20 research outputs found
Halfmann_OpenPracticesDisclosure_rev – Supplemental material for Replicating Roaches: A Preregistered Direct Replication of Zajonc, Heingartner, and Herman’s (1969) Social-Facilitation Study
No full textSupplemental material, Halfmann_OpenPracticesDisclosure_rev for Replicating Roaches: A Preregistered Direct Replication of Zajonc, Heingartner, and Herman’s (1969) Social-
Facilitation Study by Emma Halfmann, Janne Bredehöft and Jan Alexander Häusser in Psychological Science</p
Sleep Deprivation in Negotiations: A Mixed-Method Investigation
No full textNegotiations are often used as conflict resolution in a society that is increasingly sleep-deprived. Yet, not much is known about how sleep deprivation affects negotiations. In this dissertation, I present and test a theoretical framework for understanding and investigating the effects of sleep deprivation on various negotiation processes and outcomes, particularly joint economic outcomes, individual economic outcomes, social perceptions and emotions, and impasses. Focusing on integrative negotiations, I identified cognitive capacities and epistemic motivation to be highly relevant psychological processes, affected by sleep deprivation in negotiation. These impairments deteriorate effective information exchange and hamper information processing, which reduces the quality of (integrative) agreements.
In four quantitative studies and one qualitative study, the hypothesized effect of sleep deprivation on the quality of negotiation agreements in terms of joint economic outcomes was tested. In three experiments (total N = 398), sleep-deprived versus well-rested dyads participated in (Studies 1 and 2) or observed (Study 3) an integrative negotiation. In all three studies and a Bayesian meta-analysis across these, there was no effect of sleep deprivation on agreement quality. These findings contradict theoretical predictions and also laypersons’ expectations (Study 4). However, there was an indication for compensatory effort that could account for the absence of a substantial negative effect of sleep deprivation. To gain further insights, qualitative interviews with 22 German elected politicians were conducted (including head of state and federal ministers) who are experienced in negotiations under sleep deprivation (Study 5). Their responses shed light on the nature of compensatory strategies that might help to cope with sleep deprivation in real-life negotiations.
To explain the findings, potential moderators on the task, the individual, and the inter-individual level are discussed, which help to understand how sleep deprivation-induced impairments could be compensated for.
In sum, my dissertation aims to advance the understanding of how sleep deprivation negatively affects negotiation outcomes.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); ROR-ID:018mejw6
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic cats imposes a narrow bottleneck.
No full textThe evolutionary mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 viruses adapt to mammalian hosts and, potentially, undergo antigenic evolution depend on the ways genetic variation is generated and selected within and between individual hosts. Using domestic cats as a model, we show that SARS-CoV-2 consensus sequences remain largely unchanged over time within hosts, while dynamic sub-consensus diversity reveals processes of genetic drift and weak purifying selection. We further identify a notable variant at amino acid position 655 in Spike (H655Y), which was previously shown to confer escape from human monoclonal antibodies. This variant arises rapidly and persists at intermediate frequencies in index cats. It also becomes fixed following transmission in two of three pairs. These dynamics suggest this site may be under positive selection in this system and illustrate how a variant can quickly arise and become fixed in parallel across multiple transmission pairs. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in cats involved a narrow bottleneck, with new infections founded by fewer than ten viruses. In RNA virus evolution, stochastic processes like narrow transmission bottlenecks and genetic drift typically act to constrain the overall pace of adaptive evolution. Our data suggest that here, positive selection in index cats followed by a narrow transmission bottleneck may have instead accelerated the fixation of S H655Y, a potentially beneficial SARS-CoV-2 variant. Overall, our study suggests species- and context-specific adaptations are likely to continue to emerge. This underscores the importance of continued genomic surveillance for new SARS-CoV-2 variants as well as heightened scrutiny for signatures of SARS-CoV-2 positive selection in humans and mammalian model systems
Perspective-Taking and Reactions Toward Poor Performers in Groups: A Scoping Review and Discussion
No full textPerspective-taking, the ability to adopt another person’s viewpoint, has been found to enhance group performance by fostering cooperation and coordination. However, if members threaten the attainment of group goals (i.e., poor performers), the intensity of perspective-taking is not sufficient to explain group members’ reactions to the poor performer (e.g., willingness to punish), since the findings are not unequivocally positive. It is key to consider the inferences resulting from perspective-taking efforts (attributions). These inferences, as attributions of the cause of the poor performance and the pro-group intent, are key determinants of group responses to poor performers. The goal of this scoping review is to examine the role of perspective-taking and attributions of the cause of poor performance in reactions toward poor performers in groups. Following the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews, we performed a literature search in three databases (APA PsycInfo, PubPsych, and Web of Science) that yielded ten articles that matched our eligibility criteria. A narrative synthesis was employed to summarize the main findings across the included literature. This review highlights the need for integrating views on perspective-taking and attribution processes in group contexts to better understand how groups can effectively navigate challenges posed by diverging performance
Beliefs on sleep deprivation and negotiation outcomes
No full textPrimary Research Question:
Do laypersons belief that sleep deprived negotiators reach worse joint outcomes compared to well-rested ones
Daylight saving and strategic thinking
No full textThis quasi-experimental study asks the following main question: Does the changeover to daylight saving time influence strategic thinking in an economic decision (beauty-contest game; Nagel, 1995)
Sleep restriction and negotiation outcomes
No full textPrimary Research Question:
Does the sleep restriction of observers deteriorate their proposed agreements in terms of joint outcomes when they observe integrative negotiations
Replicating roaches: a preregistered direct replication of Zajonc, Heingartner, and Herman’s (1969) social-facilitation study
No full textFifty years ago, Zajonc, Heingartner, and Herman (1969) conducted a famous experiment on social enhancement and inhibition of performance in cockroaches. A moderating effect of task difficulty on the effect of the presence of an audience, as revealed by impaired performance in complex tasks and enhanced performance in simple tasks, was presented as the major conclusion of this research. However, the researchers did not test this interaction statistically. We conducted a preregistered direct replication using a 2 (audience: present vs. absent) × 2 (task difficulty: runway vs. maze) between-subjects design. Results revealed main effects for task difficulty, with faster running times in the runway than the maze, and for audience, with slower running times when the audience was present than when it was absent. There was no interaction between the presence of an audience and task difficulty. Although we replicated the social-inhibition effect, there was no evidence for a social-facilitation effect
