1,721,028 research outputs found
Regulation von Stereotyp-Bedrohung in Leistungssituationen: Die Rolle der momentanen Selbstkontrollkapazität
No full textEntwicklung eines sportspezifischen Erhebungsinstruments zur Erfassung von Burnout bei Trainern (AVEM-Coaches)
No full textIn den meisten Gesellschaftsbereichen wird das Problem Burnout mittlerweile verstärkt thematisiert und die frühzeitige Symptomerkennung ist in vielen verschiedenen Berufsgruppen (z. B. Manager, Ärzte und Lehrer) seit vielen Jahren Gegenstand der Forschung (Maslach & Leiter, 2016). Im Vergleich dazu ist das Thema Burnout in sportbezogenen Berufsgruppen (z. B. Trainer, Funktionsteam eines Trainerstabes) bislang wenig bis gar nicht erforscht worden (Maslach, Jackson & Leiter, 1997). Aufbauend auf diesem Kritikpunkt soll in diesem Forschungsprogramm ein sportspezifisches Erhebungsinstrument für Trainer und deren Funktionsteams zur Erfassung von Burnout entwickelt und validiert werden. Hierfür dient der Fragebogen des Arbeitsbezogenen Verhaltens– und Erlebensmusters (AVEM; Schaarschmidt & Fischer, 1996) zur Burnout-Diagnostik bei LehrerInnen als Grundlage. Der Vorteil dieses Ansatzes liegt, im Gegensatz zu anderen Fragebögen, u. a. darin, Personen auf Grund ihrer individuellen Ausprägungen einem von vier Typen zuzuordnen, die sich jeweils in ihrer Burnout Symptomatik unterscheiden. Die Items des AVEM wurden in einem ersten Schritt durch Expertenbefragungen von Trainern aus dem Bereichen Fußball, Basketball und Hockey sportspezifisch angepasst. Anschließend wurde die faktorielle Struktur des AVEM-Coaches überprüft. Hierfür wurden insgesamt 150 Trainer und MitarbeiterInnen aus dem Funktionsteam (Co-Trainer, Athletiktrainer, Scout) via einer online Version des AVEM-Coaches befragt. Als Einschlusskriterium wurde festgesetzt, dass die Trainertätigkeit hauptamtlich ausgeübt und zur Finanzierung des Lebensunterhaltes dienen muss. Zukünftige Studien werden u. a. darauf abzielen, die Konstruktvalidität und die Reliabilität des AVEM-Coaches zu überprüfen. Der AVEM-Coaches ermöglicht eine ökonomische Diagnose Burnout-gefährdeter Trainer und bietet somit die Möglichkeit, einer drohenden Burnout-Symptomatik zeitnah entgegenwirken zu können
Anxiety and volleyball performance in a real testing situation: Gender differences in competitive environments
No full textPrevious research has repeatedly shown that anxiety can impair academic as well as sports-related performance. Most research in this field has been conducted under artificial laboratory conditions, which is why the aim of the present study was to test the assumption that higher levels of anxiety would impair subsequent sports performance in a real testing situation. The sample of this study consisted of n = 48 university students who had to pass a practical volleyball test in order to receive course credit. We tested the assumption that state anxiety would significantly increase and performance in a volleyball service task would significantly decrease from a neutral situation to the actual practical testing situation at the end of the term. We observed that, while the students’ state anxiety significantly increased from the neutral to the testing situation, there was no significant drop in performance. We only found a significant negative relationship between state anxiety and volleyball test performance for female participants, even though state anxiety increased significantly in both females and males. Practical implications on how to reduce anxiety and improve performance are discussed
Are autonomous self-control affordances less depleting? Investigating the moderating role of the autonomy motive
No full textThe athlete who mobilizes all her strength to run the last meters of a marathon to achieve her personal best, and the man who gets up one hour earlier to do his daily exercises to lose weight have one thing in common: they will use a certain amount of self-control to be successful. Self-control has been shown to be a highly adaptive and important skill to achieve long-term goals in different areas of personal and social life (Baumeister, Heatherton, & Tice, 1994). An important framework within research on self-control is the strength model by Baumeister and colleagues (1994). Within this model, self-control is seen as a limited resource that can become temporarily depleted after having used self-control in prior tasks (i.e., ego depletion), which may impair subsequent performance. Although many studies adopted the model in the last decades to explain self-control lapses, the model has gotten under increased criticism due to recent failures to replicate the ego depletion effect (Carter & McCullough, 2014). A possible explanation for the difficulties to replicate the effect might be the presence of moderators. For example, researchers have demonstrated that autonomous self-control acts are less depleting than enforced self-control acts (Englert & Bertrams, 2015; Muraven, Rosman, & Gagné. 2007). Still research on moderators of the ego-depletion effect either adopt a differential or situational perspective, not considering an established postulate of motivational psychology that persons interact with the environment (Lewin, 1936). Aiming to contribute to this debate, the present work tested the assumption, that an individuals’ autonomy motive moderates the relationship between autonomy and momentarily available self-control strength. We tested our hypothesis in a between subjects design (autonomy vs. no-autonomy while working on an ego depletion task) in a sample of N= 107 university students in the laboratory. The results show that only people with a high autonomy disposition responded to the experimental manipulation. For them, the autonomous self-control acts were less depleting compared to the control condition. The results show that the ego-depletion effect is influenced by situational, as well as individual differences and thereby confirms an interactionist perspective. Moreover, important consequences for the sport context can be derived. It seems crucial to enforce autonomy in settings where self-control is needed. Moreover, if possible, individual differences in the need for autonomy should be considered, as not everyone might equally profit from autonomy (Schüler, Sheldon, Prentice, & Halusic, 2014; Sieber, Schüler, & Wegner, 2016)
