27 research outputs found
Knitting 4D garments with elasticity controlled for body motion
No full textIn this paper, we present a new computational pipeline for designing and fabricating 4D garments as knitwear that considers comfort during body movement. This is achieved by careful control of elasticity distribution to reduce uncomfortable pressure and unwanted sliding caused by body motion. We exploit the ability to knit patterns in different elastic levels by single-jersey jacquard (SJJ) with two yarns. We design the distribution of elasticity for a garment by physics-based computation, the optimized elasticity on the garment is then converted into instructions for a digital knitting machine by two algorithms proposed in this paper. Specifically, a graph-based algorithm is proposed to generate knittable stitch meshes that can accurately capture the 3D shape of a garment, and a tiling algorithm is employed to assign SJJ patterns on the stitch mesh to realize the designed distribution of elasticity. The effectiveness of our approach is verified on simulation results and on specimens physically fabricated by knitting machines
Regional Model Bit’s : A New Down For the Developing Countries
No full textForeign direct investment (FDI) plays a crucial role in the economic sector, particularly in developing countries. BIT lays down instrumental principles which help to protect investors’ establishments in host states, by inter alia encouraging prompt compensation in case of expropriation. Governments need FDIs to gear up their economic growth, advance technology, and scale down unemployment. Most scholarly writings are in favor that BIT is a necessary tool for promoting FDIs, however this study takes a different approach and categorically unveils the draw backs of BIT in developing countries by highlighting some of the contentious provisions that have sparked unprecedented legal, economic, sociopolitical and diplomatic strife between the host countries, investors and investors’ home countries. Therefore, the author proposes development for regional Model BITs that would go in line with national laws to curtail the persisting sovereignty and socio-economic challenges
The Criminal Liability for Debtors Who Provides Fake Letter to Creditors to Get Credit Criminal Liability
No full textThe issue described in this study is about which letters can be an objects of falsified by debtors to get credit from creditor and how is the debtors accountability for providing fake letters to creditors. The method used in this research is normative, which is emphasizes the gap in norms that occur, this normative analysis mainly using library materials and laws and regulations as the source of research material. The results shows that there are several letters that can be falsified, such as: Letter of Assignment, ID, Family Card, Pay Slip. The purpose is to show that the letter seems to come from someone other than the author (perpetrator) so it is called material forgery (material valsheid), the origin of the letter is fake. Then, the act of falsifying a letter is carried out by making unauthorized changes (without the rightful permission) in a letter or writing, regarding the signature or the contents. Criminal liability for debtors who provide fake letters to creditors is leading to criminal prosecution of the perpetrators, if they have violated the provisions of Article 263 of the Criminal Code and fulfill the elements of Article 263 of the Criminal Code and the ability to be responsible is an element of error, therefore to prove the element of error, then the element of responsibility must also be proven, however, to prove the existence of an element of accountability is very difficult and requires time and money, so in practice it is used that everyone is considered capable of being responsible unless there are signs that indicate otherwise
Multispecies Justice: Environmental Protection and Management Solutions
No full textThis article tries to discuss the issue of "justice" by comparing the objective condition of the environment in Indonesia which continues to worsen and looking at its relationship with the concept of sustainable development and the principle of justice in the PPLH Law. This paper is of the view that the ongoing environmental crisis shows that the idea of sustainable development in practice cannot take into account environmental conditions because it focuses more on aspects of economic development. Apart from that, this condition is exacerbated because the normative meaning of the principles of justice is still "human-oriented". This article is of the view that the idea of"multispecies justice" is a solution to the current environmental crisis. To include this idea in the PPLH Law, the author uses the concept of doctrinal interpretationfrom Jezki Wroblewski to carry out legal interpretation of the principles of justice in the PPLH Law. Justice must be interpreted to include human and non-human entities or "more-than-human-oriented" justice
Legal Certainty of Marriage Agreements Made Before Marriage and Their Implications After Divorce
