88 research outputs found
Confirmation Class of Immanuel Lutheran Church in Missoula, Montana
No full textThis image shows the 1927 Confirmation Class of Immanuel Lutheran Church in Missoula, Montana. Shown (l-r) are: Melvin Hedine, Florence Rossman, John Isaacson, Ruth Ostrom, Russell Lindborg, Betty Johnson, Ellen Johnson, Raymond Gustafson, Lucille Rossman, Verner Haglund, and Anabel Nordstrom
Confirmation Class of Immanuel Lutheran Church in Missoula, Montana
No full textThis image shows the 1927 Confirmation Class of Immanuel Lutheran Church in Missoula, Montana. Shown in the back row (l-r) are: Raymond Gustafson, Anabel Nordstrom, Rev. Peter Albert Fair (Vice Pastor), Ruth Ostrom, and Russell Lindborg. Shown center row: John Isaacson, Ellen Johnson, Emeroy Johnson, Betty Johnson, and Melvin Hedine. Show front row: Florence Rossman, Verner Haglund, and Lucille Rossman
Pyramidová vzestupná cesta ve Staré Říši: vývoj architektury a definice reliéfního výzdobného programu
No full textIn the spring of 1994, an unexpected discovery to the North of the upper part of Sahure's causeway changed the long established belief that the mortuary complex of Sahure was excavated completely by L. Borchardt.1 Four huge limestone blocks decorated in basrelief of the highest quality bearing unique polychrome scenes were discovered during that spring, proving Borchardt's excavations of Sahure's complex were incomplete. These four blocks were evidence that more decorated blocks and fragments were still under the masses of sand surrounding the upper part of the causeway which had never been investigated by Borchardt? This surprising discovery was the result of cleaning being done in the area in preparation to open the Abusir necropolis for tourists. The work was under the supervision of Zahi Hawass. Hawass stopped the work at Abusir and reburied the blocks after they were photographed and drawn with the help of the Czech mission working at Abusir. Only a preliminary report was published by Zahi Hawass and Miroslav Verner to present the discovery to scholars.3 In their report, a survey of the causeways from royal funerary complexes was performed to alert scholars that many causeways are partially or completely unexcavated and need to be given more attention.4 In 2002, the present author was trusted by Hawass...Czech Institute of EgyptologyČeský egyptologický ústavFilozofická fakultaFaculty of Art
Pyramid causeway in the Old Kingdom: evolution of the architecture and definition of the relief decoration program
No full textIn the spring of 1994, an unexpected discovery to the North of the upper part of Sahure's causeway changed the long established belief that the mortuary complex of Sahure was excavated completely by L. Borchardt.1 Four huge limestone blocks decorated in basrelief of the highest quality bearing unique polychrome scenes were discovered during that spring, proving Borchardt's excavations of Sahure's complex were incomplete. These four blocks were evidence that more decorated blocks and fragments were still under the masses of sand surrounding the upper part of the causeway which had never been investigated by Borchardt? This surprising discovery was the result of cleaning being done in the area in preparation to open the Abusir necropolis for tourists. The work was under the supervision of Zahi Hawass. Hawass stopped the work at Abusir and reburied the blocks after they were photographed and drawn with the help of the Czech mission working at Abusir. Only a preliminary report was published by Zahi Hawass and Miroslav Verner to present the discovery to scholars.3 In their report, a survey of the causeways from royal funerary complexes was performed to alert scholars that many causeways are partially or completely unexcavated and need to be given more attention.4 In 2002, the present author was trusted by Hawass..
Wage determination in Northeast Brazil
No full textThe author analyzes the labor markets in the Northeast region of Brazil that includes Pernambuco, Bahia, and Ceará states. Her findings show a rather heterogeneous impact pattern of individual characteristics on monthly wages across the wage distribution. That is, the magnitude of the effect of a wage determinant is different depending on whether the worker is placed in the lower, median, or top of the wage distribution. The findings reveal that basic schooling matters for all four geographical areas and across the income distribution. However, poor workers are awarded lower returns than their richer peers, and in Bahia and Ceará, the poor do not obtain any returns to basic schooling. Furthermore, the impact of 5-8 or 9-11 years of education is larger than that of 1-4 years of completed education. The returns obtained by a median worker are higher in Ceará and Pernambuco than in Bahia. Finally, completed tertiary education offers the largest returns of all levels of education. The median worker receives a premium of 105, 249, and 216 percent in Ceará, Pernambuco, and Bahia, respectively. Hence, one direct policy implication is to increase the quality of education, in particular in poorer neighborhoods. Experience impacts positively on wages and it increases with age until workers reach 50 years of age. However, returns to experience are falling significantly across the wage distribution. For the poor and younger generations, experience contributes more to wages than education. The occupation of workers is important for wage determination. All workers in the included occupational groups are paid more than workers engaged in agricultural activities. Workers employed as technicians or administrators obtain the highest returns. The white/nonwhite wage disparity reveals that white workers are paid 17 percent more than their nonwhite co-workers, takinginto account other characteristics. Gender disparities are large in the Northeast and heterogeneous across the wage distribution. The time spent in the current state impacts adversely on wages. That is, those that have stayed earn, on average, less than the newcomers. There are no considerable differences between male and female workers. Union membership has a positive impact on workers'wages.Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Curriculum&Instruction,Teaching and Learning,Gender and Education,Economic Theory&Research
Does strict employment protection discourage job creation? Evidence from Croatia
