49,720 research outputs found
Preface to special issue on cooperation in selfish systems
No full textThe problem of understanding the conditions under which cooperation or altruism can be sustained between interacting selfish entities is a fundamental issue in both biology and the social sciences
FIGURES 5–7. Fig. 5. Phanaeus zapotecus Edmonds, oblique view female paratype. Fig. 6. Phanaeus endymion Harold, oblique view female. Fig. 7 in A new species of Phanaeus Macleay (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini) from Oaxaca, Mexico
No full textFIGURES 5–7. Fig. 5. Phanaeus zapotecus Edmonds, oblique view female paratype. Fig. 6. Phanaeus endymion Harold, oblique view female. Fig. 7. Known distributions of the Mexican species of the Phanaeus endymion group (sensu Edmonds 1994). Solid circles: collecting sites for P. endymion; stars: P. halffterorum; triangle: P. zapotecus.Published as part of Edmonds, W. D., 2006, A new species of Phanaeus Macleay (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini) from Oaxaca, Mexico, pp. 31-37 in Zootaxa 1171 (1) on page 34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1171.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/505874
Phanaeus texensis Edmonds 1994
No full text<i>Phanaeus texensis</i> Edmonds <p>Fig. 70–73</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Black, often with blue-violet highlights; upper surface dull. Length 12–22 mm. Male (Fig. 70–72) – Head of large individuals bearing long horn curved posteriorly over the pronotum; pronotum roughened by irregular granular sculpturing, strongly flattened, with salient, laterally curved posterior angles; in smaller males head horn shorter and triangular area of pronotum reduced in size and prominence. Female (Fig. 73) – Head with anteriorly bowed ridge between and in front of eyes; pronotum granulate, convex, with transverse, weakly bowed ridge near anterior margin. Elytral interstriae flat, densely roughened. Edmonds (1994) provides a formal description of this species (as <i>P. triangularis texensis</i>; raised to species status in Edmonds and Zidek 2012).</p> <p> <b>Big Bend collection sites</b> (altitudinal range: 1325–1850 m).</p> <p> Jeff Davis Co: <b>[1]</b> Davis Mountains Preserve, 31°41′40″N 104°07′30″W, 1850 m (Jul–Aug); <b>[2]</b> Davis Mountains Preserve (Madera Canyon Unit), 1845 m (Sep); <b>[3]</b> 16 km S Fort Davis (along TX 17), 30°27′48″N 103°58′59″W, 1600 m (Aug); <b>[4]</b> 8 km 8 km SE Fort Davis (via TX 118), Chihuahuan Desert Research Institute (Quarry Unit), 30°32′06″N 103°50′37″W, 1480 m (Sep); <b>[5]</b> ~ 16 km NE Valentine, Muerto Springs Ranch (Muerto Springs), 30°40′50″N 104°20′22″W, 1555 m (Jul).</p> <p> Presidio Co.: <b>[1]</b> 37 km SSW Marfa (along FM 2810, Petan Ranch – Cherry Hills sector), 30°07′35″N 104°19′24″W, 1630 m (Jun); <b>[2]</b> 20–26 km SSE Marfa (along FM 169), 1355–1415 m (Jun); <b>[3]</b> 27 km SSE Marfa (along FM 169), 30°08′42″N 104°02′13″W, 1325 m (Jul); <b>[4]</b> ~ 16 km W Valentine (Miller Ranch, near headquarters), 30°33°30″N 104°38′44″W, 1350 m (Jul–Aug); <b>[5]</b> Miller Ranch (~ 16 km W Valentine), 30°32′50″N 104°39′40″W (Camp Holland) 1410 m (Aug); <b>[6]</b> 3 km NE Marfa (along FM 1112), Marfa Golf Course, 30°19′40″N 103°59′41″W, 1470 m (Jul, Sep).</p> <p> <b>Collection method(s).</b> a) baited pitfall trap (human feces); b) direct capture (cowdung; pronghorn dung; horse dung; *deer carcass).</p> <p> <b>Surface activity.</b> Diurnal.</p> <p> <b>Habitat.</b> Montane woodlands and grasslands throughout the Big Bend area.</p> <p> <b>Comments.</b> <i>Phanaeus texensis</i> is not common in the Big Bend, but it is widespread there. It is a burrowing species that searches for food (usually dung) on the surface that, once located, is buried by bits in tunnels underneath or to the side of its find. Often the only sign that it is present is a small mound of soil pushed to the surface during excavation of the tunnel. Because it passes most of its adult life underground, this species is, in spite of its size and conspicuousness, largely unknown to ranchers, hunters and others who frequent pasturelands in the area. While it prefers montane habitats, it can be found in other grassland and scrub habitats as well, but usually above 1380 m. Big Bend specimens of this species are always darkly colored, but scarce individuals can occasionally assume metallic green/coppery coloration in eastern parts of the state. In 1994, I considered <i>P. texensis</i> (as <i>P. triangularis texensis</i>) essentially absent from the Big Bend, an error corrected here. A peripheral record in Pecos Co. about 32 km northwest of Marathon on U.S. Hwy 385 (Brewster Co.), reports <i>P. texensis</i> from a deer carcass.