102,183 research outputs found
Modelling HIV epidemics in the antiretroviral era: the UNAIDS Estimation and Projection package 2009.
No full textOBJECTIVE: The UNAIDS Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) is a tool for country-level estimation and short-term projection of HIV/AIDS epidemics based on fitting observed HIV surveillance data on prevalence. This paper describes the adaptations made in EPP 2009, the latest version of this tool, as new issues have arisen in the global response, in particular the global expansion of antiretroviral therapy (ART). RESULTS: By December 2008 over 4 million people globally were receiving ART, substantially improving their survival. EPP 2009 required modifications to correctly adjust for the effects of ART on incidence and the resulting increases in HIV prevalence in populations with high ART coverage. Because changing incidence is a better indicator of program impact, the 2009 series of UNAIDS tools also focuses on calculating incidence alongside prevalence. Other changes made in EPP 2009 include: an improved procedure, incremental mixture importance sampling, for efficiently generating more accurate uncertainty estimates; provisions to vary the urban/rural population ratios in generalised epidemics over time; introduction of a modified epidemic model that accommodates behaviour change in low incidence settings; and improved procedures for calibrating models. This paper describes these changes in detail, and discusses anticipated future changes in the next version of EPP
Gustave Martelet, Théologie du sacerdoce. Deux mille ans d'Église en question. T. III. Du schisme d'Occident à Vatican II, 1990
No full textEpp René. Gustave Martelet, Théologie du sacerdoce. Deux mille ans d'Église en question. T. III. Du schisme d'Occident à Vatican II, 1990. In: Revue des Sciences Religieuses, tome 66, fascicule 3-4, 1992. p. 374
The EPP across Languages
No full textThe Extended Projection Principle (EPP) formalizes the requirement for a subject in every clause. In this dissertation, I develop a typology of EPP effects based on a sample of typologically, geographically, and genetically diverse languages. I define the EPP as the obligatory movement of some element into the inflectional domain, and argue that the EPP can vary in three different dimensions: (i) whether an argument or a predicate is the goal of the EPP-probe, (ii) whether the goal is a head or a phrase, and (iii) whether a larger constituent is pied-piped. I demonstrate that these three dimensions interact to create a total of seven different attested EPP types across languages. I demonstrate that intra-linguistic alternations in EPP type are attested, which provide evidence that these types are functionally equivalent on some level.
I also present the hypothesis that the EPP type of a language should be predictable based on other properties of the language. As such, I discuss several properties that co-occur with particular EPP types cross-linguistically. For example, predicate-EPP languages pattern together by having a high, defective T head, which results in a set of shared properties, including: (i) a lack of non-finite clauses, (ii) high or preverbal tense marking, (iii) a T merged with C, and (iv) defective definiteness marking. On the other hand, I show that the null subject type of a language does not correlate with EPP type.
Finally, I also propose two different functional purposes for the EPP. First, I propose that the EPP has an anchoring function, linking the utterance to the world by raising an element marked with an index to a position of prominence. I present the hypothesis that all operations within the inflectional domain have an anchoring function. Second, I argue that the dichotomy between predicate and argument EPP languages can be explained if we understand the EPP as a high predication operation, which raises either the predicate or the argument to a position which c-commands the other. I then propose that all anchoring operations, including the EPP, have dual functions, thus incorporating the two functions of the EPP.Ph.D
The EPP across Languages
No full textThe Extended Projection Principle (EPP) formalizes the requirement for a subject in every clause. In this dissertation, I develop a typology of EPP effects based on a sample of typologically, geographically, and genetically diverse languages. I define the EPP as the obligatory movement of some element into the inflectional domain, and argue that the EPP can vary in three different dimensions: (i) whether an argument or a predicate is the goal of the EPP-probe, (ii) whether the goal is a head or a phrase, and (iii) whether a larger constituent is pied-piped. I demonstrate that these three dimensions interact to create a total of seven different attested EPP types across languages. I demonstrate that intra-linguistic alternations in EPP type are attested, which provide evidence that these types are functionally equivalent on some level.
I also present the hypothesis that the EPP type of a language should be predictable based on other properties of the language. As such, I discuss several properties that co-occur with particular EPP types cross-linguistically. For example, predicate-EPP languages pattern together by having a high, defective T head, which results in a set of shared properties, including: (i) a lack of non-finite clauses, (ii) high or preverbal tense marking, (iii) a T merged with C, and (iv) defective definiteness marking. On the other hand, I show that the null subject type of a language does not correlate with EPP type.