No full textThe dissolution of a marriage results in legal consequences, one of which is the division of joint assets in the marriage. Property law in marriage is regulated in Articles 35 to 37 of the Marriage Law Number 1 of 1974. The Marriage Law allows both prospective husband and wife to make a marriage agreement to separate property. The marriage agreement that is made causes the agreement to become valid as law for both parties who make it. Regarding this problem, the author is interested in researching how legal certainty is regarding marriage agreements made before marriage in relation to joint property and what the legal consequences are for marriage agreements that are not in accordance with the marriage agreement when a divorce occurs. The theories used are the theory of legal certainty from Gustav Radbruch and the theory of agreement from Subekti. The method used in this research is a type of normative juridical research, namely legal library research or secondary data with primary, secondary and tertiary sources of legal materials. The research approaches used are the statutory approach, conceptual approach, analytical approach, case approach, historical approach and legal material collection techniques carried out by identifying and inventorying positive legal rules, book literature, journals and other sources of legal material. The analysis technique for legal materials is carried out using legal interpretation (interpretation), namely, historical interpretation, systematic interpretation, teleological interpretation and legal construction methods. From the research results, it can be concluded that the marriage agreement made still has legal certainty because it does not violate the law and the marriage agreement is included in the law for both parties in accordance with Article 1338 of the Civil Code. The legal consequences of marriage regarding joint property in the event of a marriage agreement are regulated in Article 37 of the Marriage Law, the distribution of which is according to the agreement made
Scalable process discovery and conformance checking
No full textConsiderable amounts of data, including process events, are collected and stored by organisations nowadays. Discovering a process model from such event data and verification of the quality of discovered models are important steps in process mining. Many discovery techniques have been proposed, but none of them combines scalability with strong quality guarantees. We would like such techniques to handle billions of events or thousands of activities, to produce sound models (without deadlocks and other anomalies), and to guarantee that the underlying process can be rediscovered when sufficient information is available. In this paper, we introduce a framework for process discovery that ensures these properties while passing over the log only once and introduce three algorithms using the framework. To measure the quality of discovered models for such large logs, we introduce a model–model and model–log comparison framework that applies a divide-and-conquer strategy to measure recall, fitness, and precision. We experimentally show that these discovery and measuring techniques sacrifice little compared to other algorithms, while gaining the ability to cope with event logs of 100,000,000 traces and processes of 10,000 activities on a standard computer. © 2016 The Author(s
Structural studies of CRISPR-associated proteins
No full textClustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) act to prevent viral infection and horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes. The genomic CRISPR array contains short sequences (“spacers”) that are derived from foreign genetic elements. The CRISPR array is transcribed and processed into CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) used in the sequence-specific degradation of foreign nucleic acids. This process is called interference and is mediated by CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins.
This thesis has focused on the structural and functional characterisation of four Cas proteins from the CRISPR/Cas system of Sulfolobus solfataricus. The crystal structure of Cmr7 (Sso1725), a Sulfolobales-specific subunit of the ssRNA-degrading CMR complex, allowed for the identification of a putative protein-binding site, though no specific function could be ascribed to the protein. Cas6 (Sso1437) is the enzyme responsible for crRNA maturation and the characterisation of this protein allowed for the molecular rationalisation of its atypical RNA cleavage mechanism. Csa5 and Cas8a2 are subunits of the aCascade complex that targets dsDNA. Csa5 (Sso1398) was shown to have a putative role in R-loop stabilisation during interference while the role of Cas8a2 (Sso1401) was not determined. The structures of these two proteins were used to define relationships between the subunits of interference complexes from various CRISPR/Cas systems.
A second aspect of this work has been the expression and purification of eukaryotic ion channels for structural studies. The acid sensing ion channel (ASIC) and FMRFamide-gated sodium channel (FaNaC) are gated ion channels with unknown mechanisms of channel activation. These ion channels must be expressed in eukaryotic systems and so human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells and baculovirus-insect cell expression systems were developed to express ASIC and FaNaC constructs. The expression and purification protocols have been optimised to allow for the preparation of soluble protein that will in future be used for crystallography and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies
Addiction systems antagonize bacterial adaptive immunity.
