadvantaged and marginalized producers can work for unique indigenous cultures across multiple continents. This research focuses on Trade Aid in New Zealand and their partnership with a Peruvian fair trade organisation, MINKA, who works with Quechua producers in the Andes. Indigenous theorists place large value on local epistemes (knowledge systems) and local solutions to local problems. Is fair trade one of these local solutions, or just another solution imposed from the outside upon indigenous producers
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