</p> <p> While <i>P. texensis</i> occurs throughout much of the western two-thirds of the state, including the Big Bend, another species occurs at the periphery of the Trans-Pecos and could be regarded as an incipient (or perhaps previous) member of the Big Bend fauna. This second <i>Phanaeus</i> is <i>P. difformis</i> LeConte (Fig. 74–75), which is broadly distributed in the south-central United States and has penetrated western areas into the northern limit of the Trans-Pecos via river drainage systems into southeastern New Mexico and eastern Colorado (Edmonds 1994). A few isolated specimens have been collected in the Hueco Mountains east of El Paso (Schoenly 1983) as well as in Guadalupe Mountains National Park and near Malaga, New Mexico (personal records). Another common <i>Phanaeus</i>, <i>P. vindex</i> MacLeay, occurs widely in the Texas plains, New Mexico and Arizona; I agree with Bill Warner (pers. comm.) that its apparent absence from the Trans-Pecos is surprising.</p>Published as part of <i>Edmonds, W. D., 2018, The dung beetle fauna of the Big Bend region of Texas (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), pp. 1-30 in Insecta Mundi 642</i> on page 14, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3708186">10.5281/zenodo.3708186</a>
Distribution and biology of the rare scarab beetle Megatharsis buckleyi Waterhouse, 1891 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini)
No full textGillett, Conrad P. D. T., Edmonds, W. D., Villamarin, Santiago (2009): Distribution and biology of the rare scarab beetle Megatharsis buckleyi Waterhouse, 1891 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Insecta Mundi 2009 (80): 1-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.540507
On matrices with the Edmonds-Johnson property
No full textThe strong Chvátal rank of a rational matrix A is the smallest number t such that the polyhedron defined by the system b <= A x <= c, l <= x <= u has Chvátal rank at most t for all integral vectors b,c,l,u. Matrices with strong Chvátal rank at most 1 are said to have the Edmonds-Johnson property. There are two main classes of matrices known to have the Edmonds-Johnson property, one was introduced by Edmonds and Johnson, and the other by Gerards and Schrijver.
Characterizing integral matrices with the Edmonds-Johnson property seems complicated. However, Gerards and Schrijver noticed that there are some openings if we restrict ourselves to totally half-modular matrices, and they conjectured a characterization of totally half-modular matrices with the Edmonds-Johnson property. In this thesis we introduce two new classes of totally half-modular matrices with the Edmonds-Johnson property, that prove the validity of the conjecture by Gerards and Schrijver in two particular cases.
In Chapter 3 we study systems of the from b <= Mx <= d, l <= x <= u, where M is obtained from a totally unimodular matrix with two nonzero elements per row by multiplying by 2 some of its columns, and b,d,l,u are integral vectors. We give an explicit description of a totally dual integral system that describes the integer hull of the polyhedron P defined by the above inequalities. Since the inequalities of such totally dual integral system are Chvátal inequalities for P, our result implies that the matrix M has the Edmonds-Johnson property.
In Chapter 4 we consider the class of totally half-modular matrices obtained from matrices 0, ± 1 with at most two nonzero entries per column by multiplying by 2 some of the columns. In this class we characterize, in terms of excluded minors, the matrices that have the Edmonds-Johnson property.Il rango forte di Chvátal di una matrice razionale A è il più piccolo numero t tale che il poliedro definito dal sistema b <= A x <= c, l <= x <= u ha rango di Chvátal al più t per tutti i vettori interi b,c,l,u. Matrici con rango forte di Chvátal al più 1 si dicono avere la proprietà di Edmonds-Johnson. Ci sono due principali classi note di matrici con la proprietà di Edmonds-Johnson, una fu introdotta da Edmonds e Johnson, e l'altra da Gerards e Schrijver.
