106 research outputs found
The exomic landscape of t(14;18)-negative diffuse follicular lymphoma with 1p36 deletion
No full textPredominantly diffuse t(14;18) negative follicular lymphoma (FL) with 1p36 deletion shows distinctive clinical, morphological and molecular features that distinguish it from classical FL. In order to investigate whether it possesses a unique mutation profile, we performed whole exome sequencing of six well-characterised cases. Our analysis showed that the mutational landscape of this subtype is largely distinct from classical FL. It appears to harbour several recurrent mutations, affecting STAT6, CREBBP and basal membrane protein genes with high frequency. Our data support the view that this FL subtype should be considered a separate entity from classical FL
Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase overcomes resistance of mantle cell lymphoma to ibrutinib in the bone marrow microenvironment
No full textMantle cell lymphoma and other lymphoma subtypes often spread to the bone marrow, and stromal interactions mediated by focal adhesion kinase frequently enhance survival and drug resistance of the lymphoma cells. To study the role of focal adhesion kinase in mantle cell lymphoma, immunohistochemistry of primary cases and functional analysis of mantle cell lymphoma cell lines and primary mantle cell lymphoma cells cocultured with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) using small molecule inhibitors and RNAi based focal adhesion kinase silencing was performed. We could show that focal adhesion kinase is highly expressed in bone marrow infiltrates of mantle cell lymphoma and in mantle cell lymphoma cell lines. Stroma-mediated activation of focal adhesion kinase led to activation of multiple kinases (AKT, p42/44 and NF-κB), that are important for prosurvival and proliferation signalling. Interestingly, RNAi based focal adhesion kinase silencing or inhibition with small molecule inhibitors (FAKi) resulted in blockage of targeted cell invasion and induced apoptosis by inactivation of multiple signalling cascades, including the classical and alternative NF-κB pathway. In addition, the combined treatment of ibrutinib and FAKi was highly synergistic, and ibrutinib resistance of mantle cell lymphoma could be overcome. These data demonstrate that focal adhesion kinase is important for stroma-mediated survival and drug-resistance in mantle cell lymphoma, providing indications for a targeted therapeutic strategy
Leich: und Bußpredigt : Bey Adelicher Begräbniß/ Deß ... Curdten von Steinberg/ Seligern/ auff Bodenburgk und Brüggem Erbsassens: Welcher Anno 1622. den 29. Maii ... auff seinem Adelichen Sitz Brüggem/ von etlichen bösen Buben gewaltsamer weise uberfallen/ und durch zufügung 34. offener Wunden (wie aus beygefügtem Abdruck zusehen) und unzehlicher Thumbschläge grewlich zerquetschet und ermordet worden: Gethan am XXVII. Iunii / Durch Jacobum Gerhardi, Pastorn und Special Superintendenten zu Wrißbergholtensen
No full textPrognostic value of extracellular matrix gene mutations and expression in multiple myeloma
No full textDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001659Wilhelm-Seiter-Foundation FreiburgDeutsche Krebshilfe https://doi.org/10.13039/501100005972Wilhelm Sander-Stiftung https://doi.org/10.13039/10000867
Charakterisierung von t(14;18)-negativen Follikulären Lymphomen
No full textNeoplasien des hämatopoetischen und lymphoiden Systems können in Hodkin Lymphome und in Non-Hodgkin Lymphome (NHL) unterteilt werden. Etwa 80% der NHL sind B-Zell Lymphome (B-NHL), während etwa 20% T-Zell und NK-Zell Lymphome (T-NHL) umfassen. Genetische Alterationen, insbesondere Translokationen, welche die Immunglobulin (Ig) Rezeptor Gene betreffen, sind für die Klassifikation von B-NHL von großem Nutzen und sind auch in der Pathogenese dieser Neoplasien von erheblicher Bedeutung. Ein Beispiel hierfür ist die Translokation t(14;18)(q32.33;q21.3) in follikulären Lymphomen (FL). Analog zu den Ig Rezeptor Genen in B-NHL, sind die T-Zell Rezeptor (TCR) Gene von etwa 30% der Vorläufer T-Zell Neoplasien von einer Translokation oder Inversion betroffen, die in der Regel mit der Überexpression eines Onkogens einhergehen. Die Pathogenese von reifen T-NHL, sowie deren zugrunde liegenden molekularen Mechanismen sind jedoch weitestgehend unbekannt. Um das Vorkommen und die Häufigkeit von chromosomalen Bruchpunkten im Bereich der TCR Gene in reifen T-NHL