No full textThis is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Oxford University Press (OUP) via the DOI in this record. CRISPR-Cas systems provide adaptive immunity against mobile genetic elements, but employment of this resistance mechanism is often reported with a fitness cost for the host. Whether or not CRISPR-Cas systems are important barriers for the horizontal spread of conjugative plasmids, which play a crucial role in the spread of antibiotic resistance, will depend on the fitness costs of employing CRISPR-based defences and the benefits of resisting conjugative plasmids. To estimate these costs and benefits we measured bacterial fitness associated with plasmid immunity using Escherichia coli and the conjugative plasmid pOX38-Cm. We find that CRISPR-mediated immunity fails to confer a fitness benefit in the absence of antibiotics, despite the large fitness cost associated with carrying the plasmid in this context. Similar to many other conjugative plasmids, pOX38-Cm carries a CcdAB toxin-antitoxin (TA) addiction system. These addiction systems encode long-lived toxins and short-lived anti-toxins, resulting in toxic effects following the loss of the TA genes from the bacterial host. Our data suggest that the lack of a fitness benefit associated with CRISPR-mediated defence is due to expression of the TA system before plasmid detection and degradation. As most antibiotic resistance plasmids encode TA systems this could have important consequences for the role of CRISPR-Cas systems in limiting the spread of antibiotic resistance.European CommissionBiotechnology & Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)Natural Environment Research CouncilRoyal Society of Biological SciencesNetherlands Organization of Scientific Research (NWO)Wellcome Trus
Sex differences in COVID-19 mortality risk in patients on kidney function replacement therapy
No full text\ua9 2022, The Author(s). In the general population with COVID-19, the male sex is an established risk factor for mortality, in part due to a more robust immune response to COVID-19 in women. Because patients on kidney function replacement therapy (KFRT) have an impaired immune response, especially kidney transplant recipients due to their use of immunosuppressants, we examined whether the male sex is still a risk factor for mortality among patients on KFRT with COVID-19. From the European Renal Association COVID-19 Database (ERACODA), we examined patients on KFRT with COVID-19 who presented between February 1st, 2020, and April 30th, 2021. 1204 kidney transplant recipients (male 62.0%, mean age 56.4 years) and 3206 dialysis patients (male 61.8%, mean age 67.7 years) were examined. Three-month mortality in kidney transplant recipients was 16.9% in males and 18.6% in females (p = 0.31) and in dialysis patients 27.1% in males and 21.9% in females (p = 0.001). The adjusted HR for the risk of 3-month mortality in males (vs females) was 0.89 (95% CI 65, 1.23, p = 0.49) in kidney transplant recipients and 1.33 (95% CI 1.13, 1.56, p = 0.001) in dialysis patients (pinteraction = 0.02). In a fully adjusted model, the aHR for the risk of 3-month mortality in kidney transplant recipients (vs. dialysis patients) was 1.39 (95% CI 1.02, 1.89, p = 0.04) in males and 2.04 (95% CI 1.40, 2.97, p < 0.001) in females (pinteraction = 0.02). In patients on KFRT with COVID-19, the male sex is not a risk factor for mortality among kidney transplant recipients but remains a risk factor among dialysis patients. The use of immunosuppressants in kidney transplant recipients, among other factors, may have narrowed the difference in the immune response to COVID-19 between men and women, and therefore reduced the sex difference in COVID-19 mortality risk
[[alternative]]An Analysis of Wang Ying-lin's Historical Thought
No full text[[abstract]]Wang Ying-lin :O!lS?, the prominent scholar around the late Sung and early Yuan Dynasties, has left behind him a large body of academic works, many of which deal with the subject of history. An analysis of these historical works of his will not only help understand his personal views of history, but also provide a good example of the development of historical studies in the period when Neo-confucianism was flourshing.
Influenced by li hsueh ffif- (Neo-Confucianism) in this period, Wang Ying-lin places a special emphasis on the importance of heavenly laws and human mind for the interpretation of history. He holds that the correct way of historical interpretation is to present the right and wrong of things (i.e. the Ch'un-ch'iu Ta Yi, Wl^cA'S) instead of the causes for either success or failure only, as is the case in Tso-chuan ftfW. For the right and wrong of things is the embodiment of heavenly laws, which can be realized through the human mind. And this is a much higher value than the causes for success or failure. History is to affirm the deeds of those whose mind reflects heavenly laws nad to denounce the deeds of those whose mind harbours earthly desires only. In fact, success does often go to the former and failure to the latter. The fact itself supports the righteousness of heavenly laws. This can be proved by numerous historical evidences. To understand this is the purpose of historical studies, so that one will realize the importance of one's own spiritual cultivation and then strive to be a gentleman of virtue. These Neo-confucianist beliefs are adopted by Wang Ying-lin from the Sung scholars. And from this point of view, Wang criticizes the Confucian scholars in the Han Dynasty for lack of spiritual cultivation in spite of their scholarly attainments. He further points out that the flourishment of Confucianism at that time does no good to either the state or the people for exactly the above-mentioned reason. As an extrememly learned scholars, Wang Ying-lin also senses that the tendency of time and history can be seen in the continuation and transformation of the traditional ethico-political system. The national unification in the Ch'in Dynasty marks the end of feudalism as well as the vanishment of heavenly laws. Many of the political institutions in the Han Dynasty are inherited from Ch'in, and therefore embedded with bad elements. However, his interpretation of Han Wu Ti's ^SjJ-^'S? critical role in the gradual centralization of state power on the emperor over the prime minister is a purely historical view, with no trace of Neo-confucianist influence. This shows his competence in interpreting historical developments and producing classic works on history.
However, this competence of his is not fully realized, partly because of influences of this Neo-confucianist beliefs and partly because of his scholarly approach. As is known, Wang is extremely well-read and has taken extensive notes. His knowledge of historical documents is so proficient that his works often exhibit an accuracy of even a minor historical date, a convincing judgment on the reliability of a certain source, and the recollection of many views held by earlier Sung scholars that were gradually forgotten. All this shows his sophisticated scholarship in the collection, categorization and application of historical sources. But unfortunately, his heavy reliance on historical sources seems to result in a neglect of argument and analysis. His work in this respect remains at the level of contrasting and comparing sources or re-stating other people's views. This naturally limits his own academic achievements.