The self-regulation of human performance: A critical discussion and future directions for self-control research
No full textThe ability to volitionally regulate certain behavioral impulses or immediate gratifications helps us to resist temporary temptations and to follow long-term goals instead. However, self-control does not always work as, for instance, restrained eaters may fail to follow their nutrition schedule and eat a tempting chocolate dessert after lunch. In the present viewpoint article, the strength model of self-control and the process model of self-control will be introduced in order to explain under which circumstances self-control performance breaks down. Furthermore, limitations and implications of these two theoretical models will be discussed
Worry activation impairs intelligence test performace only under ego depletion
No full textDetrimental effects of anxiety on cognitive performance have been explained by the activation of worry, detracting attention away from the task at hand. However, recent research has shown that anxiety is only related to performance when self-control capacity is low (i.e., ego depletion). The aim of the present work has been to extend these findings by showing that activation of worry will interfere with cognitive performance more strongly when self-control capacity is momentarily depleted compared to intact. After manipulations of self-control capacity and worry activation, 70 undergraduates completed a standardized intelligence test. As expected, activation of worry was associated with lower performance when self-control capacity was depleted, but had no effect when self-control capacity was intact. The findings implicate that worry may play a causal role in the anxiety–performance relationship, but only when its regulation by self-control is momentarily hindered
Creative Flexibility Performance Is Neither Related to Anxiety, Nor to Self-Control Strength, Nor to Their Interaction
Full text linkPrevious research has reliably found that self-control strength moderates the anxiety-performance relationship for cognitive and perceptual-motor tasks that involve executive functioning. In the present preregistered experiment (N = 200; https://aspredicted.org/a775h.pdf), we investigated whether the interaction of anxiety and self-control also predicts creative flexibility performance. According to the Attentional Control Theory, anxiety can impair executive functioning. In the case that creative flexibility relies on executive functions, anxiety should therefore interfere with creative flexibility performance. However, self-control strength has been demonstrated to serve as a buffer against the negative effects of anxiety on executive functioning. Therefore, we assumed that there will be a negative relationship between anxiety and creative flexibility performance, and that this negative relationship would be more pronounced for participants who are low compared to high in momentary self-control strength. Analogous to the previous studies, we manipulated the participants’ self-control strength (ego depletion vs. no depletion) and subsequently induced a potentially threatening test situation. The participants then completed a measure of their state anxiety and a standardized test of creative flexibility. Contrary to our expectation, self-control strength, state anxiety, and their interaction did not predict creative flexibility performance. Complementary Bayesian hypothesis testing revealed strong support for the null hypothesis. Therefore, we conclude that, at least under certain conditions, creative flexibility performance may be unrelated to resource-dependent executive functions
I want to keep on exercising but I don’t: The negative impact of momentary lack of self-control on exercise adherence
No full textObjectives: We investigated the impact of state and trait self-control strength on exercise execution. We hypothesized that state self-control strength is reduced on days that are perceived as stressful and that reductions in self-control strength result in a lower likelihood to work out. Additionally, trait self-control strength may affect the execution of workout plans.
Design: University students, who stated that they have not been exercising regularly for at least one month, filled in a trait self-control inventory, a personality questionnaire, and were instructed to perform a daily workout over a one-week period. Perceived stress levels, state self-control strength, and workout completion were assessed on a daily basis.
Results: Results revealed that people were less likely to exercise on days they perceived as stressful. State self-control mediated the relation between stress and exercise completion. Trait self-control and other personality variables did not affect workout completion.
Conclusions: Results indicate that daily stress is associated with self-control depletion and a lower likelihood to work out
Again, No Evidence for or Against the Existence of Ego Depletion: Opinion on “A Multi-Site Preregistered Paradigmatic Test of the Ego Depletion Effect”
Full text link
- …