Caratterizzare le matrici intere con la proprietà di Edmonds-Johnson sembra complicato. Tuttavia, Gerards e Schrijver notarono che ci sono più possibilità se ci restringiamo alle matrici totalmente 1/2-modulari, e congetturarono una caratterizzazione delle matrici totalmente 1/2-modulari con la proprietà di Edmonds-Johnson. In questa tesi introduciamo due nuovi classi di matrici totalmente 1/2-modulari con la proprietà di Edmonds-Johnson, che provano la validità della congettura di Gerards e Schrijver in due casi particolari.
Nel Capitolo 3 studiamo sistemi nella forma b <= Mx <= d, l <= x <= u, dove M è ottenuta da una matrice totalmente unimodulare con due elementi diversi da zero per riga moltiplicando per 2 alcune colonne, e b,d,l,u sono vettori interi. Noi diamo una descrizione esplicita di un sistema totally dual integral che descrive l'inviluppo convesso dei punti interi del poliedro P definito dalle disuguaglianze precedenti. Dato che le disuguaglianze di tale sistema totally dual integral sono disuguaglianze di Chvátal per P, questo implica che la matrice M ha la proprietà di Edmonds-Johnson.
Nel Capitolo 4 consideriamo la classe delle matrici totalmente 1/2-modulari ottenute da matrici 0, ± 1 con al più due elementi non zero per colonna moltiplicando per 2 alcune colonne. In questa classe caratterizziamo, in termini di minori esclusi, le matrici che hanno la proprietà di Edmonds-Johnson
Taxonomy of Phanaeus revisited: Revised keys to and comments on species of the New World dung beetle genus \u3ci\u3ePhanaeus\u3c/i\u3e MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini)
No full textThe purpose of this paper is to reassess the taxonomy of Phanaeus MacLeay (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to accommodate new taxa and changes in taxonomic opinion since the publication of Edmonds’ 1994 revision of the genus. The two subgenera and 13 species groups established by Edmonds (1994) remain unchanged. A revised set of keys with accompanying comments and illustrations separates 54 recognized valid species. Seven recently described valid species are incorporated into the revised classification: Phanaeus blackalleri Delgado-Castillo, 1991; P. bordoni Arnaud, 1996; P. changdiazi Kohlmann and Solís, 2001; P. lecourti Arnaud, 2000; P. martinezorum Arnaud, 2000; P. yecoraensis Edmonds, 2004; and P. zapotecus Edmonds, 2006. The new name Phanaeus sororibispinus Edmonds and Zidek replaces Phanaeus alvarengai Arnaud, 1984, a primary junior homonym of P. alvarengai Pereira and d’Andretta, 1955. Three subspecies recognized in 1994 are elevated to species rank, new status: Phanaeus texensis Edmonds, 1994; P. pilatei Harold, 1863; and P. guatemalensis Harold, 1871. Phanaeus obliquans Bates, 1887 is removed from synonymy and given new status as a valid species. Twelve new junior subjective synonyms (bold) are recognized: P. tridens balthasari Arnaud, 2002 (of P. tridens Castelnau, 1840); P. dzidoi Arnaud, 2000 (of P. palaeno Blanchard, 1843); P. genieri Arnaud, 2002 (of P. amethystinus Harold, 1863); P. prasinus jolyi Arnaud, 2001 (of P. prasinus Harold, 1868); P. kirbyi ledezmai Arnaud, 2002 (of P. kirbyi Vigors, 1825); P. achilles lydiae Arnaud, 2000 (of P. achilles Boheman, 1858); P. chalcomelas grossii Arnaud, 2001 (of P. chalcomelas [Perty, 1830]); P pyrois malyi Arnaud, 2002 (of P. pyrois Bates, 1887); P. tridens moroni Arnaud, 2001 (of P. tridens Castenau, 1840); P. lecourti peruanus Arnaud, 2000 (of P. lecourti Arnaud, 2000); P. endymion porioni Arnaud, 2001 (of P. endymion Harold, 1863); P. pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939 (of P. tridens Castelnau, 1840); and P. prasinus trinidadensis Arnaud, 2001 (of P. prasinus Harold, 1868). “Phanaeus viridicollis” Olsoufieff, 1924 (sensu Arnaud 2002) is an unavailable name here considered a color variant of P. pyrois Bates, 1887.
