131 research outputs found
The Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, New York, 10 June 1958: Still Fit For Purpose?
No full textThis thesis analyses the current status of the 1958 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (hereinafter, "NYC") and its future perspectives. In particular, the author wonders whether the current state of affairs of the NYC's regime is satisfactory for international arbitration users and traders, or if it does not longer fit for its purpose. In addition, the author focuses on determining if it is necessary to make a revision of the Convention and offers a proposal: the adoption of an Amending Protocol.
As reflected in its historical background, the adoption of the NYC in 1958 was part of the constant evolution of international commercial arbitration in its task of serving trade. Indeed, in the middle of the 20th century the international business community insistently requested their governments to establish a new global system for the execution of foreign arbitration awards, in order to improve the conditions provided for in a treaty developed in the 1920 decade (namely, the 1927 Geneva Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards). For the merchants of that time, the regime in force no longer entirely met modern economic requirements. A more international modern treaty was crucial to guarantee the circulation of arbitration awards throughout the world, and, therefore, to ensure the effectiveness of the resolution of global commercial disputes.
The NYC not only met that need, but also exceeded it. In fact, thanks to its provisions and its number of adhering States (170), the enforcement of awards abroad became considerably easier than that one of judgments rendered by national courts. This agreement is said to be the "most important and successful United Nations treaty in the area of international trade law, and the cornerstone of the international arbitration system". Undoubtedly, it turned out to be the most important achievement of contemporary international commercial arbitration in its mission to support transnational business transactions.
However, despite its success, during its 63 years of life, the NYC has not been without criticism. Many scholars have shed light on the flaws in its text and have opened a discussion with respect to its amendment, or even its replacement. Nonetheless, most arbitration experts have expressed themselves contrary to these possibilities.
In this context, the thesis focuses on examining the NYC shortcomings and determining if they have affected its performance and the achievement of its objectives and if, in any case, it is possible to overcome such shortcomings without an amendment or replacement. Moreover, the author analyzes if the NYC is adequately serving the current international business community and if it would be capable to satisfy international trade actors of the coming decades.
With this thesis the author intends to collaborate with the current debate on the necessity to revise the NYC of 1958. Many are the academic texts that criticize the Convention, but just a few that try to give a concrete answer on how to solve this situation. Indeed, most of the authors concentrates on protecting the treaty in question and defending its current status quo, despite its obvious and serious deficiencies. At some point - it is expected in the short term - the NYC will be modified. Otherwise, its shortcomings, its obsolescence, and its negative practical consequences will hinder the correct development of international arbitration and transnational trade. For this reason, it results necessary to have as many academic essays as possible regarding the available options to amend this treaty.Questa tesi esamina lo stato attuale della Convenzione del 1958 sul riconoscimento e l'esecuzione delle sentenze arbitrali straniere (si seguito,"CNY") e le sue prospettive future. In particolare, l'autore si chiede se allo stato attuale il regime della CNY sia soddisfacente per coloro che si avvalgono dell'arbitrato internazionale e gli operatori commerciali, o se in realtà non sia più idoneo al suo scopo. Inoltre, l'autore si concentra sulla eventuale necessità di una revisione della CNY ed a tal riguardo individua una proposta: l'adozione di un Protocollo addizionale. Come si evince dal suo contesto storico, l'adozione della CNY nel 1958 faceva parte della costante evoluzione dell'arbitrato commerciale internazionale nella sua funzione di servire il commercio.
Infatti, a metà del XX secolo la comunità internazionale imprenditoriale ha insistentemente richiesto ai propri governi di stabilire un nuovo sistema globale per l'esecuzione dei lodi arbitrali stranieri, al fine di migliorare le condizioni previste da un trattato sviluppato negli anni '20 (ovvero, la Convenzione di Ginevra del 1927 sull'esecuzione dei lodi arbitrali stranieri). Per i commercianti dell'epoca, il regime in vigore non rispondeva più del tutto ai moderni parametri economici. Un trattato internazionale maggiormente moderno era fondamentale per garantire la circolazione dei lodi arbitrali nel mondo, e, quindi, per garantire l'efficacia della risoluzione delle controversie commerciali globali.