detailliert zu charakterisieren, wurden 227 Fälle im Tissue Microarray Format mit spezifischen Fluoreszenz in situ Hybridisierungs (FISH)-Assays analysiert. Translokationen oder Inversionen konnten in lediglich zwei der untersuchten Fälle nachgewiesen werden, was darauf hindeutet, dass reife T-NHL nur selten von Bruchpunkten in ihren TCR Loci betroffen sind. FL sind die zweithäufigste B-Zell Neoplasie, die durch ein vorwiegend follikuläres, follikulär und diffuses, oder durch ein vorwiegend diffuses Wachstum geprägt sein kann. Die Translokation t(14;18), die in etwa 90% der Fälle auftritt, ist mit einer deregulierten Expression des BCL2 Proto-Onkogens assoziiert. Während bereits eine Vielzahl von Studien die morphologischen, klinischen und molekularen Aspekte dieser Entität definieren konnte, fehlt eine detaillierte Charakterisierung t(14;18)-negativer FL bislang vollständig. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden mittels Polymerase Kettenreaktion und FISH Analyse 184 FL in t(14;18)-positive und t(14;18)-negative Fälle unterteilt, und die Genexpressionsprofile sowie die nummerischen chromosomalen Aberationen dieser Subgruppen untersucht. Die einzige genetische Alteration, die sich im Vergleich von t(14;18)-negativen und t(14;18)-positiven FL als signifikant erwies, waren Zugewinne und Amplifikationen in 18q11-q21, die in 32% der t(14;18)-positiven und in 0% der t(14;18)-negativen FL auftraten. Mit Hilfe von Genexpressionsanalysen und einer Gene Set Enrichment-Analyse (GSEA) konnte eine signifikante Assoziation von Keimzentrums B-Zell (GCB) Signaturen mit t(14;18)-positiven FL nachgewiesen werden, während in den t(14;18)-negativen FL eine signifikante Anreicherung von aktivierten B-Zell (ABC)-, NFkB-, Proliferations-, Zell Zyklus-, Interferon- und „Bystander“ Zell Signaturen beobachtet wurde. In einem immunhistochemischen Validierungsansatz mit einer unabhängigen FL Studiengruppe konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Keimzentrums Marker CD10/MME in t(14;18)-positiven FL häufiger exprimiert wird als in t(14;18)-negativen FL, während häufig eine erhöhte Expression des Post-Keimzentrums Markers IRF4/MUM1, des Proliferations Markers Ki67 und des zytotoxischen T-Zell Markers GZMB in t(14;18)-negativen FL nachweisbar war. Diese Ergebnisse weisen auf einen Post-Keimzentrums Phänotyp in t(14;18)-negativen FL hin. Das Vorkommen von „ongoing“ somatischen Hypermutationen in den schweren Ketten der Ig Gene dieser Fälle spricht jedoch gegen diese Hypothese und deutet darauf hin, dass der Phänotyp der t(14;18)-negativen FL eher dem einer B-Zelle im späten Keimzentrumsstadium entspricht. In einer unabhängigen Studie mit 35 vorwiegend diffus wachsenden FL konnte mittels immunhistochemischer Färbungen, klassischer Chromosomenbänderung, FISH und Genexpressionsanalysen eine Untergruppe von t(14;18)-negativen FL definiert werden, die sich durch eine chromosomale Deletion in 1p36 und durch spezifische morphologische und klinische Eigenschaften auszeichnete. Das Genexpressionsprofil der diffusen FL fügte sich in das Spektrum der klassischen FL ein. Mittels GSEA konnte jedoch eine signifikante Anreicherung von T-Zell-, NK-Zell- und zwei dendritischen Zell Signaturen in diesen Fällen beobachtet werden, während die Kontrollgruppe mit klassischen FL signifikant mit GCB-, Proliferations-, Zell Zyklus- und B-Zell Signaturen assoziiert war. Die diffusen FL zeichneten sich häufig durch ein frühes klinisches Stadium, sowie durch große inguinale Tumoren aus. Zusammenfassend deuten die vorliegenden Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass t(14;18)-negative FL dem Spektrum „klassischer“ FL angehören, aber dennoch spezifische molekulare und klinische Eigenschaften aufweisen. Insbesondere scheinen´t(14;18)-negative diffuse FL, die durch eine Deletion in 1p36, ein frühes klinisches Stadium und große in der Leiste lokalisierte Tumoren charakterisiert sind, eine eigene FL Subgruppe zu repräsentieren.Tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid system are classified into Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Approximately 80% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are B-cell lymphomas (B-NHL) and the remainder include T-cell and NK-cell lymphomas as well as immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders. The presence of genetic alterations such as translocations involving the immunoglobulin (Ig) receptor loci in B-NHL, e.g. the translocation