483 research outputs found
HPLC Method for Naproxen Determination in Human Plasma and Its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study in Turkey
No full textA simple high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for the determination of naproxen in human plasma. The method was validated on an Ace C18 column using ultraviolet detection. The mobile phase consisted of 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7) containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid-acetonitrile (65:35, v/v). The calibration curve was linear between the concentration ranges of 0.10 and 5.0 mu g/mL. Intra-day and inter-day precision values for naproxen in plasma were less than 4.84, and accuracy (relative error) was better than 3.67%. The extraction recovery values of naproxen from human plasma were between 91.0 and 98.9%. The limits of detection and quantification of naproxen were 0.03 and 0.10 mu g/mL, respectively. Also, this assay was applied to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of naproxen in six healthy Turkish volunteers who had been given 220 mg of naproxen
Simultaneous Determination of Tramadol and its Metabolite in Human Plasma by GC/MS
No full textA simple and sensitive GC/MS method for the determination of tramadol and its metabolite (O-desmethyltramadol) in human plasma was developed and validated. Medazepam was used as an internal standard. The calibration curves were linear (r= 0.999) over tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol concentrations ranging from 10 to 200 ng/mL and 7.5 to 300 ng/mL, respectively. The method had an accuracy of >95% and intra- and interday precision (RSD%) of <= 4.83% and <= 4.68% for tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol, respectively. The extraction recoveries were 97.6 +/- 1.21% and 96.3 +/- 1.66% for tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol, respectively. The LOQ using 0.5 mL human plasma was 10 ng/mL for tramadol and 7.5 ng/mL for O-desmethyltramadol. Stability studies showed that tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol were stable in human plasma after 8 h incubation at room temperature or after 1 week storage at -20 degrees C with three freeze-thaw cycles. Also, this method was successfully applied to six patients who had been given an intravenous formulation of 100 mg tramadol with C-max results of 2018.1 +/- 687.8 and 96.1 +/- 22.7 ng/mL for tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol, respectively
Simultaneous Determination of Tramadol and Its Metabolite in Human Urine by the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method
No full textA sensitive and efficient method was developed for determination of tramadol and its metabolite (O-desmethyltramadol) in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Tramadol, O-desmethyltramadol and medazepam (internal standard) were extracted from human urine with a mixture of ethylacetate and diethylether mixture (1 : 1, v/v) at basic pH with liquid-liquid extraction. The calibration curves were linear (r = 0.99) over tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol concentrations ranging from 10 to 200 ng/mL and 7.5 to 300 ng/mL, respectively. The method had an accuracy of >95% and intra-and interday precision (relative standard deviation %) of <= 4.93 and <= 4.62% for tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol, respectively. The extraction recoveries were found to be 94.1+/-2.91 and 96.3+/-3.46% for tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol, respectively. The limit of quantification using 0.5 mL human urine was 10 ng/mL for tramadol and 7.5 ng/mL for O-desmethyltramadol. After oral administration of 100 mg of tramadol hydrochloride to a patient, the urinary excretion was monitored during 24 h. About 15% of the dose was excreted as unchanged tramadol
Determination of Flurbiprofen in Human Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
No full textA simple high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for determination of flurbiprofen in human plasma. The method was validated on an Ace C-18 column using UV detection. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.05 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution (60: 40, v/v) adjusted to pH 3.5 with phosphoric acid. The calibration curve was linear between the concentration range of 0.10-5.0 mu g/mL. Intra- and inter-day precision values for flurbiprofen in plasma were < 4.47, and accuracy (relative error) was better than 3.67%. The extraction recoveries of flurbiprofen from human plasma were between 93.0 and 98.9%. The limits of detection and quantification of flurbiprofen were 0.03 and 0.10 mu g/mL, respectively. In addition, this assay was applied to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of flurbiprofen in six healthy Turkish volunteers who had been given 100 mg flurbiprofen