Wang Ying-lin's deep conviction in the truth of Neo-confucianism also leads to an over-reliance of his basic view-points in historical interpretation on Neo-confucianist ideas. These ideas, however, are supposed to be self-evident, just like the feudalist system which is established by the Sage in order to realize heavenly laws, and does not need to be verified. Besides, Wang's way of reasoning and inference is too simple. A single historical evidence can be used by him to base a generalized interpretation on, as he himself frequently says, "the founding or the destruction of the state can be brought about by the utterance of a single idea." He also tends to equate two things of the same nature but of different times. To him, the nature of things determines their function, regardless of their historical backgrounds. He thinks that by bringing things together in this manner, a better understanding of their significance can be achieved. He does not seem to give any consideration to the feasibility of disregarding historical differences. The weakness in his historical studies is clearly seen here. His approach to historical studies is not based on a thorough understanding of the character- istics of a particular historical time and an objective analysis of the motives of the persons involved, and therefore can hardly be expected to turn out original view with convincing evidences.
Wang Ying-lin was highly regarded by scholars of criticism of the Ch'ing Dynasty. And his book Kun-hsueh Chi-weni ffl?E[M was so much valued that several commentaries were published. In these commentaries, however, critical views can be found against Wang's way of argumentation. The chief weakness is believed to be a lack of evidence for his generalizations, since Wang tends to make interpretations of historical issues with unsupported views which only sound nice but provide no help for the understanding of the issues. Apart from that, the over-simplicity of his inferences is also noticed. Conclusions are often based on simple categorization without an in-depth understanding of the particular historical situations. Such conclusions, drawn from the most superficial phenomena, cannot be of any significance in view of the complicated nature of historical issues.
Of Wang Ying-lin's critics, Chang Hsueh-ch'eng li^M is the most acute, who points out that what Wang possesses is craftsmanship rather than scholarship. Craftsmanship here, according to Chang, means the ability of source-collecting, categorizing, comparing and contrasting, and book-compiling, while scholarship requires the competence of analytical interpretation of the collected sources based on thorough understanding as well as original thinking which will provides enlightenment and inspiration for late generations. Figuratively speaking, Chang further explains, craftsmanship is just like sorghum to be distilled for spirit while scholarship equals to real liquor. And Wang Ying-lin's works is just like a pile of Chinese sorghum.
Regarding academic influences upon him, Wang Ying-lin is closer to Chu Hsi 7^11 and Lu Tsu-ch'ien Hflllt in terms of both basic approaches to historical subjects and patterns of academic argumentation. However, there exist considerable differences between them, too. As influential scholars of the Southern Sung Dynasty, both Chu and Lu are extremely erudite with a large body of scholarly works left behind. And significantly, their interpretations of historical issues are all prudently based on careful study and in-depth understanding. It is clear that Wang Ying-lin consciously pursues an extensive and profound scholarship as possessed by those two scholars before him but loses hold of their attitude of prudence and meticulousness toward academic studies. Wang particularly admires those two scholars for their emphasis on the value of both Neo-confucianist principles and classic historical sources. Both scholars are frequently quoted in his works. Presumably, he regards the application of Neo-confucianist principles in historical studies as the combinaton of learning with morality, which will lead, in his belief, to an idealized state of spiritual cultivation. But such a combination, if not founded on a basis of careful study and original thinking, will make up nothing more than a superficial, mechanical, or inorganic match. Therefore, it is not likely to be an effective means for significant accomplishments, not to mention anything comparable to those achieved by Chu Hsi and Lu Tsu-ch'ien. In brief, though Wang Ying-lin has carried on the academic work initiated by the main-stream Neo-confucianist scholars of the Southern Sung Dynasty, he chooses to neglect their distinctive approaches. For this reason, it seems rather inappropriate to label him as their successor. It is the belief of the author of the present paper that Hu San-sheng t^H^", the annotator of Tzu-chih t'ung-chien 'ItifiMHi exemplifies the application of Neo-confucianism to the studies of history during the late Sung and early Yuan Dynasties.
The study of history today varies a great deal from that in the past in terms of both subject and approach. Wang's works on history are no longer on the list of books required of a students of history. The reason lies chiefly in the fact that in spite of their extensiveness, his works lack the quality of meticulousness and therefore cannot be expected either to broaden readers' scope of knowledge or to enlighten their mind. It is only natural that such works are considered to be out of date in our present time.
Key Words: Wang Ying-lin, Historical thought, Kun-hsueh Chi-weni, Tzu-chih t'ung-chien[[fileno]]JA01_1997_p28