t(14;18)(q32.33;q21.3) in follicular lymphoma (FL), are of great value for the classification and of importance in the pathogenesis of these neoplasms. In analogy to the Ig receptor genes in B-NHL, the T-cell receptor (TCR) gene loci are targeted by chromosomal breaks in approximately 30% of precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemias/lymphomas involving various translocation or inversion partners. Most of these events result in the overexpression of an oncogene by juxtaposing it to the regulatory sequences of the TCR genes. However, the pathogenesis of mature T-cell NHL (T-NHL) and the underlying molecular mechanisms are only poorly understood so far. To determine the exact frequency of breakpoints occurring in the TCR loci of 227 mature T-NHL cases, we designed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays for the TCR loci that are applicable for large scale analysis of formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) lymphoma specimens in a tissue microarray format. This approach revealed only two mature T-NHL cases with a chromosomal breakpoint in one of the TCR loci making the rearrangement of TCR loci a very rare event in these neoplasms that occurs in less than 1% of cases.FL is the second most frequent type of B-NHL that can show predominantly follicular, combined follicular and diffuse, or predominantly diffuse growth patterns. The characteristic genetic hallmark of FL is the translocation t(14;18)that occurs in approximately 90% of cases and leads to a deregulated expression of the anti-apoptotic BCL2 proto-oncogene. FL has yet been a subject of many studies deciphering morphological, clinical and molecular features of this entity. However, only little information exists about cases lacking this translocation. In this thesis we divided 184 FL cases by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and by FISH assays into FL cases with and without t(14;18) and investigated their respective gene expression profiles and copy number alterations. For FISH analysis we followed the refined conditions established for the T-NHL study. The only genetic alterations that differed significantly by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis between FL cases with and without t(14;18) were frequent gains or amplifications in 18q11-q21 in 32% of t(14;18)-positive and 0% of t(14;18)-negative cases. Gene expression profiling and geneset enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed an enrichment of germinal center B-cell (GCB) signatures in t(14;18)-positive cases whereas an enrichment of activated B-cell (ABC) like, NFkB-, proliferation-, cell cycle-, interferon and bystander cell signatures were observed in t(14;18)-negative cases. A validation approach by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on an independent test set of FL cases (n=84) revealed a more frequent expression of the germinal center (GC) marker CD10/MME in cases with t(14;18) and a higher expression of the post GC marker IRF4/MUM1, the proliferation marker Ki67 and the cytotoxic T-cell marker GZMB in cases without t(14;18). Although these results may suggest a post-GCB phenotype for translocation t(14;18)-negative cases, ongoing somatic hypermutations of the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes in these cases rather point to a late GC stage of B-cell differentiation in FL without t(14;18). In an independent study with 35 predominantly diffuse FL cases, it was furthermore possible to define another subset of t(14;18)-negative FL characterized by a chromosomal deletion (del) in 1p36 and distinct morphological and clinical features by IHC, classical chromosome banding, FISH and gene expression profiling. The gene expression profiles of predominantly diffuse FL cases fell into the spectrum of FL. However, by GSEA they showed a significant enrichment of T-cell, NK-cell- and two dendritic-cell subset signatures, whereas a significant enrichment of GCB cell-, proliferation-, cell cycle- and B-cell signatures was observed in a control group of “classic” FL cases. Remarkably, patients with diffuse FL frequently presented with low clinical stage and large, but localized inguinal tumors. In conclusion, our results suggest that t(14;18)-negative FL are part of the spectrum of FL in general, but nevertheless show distinct molecular and clinical features. In particular, predominantly diffuse FL with (del)1p36, low clinical stage and large but localized inguinal tumors may represent a distinct t(14;18)-negative FL subtype