No full textEmployment protection legislation in Croatia is among the most strict in Europe. Firing is difficult and costly, and flexible forms of employment are limited. Is this apparent rigidity reflected-as one would expect based on standard economic theory-in low labor market dynamics? Is job creation low and hiring limited? Is the job security of insiders achieved at the cost of outsiders not being able to enter thelabor market? The author attempts to answer these questions by examining job flows. If the employment protection legislation is binding, then job and worker turnover should be low. He shows that this is indeed the case. Hiring is limited and the average job tenure is very long in Croatia. Job destruction is low, however job creation is still lower. The result is accumulation of unemployment, in large part due to new labor market entrants not being able to find a job. The high degree of job protection also seems to strengthen the bargaining position of insiders and results in relatively high wages. So, wages in Croatia are higher than among its competitors, even after adjusting for productivity. These high labor costs are likely to contribute to limited job creation in existing firms, but also are likely to discourage the entry of-and thus job creation in-new firms. The author presents evidence that firm growth has been indeed limited in Croatia, contributing to the low employment level. The author examines other potential causes of high unemployment in Croatia (the unemployment benefit system, labor taxation, the wage structure, and skill and spatial mismatches). He argues that they do not play a substantial part in accounting for poor labor market outcomes in Croatia. The author concludes that the stringent employment protection legislation is the key labor market institution behind low job creation and high unemployment. Based on this he recommends specific measures aimed at liberalizing the labor market to foster job creation and employment.Labor Management and Relations,Labor Policies,Labor Markets,Environmental Economics&Policies,Trade Finance and Investment,Labor Markets,Labor Management and Relations,Labor Standards,Banks&Banking Reform,Environmental Economics&Policies
Family altruism and incentives
No full textThe author builds on the altruistic model of the family, to explore the strategic interaction between altruistic parents, and selfish children, when children's efforts are endogenous. If there is uncertainty about the amount of income the children will realize, and if parents have imperfect information, the children have an incentive to exert little effort, and to rely on their parent's altruistically motivated transfers. Because of this, parents face a tradeoff between the insurance that bequests implicitly provide their children, and the disincentive to work prompted by their altruism. The author shows that if parents can credibly commit to a pattern of transfers, they will choose not to compensate children in bad outcomes, as much as predicted by the standard (no uncertainty, no asymmetric information) dynastic model of the family. Alternatively, parents may choose to forgo any insurance, and offer a fixed level of bequest, to elicit greater effort from their children. The optimal transfers structure that the author derives, reconciles the predictions of the altruistic family model, with much of the existing evidence on inter-generational transfers, which suggests that parents compensate only partially, or not at all, for earnings differentials among their children. Moreover, the author shows that Ricardian equivalence holds in this setup, except when non-negativity constraints are binding.Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Health Economics&Finance,Educational Sciences,Safety Nets and Transfers
Legal Claims to Newly Emerged Islands
No full textThis comment explores the law regarding the ownership of newly emerging islands. Specifically, the comment examines who might claim ownership of newly emerged islands between the Volcano and Mariana Islands and under what theories these claims could be made. The author begins by discussing the use of existing seabed claims to claim newly emerged islands. The author then discusses how the theories of contiguity, occupation, and discovery might be used to claim newly emerged islands. The author concludes by discussing the political feasibility of such claims and the possible effect the UNCLOS III would have
A 2 h periodic variation in the low-mass X-ray binary Ser X-1
No full textSpectroscopy of the low-mass X-ray binary Ser X-1 using the Gran Telescopio Canarias have revealed a ?2 h periodic variability that is present in the three strongest emission lines. We tentatively interpret this variability as due to orbital motion, making it the first indication of the orbital period of Ser X-1. Together with the fact that the emission lines are remarkably narrow, but still resolved, we show that a main-sequence K dwarf together with a canonical 1.4 M? neutron star gives a good description of the system. In this scenario, the most likely place for the emission lines to arise is the accretion disc, instead of a localized region in the binary (such as the irradiated surface or the stream-impact point), and their narrowness is due instead to the low inclination (?10°) of Ser X-1
Can reforming global institutions help developing countries share more in the benefits from globalization?
No full textGlobalization could significantly expand trade, international investment, and technological advances, but the gains from global integration have been unevenly distributed across and within nations. Greater global interdependence has also brought greater macroeconomic volatility, resulting in several serious financial crises in the second half of the 1990s. The global matrix of Bretton Woods and United Nations institutions that developed starting in the 1940s, formed under a different balance of power, in a world of fixed exchange rates and limited capital mobility. Since the 1960s regional financial institutions have emerged because of the greater autonomy of different regions and the greater financial needs of development. The author reviews different proposals for reform of the international financial institutions and changes in the roles of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. He highlights the implications for developing countries of (1) Policy conditionality. (2) The countercyclical role of multilaterals'lending. (3) Greater lending to middle-income than to low-income developing countries. (3) Access to liquidity at times of crisis. (4) Mechanisms for giving low-income countries a greater voice in IMF and World Bank decisionmaking. The author streses the overlapping responsibilities of the Bretton Woods and regional financial institutions and the need to reassess the allocation of responsibilities and to develop better coordination mechanisms between these institutions. Those designing institutional reform must consider the corporate capabilities of each type of institution. The corporate cultures of global and regional institutions differ. So does the kind of knowledge they generate and disseminate, and so do patterns of interactions with, and mechanisms for representation of, client countries.Finally, the author calls attention to the need to harmonize national and global growth-oriented policies in a way that reduces volatility and promotes social equity.Environmental Economics&Policies,Governance Indicators,Financial Intermediation,Economic Theory&Research,Banks&Banking Reform
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