La CNY non solo ha soddisfatto questa esigenza, ma l'ha anche superata. Infatti, grazie alle sue disposizioni ed al numero degli Stati aderenti (170), l'esecuzione di lodi all'estero è diventata notevolmente più facile dell'esecuzione di sentenze rese dai tribunali nazionali. Si dice che questo accordo sia "the most successful United Nations treaty in the area of international trade law, and the cornerstone of the international arbitration system". Indubbiamente, esso si è rivelato il più importante risultato dell'arbitrato commerciale internazionale contemporaneo nella sua missione di supporto delle transazioni commerciali transnazionali.
Tuttavia, nonostante il suo successo, durante i suoi 63 anni di vita, la CNY non è stata esente da critiche. Molti studiosi hanno messo in luce i difetti del suo testo e hanno aperto una discussione in merito alla sua modifica, o anche alla sua sostituzione. Tuttavia, la maggior parte degli esperti nel settore dell'arbitrato si sono espressi in senso contrario a queste possibilità.
In questo contesto, la tesi si concentra sull'esame delle carenze della CNY e valuta se le stesse abbiano influenzato la sua realizzazione ed il raggiungimento dei suoi obiettivi e se, in ogni caso, sia possibile ovviare a tali carenze senza una modifica o sostituzione della Convenzione. Inoltre, l'autore si chiede se la CNY sia adeguata a servire l'attuale comunità imprenditoriale internazionale e se potrebbe essere in grado di soddisfare gli attori del commercio internazionale dei prossimi decenni.
Con questa tesi l'autore intende collaborare all'attuale dibattito circa la necessità di sottoporre a revisione la CNY del 1958. Molti sono i testi accademici che criticano la Convenzione, ma solo alcuni di essi cercano di dare una risposta concreta sulle modalità di risoluzione di tale situazione. In effetti, la maggior parte degli autori si concentra sulla protezione del trattato in questione e sulla difesa del suo attuale status quo, nonostante le sue evidenti e gravi carenze. Ad un certo punto, la CNY sarà modificata, auspicabilmente nel breve periodo. Altrimenti, le sue carenze, la sua obsolescenza e le sue conseguenze pratiche negative ostacoleranno il corretto sviluppo dell'arbitrato internazionale e del commercio transnazionale. Per questo motivo, risulta necessario che vi sia il maggior numero possibile di contributi accademici che prospettino le opzioni disponibili al fine di modificare questo trattato
Flower Power: Lucile Belen and the Politics of Integrity
No full textThose who decry the character and quality of our political leadership — usually for good reason — often fail to present us with an alternative, or remind us of those whose public trust has been both well earned and well served. This article does the latter, profiling Lucile Belen, a Midwestern politician who has carried on a legendary family tradition of service that continues to inspire. Her entire life has been lived in democracy’s shadow, working to improve her community as a politician, businesswoman, and civic leader. In many respects, it is also the story of the evolution of public service and public life, particularly the role of women. The article chronicles some of the formative experiences in the first half of the twentieth century that forged her brand of leadership. The author argues that, as she stands at the threshold of her tenth decade while continuing to maintain a vigorous civic presence, Belen embodies a tradition of honorable political and civic responsibility that is in peril and desperate need of revitalization and renewal
"Howdy Amigo," brochure on Los Lunas, New Mexico, ca. 1960's.