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The 1994 revision of Phanaeus Macleay by W. D. Edmonds, from Contributions in Science (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County) is also attached (below) in both low-res (15 Mb) and high-res (68 Mb) versions
Phanaeus MacLeay
No full text<i>Phanaeus</i> MacLeay <p> The genus <i>Phanaeus</i> embraces about 55 species distributed from the United States southward through Mexico and Central America into all but the southern cone of South America; of these, the 35 or so species included in the subgenus <i>Phanaeus</i> comprise a phyletic group virtually confined to North and Central America (Edmonds 1994; Edmonds and Zidek 2012). The United States is home to six species, four of which reside in Texas, one in the Big Bend. The nesting behavior of <i>Phanaeus</i> is described by Halffter and Matthews (1966) and Halffter and Edmonds (1982). It involves the elaborate subterranean construction of a pear-shaped brood ball consisting of a spherical core of larval food (usually dung) encased in a thick casement of compressed soil. The large majority of the members of the genus are diurnal coprophages; many are quite common in pasture ecosystems.</p>Published as part of <i>Edmonds, W. D., 2018, The dung beetle fauna of the Big Bend region of Texas (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), pp. 1-30 in Insecta Mundi 642</i> on page 13, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3708186">10.5281/zenodo.3708186</a>
Phanaeus halffterorum Edmonds 1979
No full text<i>Phanaeus halffterorum</i> Edmonds, 1979 <p>Figs 1F, 15, 18G, 19G</p> <p> <i>Phanaeus halffterorum</i> Edmonds, 1978: 321 (nomen nudum).</p> <p> <i>Phanaeus halffterorum</i> Edmonds, 1979: 99, 102–105, figs 1–3, 6–8 (in part).</p> <p> <i>Phanaeus halffterorum</i> – Halffter & Edmonds 1982: 88–89 (in part). — Anduaga & Halffter 1991: 157 (in part). — Delgado-Castillo <i>et al</i>. 1993: 125 (in part). — Deloya <i>et al</i>. 1993: 21, 39 (in part); 2014: 77 (in part). — Anduaga 2000: 125, 130 (in part). — López-Guerrero & Halffter 2000: 241 (in part). — Arnaud 2002b: 96 (in part). — Price 2005: 197 (in part); 2007: 17, figs 52–54. — Edmonds 2006: 31–32, 36, fig. 7 (in part). — Ceballos <i>et al</i>. 2009: 397. — Edmonds & Zídek 2012: 5 (in part). — Krajcik 2006: 150. — Moctezuma & Halffter 2017: 52, 54–55, fig. 23 (in part). — Moctezuma <i>et al</i>. 2017: 113–115, 118–119, 122, 130–132, figs 1–5; 2019: 253, fig. 5. — Lizardo <i>et al</i>. 2017: 273, 275, 292, fig.13 (in part). — Kohlmann <i>et al</i>. 2018: 69, 81, 88–89. — Gillett & Toussaint 2020: 2.</p> <p> <i>Phanaeus</i> (<i>Notiophanaeus</i>) <i>halffterorum</i> – Edmonds 1994: 2, 8–9, 19, 39, 41, 43–44, 101, figs 211, 213, 217–218, 221 (in part); 2003: 61, 65 (in part). — Arnaud 2002b: 95 (in part). — Edmonds & Zídek 2012: 3, 12, figs 134–135, 137, 143–147 (in part). — Lizardo <i>et al</i>. 2017: 272 (in part). — Kohlmann <i>et al</i>. 2018: 80. — Zaragoza-Caballero <i>et al</i>. 2019: 43.</p> Type material <p> <b>Holotype</b> (not studied)</p> <p>MEXICO • ♂, Edmonds 1979: 99; State of Mexico, Temascaltepec; CAS.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes revised</b> (6 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀)</p> <p> MEXICO – <b>State of Mexico</b> • 1 ♂; “ 5 km E Temascaltepec, Real de Arriba (2200 m), 10–VII–1976, fungus, oak-pine forest, W. D. Edmonds, P. Reyes, B. Kohlmann cols.”; IEXA • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; TAMU • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; VMC • 2 ♂♂; “ 8 km W Temascaltepec, 2360 m, 11–VII–76, fungus in pine-oak forest, W. D. Edmonds, P. Reyes, B. Kohlmann cols.”; TAMU • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; VMC • 1 ♂; “ Real de Arriba, VII–1932, 6300 ft, México D. F., Hinton coll., BM 1939–583 ”; TAMU.</p> Type locality <p>Mexico, State of Mexico, Temascaltepec.</p> Distribution <p>Central Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, State of Mexico and Morelos (Fig. 15).</p> Remarks <p> Mean length 17.4 mm (13.4–19.9 mm). The specimens from Morelos (Deloya <i>et al</i>. 