Finally, I also propose two different functional purposes for the EPP. First, I propose that the EPP has an anchoring function, linking the utterance to the world by raising an element marked with an index to a position of prominence. I present the hypothesis that all operations within the inflectional domain have an anchoring function. Second, I argue that the dichotomy between predicate and argument EPP languages can be explained if we understand the EPP as a high predication operation, which raises either the predicate or the argument to a position which c-commands the other. I then propose that all anchoring operations, including the EPP, have dual functions, thus incorporating the two functions of the EPP.Ph.D
EPP Parameter and No A-Scrambling
No full textUnlike the GB view, in which an operation, by theory, massively overgenerates, the Minimalist view is that an operation in UG is computationally optimally efficient. So something moves only if it has to move. In this vein, scrambling is a computationally efficient system, because it is triggered only if an object is given contrastive focus (cf. Choi, 2003; Lee & Cho, 2003b). This is in accordance with our proposal that scrambling is driven by the syntactic operation of contrastive focus, not by the EPP on T. Under our system, scrambling is not triggered by match with the EPP on T and further cannot be licensed non-configurationally by the head of the clause, T. The aim of this paper is to show that only the D-feature of overt Case of the subject can check the EPP on T, when the [SPEC, T] parameter occurs. We suggest that the EPP on T is syntactic in that it must only be checked by the D-feature of overt Case of the subject and in effect, this reflects the configurationality of the subject-object canonical order. So no object can undergo scrambling to check the EPP on T. Hence no A-scrambling. Under our approach, the EPP and the [SPEC, T] parameters are independent from one another. The EPP parameter dictates that the D-feature of the TP-subject with overt Case checks the EPP on T, whereas the [SPEC, T] parameter induces the syntactic effect that the position [SPEC, T] is created by merging the surface subject by Move (cf. Chomsky, 2001)
The EPP and Mad Magazine Sentences
No full text2011-11-30The purpose of this paper is to provide support for a hybrid approach to the EPP (Extended Projection Principle) that predication and structural Case licensing are independently involved in the EPP to license a syntactic subject (É. Kiss (2002) and Osawa (2010)). In particular, it is argued that Case is not only motivation for the EPP but predication also plays a role for the syntactic subject requirement. This hybrid approach to the EPP predicts that predication independently induces the EPP effects even under an environment where Case licensing does not require a syntactic process such as feature checking. In order to see the validity of the approach, MM (Mad Magazine) sentences are discussed, where Case is spelled out by the morphological component and thus no feature checking mechanism in the syntax to ensure the presence of syntactic subjects is needed. It is observed that the EPP effects are still seen under such environments. Since the EPP effects in MMs cannot be attributed to Case, the observation suggests that our approach is on the right track. Furthermore, two potential analyses for the EPP in MMs are discussed, and it is claimed that predication is more essential to account for the EPP in MMs. The first analysis for the EPP in MMs is the event binding analysis that claims subject licensing (i.e. the EPP) and event binding correlate. This analysis predicts that only stage-level predicates are allowed in MMs. On the other hand, under the hybrid approach, the EPP is at work whenever a predicate is present regardless of the type of predicate, and thus it is expected that MMs allow an individual-level predicate as well. It turns out that MMs allow not only stage-level predicates but also individual-level predicates without an event binder. The other analysis is the EPP feature analysis that claims the EPP feature of an inflectional head causes the EPP effects. Although T in finite clauses and null T in MMs show different syntactic behaviors, they share the same status as a head of predication. The common property of the inflectional heads indicates that predication is a more essential notion to explain why inflectional heads bear the EPP feature. The discussion concerning potential analyses, in conclusion, provides support for the hybrid approach to the EPP.departmental bulletin pape
Moodle Template Course for the T@SK Project
No full textThis file is a course blank template example designed for the T@SK Project.
Is a Moodle course with all the activities and resources explained. It also includes teaching, students and a general Moodle guidelines (for 3.7 version).This is part of the T@SK PROJECT (TOWARDS INCREASED AWARENESS, RESPONSIBILITY AND SHARED QUALITY IN SOCIAL WORK). Founded by the EACEA with the ID 585626-EPP-1-2017-1-IT-EPPKA2-CBHE-J
Low Reynolds Number Effects on Jets from Round, Square and Elliptical Orifices
No full textAn experimental study was undertaken to investigate low Reynolds number effects on mixing characteristics and turbulent transport phenomena in the near and intermediate regions of free orifice jets. The cross-sections examined were round, square and ellipse of aspect ratio 3. For each orifice cross-section, detailed velocity measurements were obtained at the following 4 Reynolds number based on the equivalent diameter and maximum velocity: 2500, 4300, 8500 and 17000. A high resolution particle image velocimetry was used to conduct measurements in the symmetry planes that extend from the exit to 15 equivalent diameters. Preliminary results show that an axis-switching happens at 2.7 equivalent diameters in the case of ellipse nozzle which leads to a higher spread rate compared to square and round ones. Also increase in Reynolds number decreases the jet widths
Histoire du Droit et des Institutions de l'Église en Occident, sous la direction de G. Le Bras et J. Gaudemet, t. XVIII : Le Droit et les Institutions de l'Église catholique latine de la fin du XVIIIe siècle à 1978. Église et Sociétés, par J.-M. Aubert, R. Metz, G. Sicard, Ch. Wackenheim, P. Winninger, 1984
No full textEpp René. Histoire du Droit et des Institutions de l'Église en Occident, sous la direction de G. Le Bras et J. Gaudemet, t. XVIII : Le Droit et les Institutions de l'Église catholique latine de la fin du XVIIIe siècle à 1978. Église et Sociétés, par J.-M. Aubert, R. Metz, G. Sicard, Ch. Wackenheim, P. Winninger, 1984. In: Revue des Sciences Religieuses, tome 59, fascicule 1, 1985. pp. 79-80
The EPP, Unaccusativity, and the Resultative Constructions in Japanese
No full textP(論文)In this work in progress we explore the possibility that the EPP, which has been claimed to be "strong" universally for T, may not need to emerge when the verb is unaccusative. We present a detailed analysis of the -te aru resultative constructions in Japanese. There are two -te aru constructions, "intransitivizing" and "non-intransitivizing." It is the "intransitivinzing" construction which we claim lacks the EPP on T. The nominative object of this construction must move out of its VP/ vP, but it does not go all the way to the matrix Spec of TP. The matrix T apparently does not project a specifier, which is consistent with the idea that it does not have the EPP feature. The other resultative construction, "non-intransitivizing," is a subject-to-subject raising construction and the T does have the EPP. While we do not attempt in this paper to try to explain the root of this difference between the two resultative constructions, it is possible that the difference is pointing to some fundamental property of the EPP which has yet to be discovered.departmental bulletin pape
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