THE ROLE OF DISCOURSE PRESENTATION IN DEFINING THE STYLE OF THE AUTHOR (in the example of the novel “Come easy go easy” by J.H.Chase)
No full textThis article analyzes the author\u27s style and the translator\u27s style by presenting the English detective novelist James Hadley Chase\u27s Come easy go easy in translation. The models and scales of Chinese linguists and translators Leich, Semino and Short were effectively used in their analysis
Gene expression profiling reveals a close relationship between follicular lymphoma grade 3A and 3B, but distinct profiles of follicular lymphoma grade 1 and 2
No full textA linear progression model of follicular lymphomas (FL) FL1, FL2 and FL3A has been favored, since FL3A often co-exist with an FL1/2 component. FL3B, in contrast, is thought to be more closely related to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and both are often simultaneously present in one tumor (DLBCL/FL3B). To obtain more detailed insights into follicular lymphoma progression, a comprehensive analysis of a well-defined set of FL1/2 (n=22), FL3A (n=16), FL3B (n=6), DLBCL/FL3B (n=9), and germinal center B-cell-type diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n=45) was undertaken using gene expression profiling, immunohistochemical stainings and genetic analyses by fluorescence in situ hybridization. While immunohistochemical (CD10, IRF4/MUM1, Ki67, BCL2, BCL6) and genetic profiles (translocations of BCL2, BCL6 and MYC) delineate FL1-3A from FL3B and DLBCL/FL3B, significant differences were observed between FL1/2 and FL3A upon gene expression profiling. Interestingly, FL3B turned out to be closely related to FL3A, not categorizing within a separate gene expression cluster, and both FL3A and FL3B showed overlapping profiles in between FL1/2 and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Finally, based upon their gene expression pattern, DLBCL/FL3B represent a composite form of FL3B and DLBCL, with the majority of samples more closely resembling the latter. The fact that gene expression profiling clearly separated FL1/2 from both FL3A and FL3B suggests a closer biological relationship between the latter. This notion, however, is in contrast to immunohistochemical and genetic profiles of the different histological FL subtypes that point to a closer relationship between FL1/2 and FL3A, and separates them from FL3B
RAL GTPases mediate multiple myeloma cell survival and are activated independently of oncogenic RAS
No full textOncogenic RAS provides crucial survival signaling for up to half of multiple myeloma cases, but has so far remained a clinically undruggable target. RAL is a member of the RAS superfamily of small GTPases and is considered to be a potential mediator of oncogenic RAS signaling. In primary multiple myeloma, we found RAL to be overexpressed in the vast majority of samples when compared with pre-malignant monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance or normal plasma cells. We analyzed the functional effects of RAL abrogation in myeloma cell lines and found that RAL is a critical mediator of survival. RNAi-mediated knockdown of RAL resulted in rapid induction of tumor cell death, an effect which was independent from signaling via mitogen-activated protein kinase, but appears to be partially dependent on Akt activity. Notably, RAL activation was not correlated with the presence of activating RAS mutations and remained unaffected by knockdown of oncogenic RAS. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis yielded distinct RNA expression signatures after knockdown of either RAS or RAL. Combining RAL depletion with clinically relevant anti-myeloma agents led to enhanced rates of cell death. Our data demonstrate that RAL promotes multiple myeloma cell survival independently of oncogenic RAS and, thus, this pathway represents a potential therapeutic target in its own right
der Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
No full text1 Zusammenfassung.................................................................................................1 2 Abstract...................................................................................................................4 3 Introduction.............................................................................................................
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