1,872,554 research outputs found
Adapting authoritarianism: institutions and co-optation in Egypt and Syria
No full textThis PhD thesis compares Egypt and Syria’s authoritarian political systems. While the tendency in social science political research treats Egypt and Syria as similarly authoritarian, this research emphasizes differences between the two systems with special reference to institutions and co-optation. Rather than reducibly understanding Egypt and Syria as sharing similar histories, institutional arrangements, or ascribing to the oft-repeated convention that “Syria is Egypt but 10 years behind,” this thesis focuses on how events and individual histories shaped each states current institutional strengthens and weaknesses. Specifically, it explains the how varying institutional politicization or de-politicization affects each state’s capabilities for co-opting elite and non-elite individuals.
Beginning with a theoretical framework that considers the limited utility of democratization and transition theoretical approaches, the work underscores the persistence and durability of authoritarianism. Chapter two details the politicized institutional divergence between Egypt and Syria that began in the 1970s. Chapter three and four examines how institutional politicization or de-politicization affects elite and non-elite individual co-optation in Egypt and Syria. Chapter five discusses the study’s general conclusions and theoretical implications.
This thesis’s argument is that Egypt and Syria co-opt elites and non-elites differently because of the varying degrees of institutional politicization in each governance system. Rather than view one country as more politically developed than the other, this work argues that Syria’s political institutions are more politicized than their Egyptian counterparts. Syria’s political arena is, thus, described as politicized-patrimonialism. Syria’s politicized-patrimonial arena produces uneven co-optation of elites and non-elites as they are diffused through competing institutions. Conversely, the Egyptian political arena remains highly personalized as weak institutions and individuals are manipulated and molded according to the president’s ruling clique. This is referred to as personalized-patrimonialism. As a consequence, Egypt’s political establishment demonstrates more flexibility in ad hoc altering and adapting its arena depending on the emergence of crises.
This study’s theoretical implications suggest that, contrary to modernization and democratization theory’s adage that institutions lead to a political development, politicized institutions within a patrimonial order actually hinder regime adaptation because consensus is harder to achieve and maintain. It is within this context that Egypt’s de-politicized institutional framework advantages its top political elite. In this reading of Egyptian and Syrian politics, Egypt’s personalized political arena is more adaptable than Syria’s. These conclusions do not indicate that political reform is a process underway in either state
Communications Map of Lower Egypt and the Fayûm
No full textMap showing roads and railways in Lower Egypt from 1929. Discoloration in the image is due to a protective covering while scanning
Higher education in Egypt
Get PDFEgypt's policy on higher education, the author argues, must take account of the realities of declining government budgets and employment and increasing reliance on the private sector, which must become more competitive internationally. Education in Egypt must increase Egyptians'ability to cope with economic disequilibria: to respond quickly and effectively to changing technological and market opportunities. The Government of Egypt's strategy for achieving this goal is to stabilize the number of university students and raise the quality of instruction. This fundamentally sound strategy, pursued since the mid-1980s, has required considerable courage of policymakers, who are struggling to correct a longtime, inequitable misallocation of educational resources. The Nasser regime greatly expanded higher education and guaranteed jobs to university graduates. As a result of rapidly growing enrollment in the 1970s and 1980s, the quality of education seriously deteriorated. Classes are too big and resources too scarce for anything but professorial salaries, so learning amounts to little more than memorization and repetition. The system does not foster the development of synthesizing, problem-solving, or creative thinking abilities. And with tertiary institutions over-enrolled, academic success requires the use of tutors, whose fees are beyond the reach of students of modest means.Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Environmental Economics&Policies,Teaching and Learning,Gender and Education,Tertiary Education
Faiyûm, Egypt 1933
No full textShows urban features, agricultural land, vegetation, waterways, and irrigation system.; Shows "Fayyūm City" House tax boundary according to Decree 27th April, 1913.; "Published by the Survey of Egypt, 1933 (30/586).Color1:5,00
Girga, Egypt 1943
No full textCovers "Girga" House tax boundary according to Decree 20th October, 1942.; Shows urban features, agricultural land, vegetation, waterways, and irrigation system shown by colors and symbols.; "Published by the Survey of Egypt, 1943 (37/231)."Color1:5,00
Minya el Qamḥ, Egypt 1946
No full text"Published by the Survey of Egypt 1946 (43/78)."; Shows roads network, populated places, agricultural land, description of the essential buildings and services facilities.Color1:5,00
Economic development and the price level in Egypt, 1950-1962
Get PDFThis thesis on growth and the price level in Egypt,
is a case study of a country which is planning to enter
the take-off period at a time when a social and political
revolution is taking place. The period of study (1950-62)
covers a critical stage in the history of Egypt, since
it may be considered the transitional period in which the
country had to complete the structural changes necessary
for a dynamic economy. While in the earlier part of the
period of study, the economy was mainly based on the
principles of a free enterprise system, socialism emerged
in the later years, with the economy being subjected to
an overall plan. Thus, this study examines the functioning
of the various economic variables and their relationships
during such a stage of development and in view of such
social and political changes.
Growth and the price level have been examined from
both demand and supply viewpoints. In chapter III, a picture
of the working of the external forces is given while
chapter V is devoted to explaining the evolution of the,
public sector which has undergone many changes in conformity
with the changes in the overall political and economic
objectives of the country. Sectoral growth is examined in
Chapter IV while Chapter Vi is concerned with the system
of price controls. Finally, Chapter VII summarises the
main conclusions reached as regards development and changes
in the price level in Egypt during the period 1950-62.
An important contribution of this research is that
it collates and presents in a useful form a considerable
amount of statistical data on the Egyptian economy which
previously had not been easily available
Tanta, Egypt 1928
No full textShows major road network, populated places, public utility and service buildings, agricultural land, and irrigation canals.; "Published by the Survey of Egypt, 1928 (27/34)."; "The town portion ... compiled from Tanta 1:1,000 maps surveyed in 1924-26 and revisedn 1926. The outlying area ... compiled from 1:2,500 originals surveyed in 1926. Heights are given in meters above Mean sea-level at Alexandria."; Includes index to adjoining sheet.Color1:5,00
Luxor & Karnak, Egypt 1922
No full textTourist editionShows Karnak's historical sites, populated places of Luxor city, agricultural land, irrigation canals, principal buildings, roads, railroad network, and tourist attractions.; "Surveyed in 1922. Published by the Survey of Egypt. (22/228H).; On left margin: "For continuation, see Qurna sheet."Color1:10,00
Manṣūra and Ṭalkha, Egypt 1935
No full textShows major road network, populated places, agricultural land, essential buildings, and services facilities.; "Published by the Survey of Egypt, 1935 (32/309)."; "The town portion ... compiled from the Manṣūra 1:1,000 maps surveyed in 1926-1928, Ṭalkha 1:1,000 maps surveyedn 1925. The outlying area ... compiled from 1:2,500 originals surveyed in 1915-1930, and revised in 1932. Heights are givin in meters above mean-sea-level at Alexandria."; Inset: Southern portion of Manṣūra town, scale 1:10,000.Color1:5,00
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