No full text"Howdy Amigo" was a pamplet that contained a brief history of Los Lunas and information on local transportation, utilities, shopping, schools, churches, sports, and industry, ca. 1960's. Los Lunas Mayor Howard Simpson was known to distribute these flyers to persons inquiring about the area. Barbara D'Spain, a member of the Los Lunas Jaycettes and daughter of Mayor Simpson, sponsored the project, Jesse Harman, pen name Jesse Morris, gathered and wrote the material for the brochure, and First National Bank of Belen published it. It was then mailed out to local businesses to entice growth and development in the area
Sea surface temperature variability in the central-western Mediterranean Sea during the last 2700 years: A multi-proxy and multi-record approach
No full textThis study presents the reconstructed evolution of sea surface conditions in the central-western Mediterranean Sea during the late Holocene (2700 years) from a set of multi-proxy records as measured on five short sediment cores from two sites north of Minorca (cores MINMC06 and HER-MC-MR3). Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from alkenones and Globigerina bulloides Mgĝ€/ĝ€Ca ratios are combined with Î 18O measurements in order to reconstruct changes in the regional evaporation-precipitation (E-P) balance. We also revisit the G. bulloides Mgĝ€/ĝ€Ca-SST calibration and re-adjusted it based on a set of core-top measurements from the western Mediterranean Sea. Modern regional oceanographic data indicate that Globigerina bulloides Mgĝ€/ĝ€Ca is mainly controlled by seasonal spring SST conditions, related to the April-May primary productivity bloom in the region. In contrast, the alkenone-SST signal represents an integration of the annual signal. The construction of a robust chronological framework in the region allows for the synchronization of the different core sites and the construction of ĝ€œstackedĝ€? proxy records in order to identify the most significant climatic variability patterns. The warmest sustained period occurred during the Roman Period (RP), which was immediately followed by a general cooling trend interrupted by several centennial-scale oscillations. We propose that this general cooling trend could be controlled by changes in the annual mean insolation. Even though some particularly warm SST intervals took place during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), the Little Ice Age (LIA) was markedly unstable, with some very cold SST events mostly during its second half. Finally, proxy records for the last centuries suggest that relatively low E-P ratios and cold SSTs dominated during negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) phases, although SSTs seem to present a positive connection with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) index. © Author(s) 2016.Cores MINMC06 were recovered by the
HERMES 3 cruise in 2006 on R/V Thethys II and HER-MC-MR3
cores were collected by the HERMESIONE expedition onboard
R/V Hespérides in 2009. This research was financially supported
by OPERA (CTM2013-48639-C2-1-R) and Consolider-Redes
(CTM2014-59111-REDC). We thank Generalitat de Catalunya
Grups de Recerca Consolidats for grant 2009 SGR 1305 to GRC
Geociències Marines. The Project of Strategic Interest NextData
PNR 2011–2013 (www.nextdataproject.it) also collaborated in
the financing. We are grateful to M. Guart (Dept. de Dinàmica
de la Terra i de l’Oceà, Universitat de Barcelona), M. Romero,
T. Padró and J. Perona (Serveis Cientifico-Tècnics, Universitat
de Barcelona), J. M. Bruach (Departament de Física, Universitat
Autònoma de Barcelona), and B. Hortelano, Y. Gonzalez-Quinteiro,
and I. Fernández (Institut de Diagnosi Ambiental i Estudis de
l’Aigua, CSIC, Barcelona) for their help with the laboratory work;
to D. Amblàs for his collaboration with the artwork of maps; and
to Paleoteam for the unconditional support. E. Garcia-Solsona,
S. Giralt, and M. Blaauw are acknowledged for their help. We also
acknowledge the guest editor and anonymous reviewers for their
comments, which contributed to improving this paper. Belen Martrat acknowledges funding from CSIC-Ramon y Cajal post-doctoral
programme RYC-2013-14073. Mercè Cisneros benefited from
a fellowship of the University of Barcelona. Leopoldo D. Pena
acknowledges support from the Ramón y Cajal programme
(MINECO, Spain). Isabel Cacho thanks the ICREA-Academia
programme from the Generalitat de Catalunya.Peer reviewe
IMS: The New Generation of Internet-Protocol-Based Multimedia Services
No full textLegacy networks, both fixed and mobile, which were originally designed for voice communications, are progressively migrating to new infrastructures that promise to revolutionize the services offered. In this paper, we will cover this new generation of personal communication services, with an emphasis on the family of Internet protocol (IP)-based multimedia subsystem (IMS)-aided infrastructure that relies on the session initiation protocol (SIP). As a benefit, the end users will enjoy a new generation of personal communications services that are accessible anywhere and anytime. These services are timedia subsystem (IMS)-aided infrastructure that relies on the directly related to the end users rather than to their diverse devices. It is anticipated that the new deployments of next-of the IMS technology. generation networks (all-IP based) will accelerate the adoptio
Coll., Medieval Encounters , 2014, vol. 20, n° 2
No full textSommaire Swearing by God: Muslim Oath-Taking in Late Medieval and Early Modern Christian Iberia Author: Belen Vicens pp.: 117–151 (35) Andalusi Spolia in Medieval Morocco: “Architectural Politics, Political Architecture” Author: Mariam Rosser-Owen pp.: 152–198 (47) Book review: Like Angels on Jacob’s Ladder: Abraham Abulafia, the Franciscans, and Joachimism, written by Harvey J. Hames Author: Alexandra Cuffel pp.: 199–200 (2) Book review: A Common Justice: The Legal Allegiances of..
