1,721,053 research outputs found
Pathologien der Börse im späten 19. Jahrhundert
No full textAbstractThe late nineteenth century discourse on stock and commodity exchanges, and especially on the crisis of 1873, made heavy use of metaphors. As a statistical analysis of some key publications in the German language area shows, biological and medical metaphors clearly dominated. They were useful to underscore a number of very different opinions on the frugal or poisonous effects of speculation, capital, etc.; the degree to which exchange reforms (‘medical procedures’) were required or not; and if the exchange needed to be saved at all, or rather to be eradicated for being ‘parasitic’. In contrast to meteorological and mechanistic metaphors, images of health and sickness allowed incorporating a moral dimension in the analysis. The idea of the exchange as a potentially healthy or sick organism became intertwined with notions of speculators themselves, figuratively or literally, developing occasional ‘speculative fever’ (a new variety of the long-established concept of gambling fever) and a constant hysterical condition, as a lifestyle disease of capitalism in the ‘age of nervousness’
Vom Verdorbenen Spieler Zum Verdienstvollen Spekulanten. Ökonomisches Denken Über Börsenspekulation Im 19. Jahrhundert
No full textColouring markets: The industrial transformation of the dyestuff business revisited
No full textUsing British and German price and trade data, the development of European dye markets in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is analysed. Traditionally, the markets were divided into a commercially important segment of premium dyes and a low-cost segment for mass consumption. The rise of industrially produced dyes came later and was more long-drawn-out than commonly assumed. Initially premium dyes did not enter the mass market before the 1880s, and even then no cost advantage over main natural dyes was achieved. Instead, newly created path dependencies and superior business organisation seem to have been the key to their success
Futures and risk: the rise and demise of the hedger-speculator dichotomy
No full textIn interpreting futures markets, a well-established dichotomy of hedgers and speculators is at play. Hedgers are unwillingly exposed to risks; speculators take them over hoping for profit. This concept ignores the changing notions and practices of speculation and especially hedging since the nineteenth century. Originally, hedging meant that merchants buy time in ongoing transactions. The concept later pointed to securing projected transactions by producers and processors. In todays risk economy, the term can label at best the intent to decrease exposure to a specific market risk, as part of a constant process of readjusting principally speculative market positions by all market participants. Futures markets ultimately increased the average exposure to risk, but they also made the exposure potentially manageable; this entails that the economic process is increasingly developed by expressing expectations about the future through taking market positions, that is, by creating risk
Buying time: futures trading and telegraphy in nineteenth-century global commodity markets
No full textAdapting the dictum that 'time is money', Western merchants have long promoted and welcomed technologies to accelerate commerce. Thanks to revolutionary changes in communication in the nineteenth century, including the telegraph, information could for the first time travel much faster around the globe than goods. This asymmetric time-space compression created new problems for agents of global trade, as transactions could occur faster than the handling of the goods. Yet this problem also presented an opportunity to establish new forms of trading and ways of thinking about time. In the case of world markets for primary products such as grain or cotton, the new technique of futures trading at commodity exchanges became a tool to redress the time differential between the movement of goods and information. It pushed the commercial community to think in a 'double time' of a dematerialized present and a material future with physical goods, and centred global commodity markets on a few marketplaces. The article thus argues that historians need to examine economic understandings of the future alongside political, cultural, and social understandings
Coronas for properly combable spaces
No full textThis paper is a systematic approach to the construction of coronas (i.e. Higson dominated boundaries at infinity) of combable spaces. We introduce three additional properties for combings: properness, coherence and expandingness. Properness is the condition under which our construction of the corona works. Under the assumption of coherence and expandingness, attaching our corona to a Rips complex construction yields a contractible [Formula: see text]-compact space in which the corona sits as a [Formula: see text]-set. This results in bijectivity of transgression maps, injectivity of the coarse assembly map and surjectivity of the coarse co-assembly map. For groups we get an estimate on the cohomological dimension of the corona in terms of the asymptotic dimension. Furthermore, if the group admits a finite model for its classifying space [Formula: see text], then our constructions yield a [Formula: see text]-structure for the group
Slant products on the Higson–Roe exact sequence
Full text linkWe construct a slant product /: S-p(X x Y) x K1-q (c(red)Y) -> Sp-q(X) on the analytic structure group of Higson and Roe and the K-theory of the stable Higson corona of Emerson and Meyer. The latter is the domain of the co-assembly map mu* : K1-* (c(red)Y) -> K* (Y). We obtain such products on the entire Higson-Roe sequence. They imply injectivity results for external product maps. Our results apply to products with aspherical manifolds whose fundamental groups admit coarse embeddings into Hilbert space. To conceptualize the class of manifolds where this method applies, we say that a complete spine-manifold is Higson-essential if its fundamental class is detected by the co-assembly map. We prove that coarsely hypereuclidean manifolds are Higson-essential. We draw conclusions for positive scalar curvature metrics on product spaces, particularly on non-compact manifolds. We also obtain equivariant versions of our constructions and discuss related problems of exactness and amenability of the stable Higson corona
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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