Fuat Sezgin ve Coğrafya Tarihinin Yeniden Yazımı
No full textABSTRACT Fuat Sezgin has shown in his deep studies on the history of mathe- matical geography and cartography in Islam and its continuation in the West that during the reign of Abbasid caliph al-Ma?mun (813- 833 AC) the disciplines had been further developed decisively. The al-Ma?mun era went hand in hand with an early enlightenment. While introducing a new world view – not least into the history of cartography – European mapmakers started from the mid of the 13th century onwards to adapt the Arabic rational cartography. Against the background of current debates on theoretical approaches towards history of sciences, the contribution will discuss motives behind mapmaking. World maps reflect intentions beyond pure cartographies, thus also with regard to various meta-scientific and extra-scientific objectives. Map-making in Venice in the first quarter of the 14th century was motivated by imperial expansion. The world map of Marino Sanuto (1260-1331) is an outstanding example of early imperial geography and cartography. Geographical and cartographical knowledge of so far unknown regions and oceans, especially the Indian Ocean, was a pre-condition for expansionist proto-imperialism of European powers in the footsteps of the so-called crusades. In contrast to the travel reports of the Venetian traveller Marco Polo (1254-1324) – still playing an important role in Eurocentric geographies, cartographies and in so- called history of discoveries – the “Secret Book of the Holy Crusade” (liber secretorum fidelium crucis) spoke plainly on the desire to con- quer Egypt and Palestine. In the context of resent debates on theoretical approaches towards history of science which mainly discuss problems of e.g. global or entangled history, it will be asked for motivations and intentions of map makers. As history of science and techniques in general, not least history of geography, cartography and so-called discoveries are in urgent need to be discussed critically. The following paper will, based on the path-breaking findings of Fuat Sezgin, contribute to the decolonization of early European map-making.Fuat Sezgin, İslam Dünyası ve onun devamındaki Batı matematiksel coğrafya ve kartografi üzerine derin çalışmalarıyla, Abbasi halifesi el- Me’mûn’un hükümdarlığı döneminde (813-833) bu alanların belirgin bir biçimde ilerlediğini göstermiştir. el-Me’mûn dönemi, bir erken aydınlanmayla el ele gelişmiştir. XIII. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren Avrupalı haritacılar, -yalnızca coğrafya tarihi bakımından da değil- yeni bir dünya anlayışını tanıtırken Arap rasyonel kartografisini benimsemeye başladılar. Bilimler tarihindeki güncel teorik tartışmaların aksine bu katkı, haritacılığın ardındaki motivasyonları tartışacaktır. Dünya haritaları salt kartografi değildir, niyetleri de yansıtır; dolayısıyla farklı farklı meta-bilimsel ve bilimin dışındaki hedefleri de hesaba katarlar. XIV. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde Venedik’teki haritacılık, emperyal yayılmacılık motivasyonuyla yapılmıştır. Marina Sanuto’nun (1260-1331) dünya haritası, erken emperyal coğrafyacılık ve haritacılığın çok önemli bir örneğidir. Özellikle Hint Okyanusu gibi uzak ve bilinmeyen bölgelerin coğrafi ve kartografik bilgisi, Avrupa güçlerinin sözde Haçlı seferlerinin devamındaki yayılmacı proto-emperyalizminin ön koşuluydu. Venedikli gezgin Marco Polo’nun (1254-1324) gezi raporlarının aksine- Marina Sanuto hâlâ Avrupa merkezli coğrafyalar, kartografiler ve sözde keşifler tarihi kitaplarında önemli yerler alan- Kutsal Haçlı Seferinin Gizli Kitabı'nda (liber seretorum fidelim crucis), Mısır’ı ve Filistin’i fetih isteğinden açıkça bahsetmektedir. Bu çalışmada bilim tarihinde küresel ya da dolanık tarih gibi problemlerini tartışan çağdaş kuramsal yaklaşımlar bağlamında, haritacıların motivasyonları ve niyetleri soruşturulacaktır. Yalnızca coğrafya, kartografi ve sözde keşifler tarihi değil, genel anlamda bilim ve teknikler tarihi de ciddi bir biçimde eleştirel düşünmeye ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Fuat Sezgin’in çığır açan bulgularını temele alan bu makale erken dönem Avrupa haritacılığının dekolonizasyonuna katkı sağlayacaktır