Coll., Medieval Encounters , 2014, vol. 20, n° 2
No full textSommaire Swearing by God: Muslim Oath-Taking in Late Medieval and Early Modern Christian Iberia Author: Belen Vicens pp.: 117–151 (35) Andalusi Spolia in Medieval Morocco: “Architectural Politics, Political Architecture” Author: Mariam Rosser-Owen pp.: 152–198 (47) Book review: Like Angels on Jacob’s Ladder: Abraham Abulafia, the Franciscans, and Joachimism, written by Harvey J. Hames Author: Alexandra Cuffel pp.: 199–200 (2) Book review: A Common Justice: The Legal Allegiances of..
Hydraulic Performance of Xbloc+ Armor Unit
No full textIn recent years, the use of Xbloc units has increased exponentially. However, the placement of this unit is not always done as randomly as it should be and consequently, the stability of the armor is affected. In order to overcome this problem, Delta Marine Consultants is developing a new armor unit called Xbloc+ that has a regular placement. In this research, the hydraulic performance of version 1 and 2 of this block are analyzed. Small scale tests were performed in a 2D wave flume in order to analyze the damage, rocking and the (partially and fully) displacement of units. In total, 1 series of tests were performed with Xbloc+v1 and 6 series with Xbloc+v2. To analyze the influence of the wave steepness and the slope angle, three wave steepness were tested (Sop = 2%, 4% and 6%) and tests were conducted in two different slope angles (1:2 and 3:4). Each series is formed by several sub tests conducted with increasing wave heights (and wave period in order to maintain a constant wave steepness). Tests were carried out until the failure of the armor slope was reached in order to completely define the failure mechanism. Furthermore, tests after failure where also executed to further investigate the stability of the armor after the damage has started.Results obtained from the laboratory tests provided an overall understanding of how the Xbloc+ performs under certain conditions. It was perceived that the permeability of the armor layer is low as it happens often with single layer units. Thus, the pressure gradient between the underlayer and armor layer is significantly high creating an uplift pressure that leads to a revetment-like failure mechanism.Although the failure mechanism can be related to both slopes used during the laboratory tests, (3:4 and 1:2), the behavior of the armor layer differed completely between slopes. On a steeper slope, the armor layer remained undamaged for wave heights significantly higher than the design wave. However, once one unit was fully displaced, the damage was quite destructive.In contrast, on a milder slope, failure occurred much faster but the damage was not as aggressive. Moreover, after the failure was reached, the structure gained a new level of stability in which remained to provide shelter without reflecting significant damage.Furthermore, the wave height variation did not have much influence as the wave steepness. There was a noticeable difference between the performance of the structure during swell and wind waves. During swell waves, it could be seen that not only failure was achieved faster but it caused much more damage to the structure, while during wind waves the structure had a higher stability.Coastal and Marine Engineering and Management (CoMEM
The influence of mentorship in accelerator programs to the start-ups’ growth: A case study in a start-up accelerator company
No full textManagement of Technology (MoT
Vacuum impregnation in Merluccius hubbsi hake fillets brining: Effect on mass transfer kinetics, texture and colour
No full textBrining is a preliminary process for the development of many traditional and innovative fish products. We analysed the use of vacuum impregnation (VI) in hake fillets brining (10 g NaCl/100 mL solution, 4 ± 2 °C). VI brining (p1 = 10000 Pa, t1 = 5 min, restoring atmospheric pressure for 25–415 min) was compared with brining at atmospheric pressure (control). VI had a significant effect on mass transfer kinetics, yielding a higher Total Mass Change (ΔM) and salt content, which implied shorter brining times as well as higher product yield. Brined fillets presented lower L*, a* and b* values compared to fresh samples. VI did not affect colour when comparing with control. Likewise, texture varied with brining time, but not due to VI. Principal Component Analysis indicated that unbrined fresh hake and samples brined for 240 min (either VI or control) were different in their ΔM, NaCl content, colour and elasticity. Peleg equation accurately modeled salt and water contents behavior during brining, predicting a 75% processing time reduction by the use of vacuum impregnation.Fil: Tomac, Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Grupo de Investigación en Preservación y Calidad de Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Rodriguez Mallo, Sofia. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Grupo de Investigación en Preservación y Calidad de Alimentos; ArgentinaFil: Perez, Silvina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Grupo de Investigación en Preservación y Calidad de Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Garcia Loredo, Analia Belen. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Grupo de Investigación en Preservación y Calidad de Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Yeannes, Maria Isabel. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Grupo de Investigación en Preservación y Calidad de Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentin
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