The effect of preemptive thoracic epidural analgesia on long-term wound pain following major thoracotomy
No full textConclusion: We suggest that thoracic preemptive epidural analgesia application before the incision is not superior to intraoperative or postoperative thoracic epidural analgesia in prevention or attenuation of chronic postthoracotomy pain after major thoracotomy operations
Spinal anaesthesia at low and moderately high altitudes: a comparison of anaesthetic parameters and hemodynamic changes
No full textConclusions: Hemodynamic variations and more anaesthetic requirements following the spinal anaesthesia may be observed at moderately high altitudes compared to the sea level
Neo liberal ekonomi politikalarının eğitim üzerine etkileri
No full textEğitim, toplumların gelişim aşamalarında önemli bir basamaktır. Eğitim, toplumsal yapı değiştikçe ona uyum sağlayan bir sosyalizasyon sürecidir. Tarih boyunca, değişen toplum yapısına uygun olarak eğitim kurumunda da bir takım değişiklikler meydana gelmiştir. Eğitim kurumunda meydana gelen en önemli değişiklik 20.yy'da olmuştur. Çünkü feodalizmden sanayi toplumuna geçiş ile toplumsal kurumlar yeniden anlamlandırılmıştır. Eğitim kurumu da yeni toplum yapısının ihtiyaçlarını karşılayacak şekilde değişim yaşamıştır. Son 20-30 yılda dünya ekonomisi üzerinde meydana gelen değişimler eğitim kurumunun yeniden tanımlanmasına neden olmuştur. Dünya ekonomisi üzerine hakim olan neo-liberal ekonomi politikaları, eğitim kurumunun içeriğinin-amaçlarının-hedeflerinin değişimine neden olmuştur. Bireylerin de eğitimden beklentileri farklılaşmıştır. Bu çalışmada, eğitimin toplum yapısındaki yeri-önemi, günümüzdeki değişiminin temelindeki nedenler ve bu değişime hane halklarının-devletin nasıl tepki verdiği anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Gelir dağılımının durumu ve kamu harcamalarının değişimi eğitim üzerinde olumsuz etkiler yaratmıştır. Name and Surname: Bengü Erdem Field: Economics Programme: Devolopment Economics and Economic Growth Supervisor: Doc. Dr. Fuat Ercan Degree Awarded and Date: Master - June 2003 Neo-Liberal Economics Policy, EducationTHE EFFECTS OF NEO-LIBERAL ECONOMICS POLICY ON EDUCATION Education is an important step in development rank of society. Education is a socialization process that adjusts societal structure changes. Among the history, some variations occured in educational association, compatible with the changing society structure. The most important variation in educational association has occured in the 20th century. Because societal associations restructured with the transition from feudalism to industrial society. Educational association has lived variations to meet needs of the new society structure. Variations that occured in world economics has caused educational association redefinement, during last 20-30 years. The neo-liberal economics policy which rules on world economics has caused variation in content, goal and aim of the educational association. Expectations of the individuals has varied, too. The place-importance of education in societal structure, facts of basic variations nowadays and how the family-government reacts to this variation has tried to explained, in this study. Situtation of income distribution and variation of public expences has created negative effects on education
Selectivity for dimers in pentene oligomerization over acid zeolites
No full textThe reactions of 1-pentene over acid zeolites were investigated in the liquid phase at 473 K. The primary reactions were isomerization, dimerization, and subsequent cracking of dimers. Zeolites consisting of only 10-membered (MFI) or 12-membered rings (FAU, BEA) behaved similarly, with dimerization and subsequent cracking products observed. Zeolites possessing 8-membered ring pores (MOR, FER) showed very different selectivity from each other and from other zeolites. MOR showed almost complete conversion of C10 olefins, such that hexene and butene from cracking were the dominant products. FER showed high activity and selectivity for dimerization, with very small amounts of cracking products observed.Peer reviewe
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