1993) were not studied by us. This species was erroneously reported from Mexico City (Arnaud 2002b). This mistake is attributed to Hinton (1935), who recorded it from Real de Arriba, Mexico D.F. Real de Arriba is actually located in the State of Mexico. Despite the fact that Moctezuma <i>et al</i>. (2017) split <i>P. halffterorum</i> and <i>P. bravoensis</i>, the colouration pattern of <i>P. halffterorum</i> remains as indicated by Edmonds (1979), with bright metallic green or dark metallic blue specimens. In a review of the immature dung beetles of Scarabaeinae (Edmonds & Halffter 1978), the name <i>P. halffterorum</i> Edmonds, 1978 was published. Nevertheless, this may be considered as a nomen nudum under Article 13 of the Code (ICZN 1999). Consequently, the same name was available later for the same or a different concept under Arts 21, 50; while <i>P. halffterorum</i> Edmonds 1979 must be considered the available authorship and date.</p> <p>To the original description of the male we add that the right lobe of the endophallite copulatrix is more developed than the left lobe; the right lobe ois btusely triangular; the left lobe is obtusely rectangular; the central ridge lis ess developed than the central column (Fig. 1F). For the female can be added that the trituberculate cephalic carina has conical, nearly aligned tubercles; the middle tubercle is more raised than the lateral tubercles; the pronotal process is trituberculate, with a posterior concavity; all the tubercles are rounded; the middle tubercle is slightly more developed and projected frontally than the lateral tubercles; the pronotal midline is distinctly impressed, with superficially impressed punctures; the pronotal surface is smooth, with almost effaced punctures.</p>Published as part of <i>Moctezuma, Victor & Halffter, Gonzalo, 2021, Taxonomic revision of the Phanaeus endymion species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), with the descriptions of five new species, pp. 1-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 747</i> on pages 21-22, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.747.1333, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4836744">http://zenodo.org/record/4836744</a>
Phanaeus pyrois Bates, Det. W. D. Edmonds 1887
No full text<i>Phanaeus pyrois</i> Bates, 1887 <p>Figs 1N, 2J, 12, 16, 18O, 19O</p> <p> <i>Phanaeus pyrois</i> Bates, 1887: 58, pl. 2, table 3, figs 22–23 (in part).</p> <p> <i>Phanaeus pyrois</i> – Nevinson 1982: 6 (in part). — Gillet 1911: 85 (in part). — Olsoufieff 1924: 37, 93, 152 (in part). — Blackwelder 1944 –1957: 210 (in part). — Edmonds 1972: 830 (in part); 1979: 103 (in part); 1994: 3, 5, 8–9, 39, 44–46, 103 (in part). — Howden & Young 1981: 134, 136 (in part). — Krajcik 2006: 152 (in part). — Price 2007: 17, figs 52–53, 54 (in part); 2009: 145 (in part). — Solís & Kohlmann 2012: 1, 8–10, 31, fig. 1 (in part). — Edmonds & Zídek 2012: 1, 5–6, 8, 13 (in part). — Moctezuma & Halffter 2017: 55 (in part). — Moctezuma <i>et al</i>. 2017: 114, 130 (in part). — Kohlmann <i>et al</i>. 2018: 69, 78–79, 83, 88, 89, fig. 8a, d (in part). — Chamorro <i>et al</i>. 2019: 220 (in part).</p> <p> <i>Phanaeus</i> (<i>Notiophanaeus</i>) <i>pyrois</i> – Edmonds 1994: 2, 8, 41, 44, figs 210, 214–215, 221 (in part). — Arnaud 2002b: 96 (in part). — Edmonds & Zídek 2012: 3, 13, figs 138, 142–143, 156–159 (in part).</p> <p> <i>Phanaeus</i> (<i>Notiophanaeus</i>) <i>pyrois pyrois</i> – Arnaud 2002b: 96 (in part).</p> <p> <i>Phanaeus pyrois pyrois</i> – Arnaud 2002b: 97 (in part).</p> Diagnosis <p> Easily diagnosed species by the pronotum bright metallic red (Figs 12A, D), green (Fig. 2J) or dark metallic blue (12B), with elytral striae not strongly impressed basally (Fig. 12). The rest of the green/ blue species of the <i>P. endymion</i> species group are recognized by the elytral striae strongly impressed basally as a distinct fossa. A black dorsal colour is never found in <i>P. pyrois</i> specimens. Minor males of <i>P. panamensis</i> sp. nov. and red <i>P. pyrois</i> may be strongly mimetic, but easily separated by the endophallite copulatrix (Fig. 1).</p> Type material <p> <b>Lectotype</b> (studied from photographs, 1 ♂)</p> <p> NICARAGUA – <b>Chontales</b> • ♂, Edmonds 1994: 45 (Fig. 12D); “NHMUK 013678267/ B. C. A. p. 58, sp.8. / LECTO-TYPE/ <i>Phanaeus pyrois</i> Bates. LECTOTYPE ♂ P. ARNAUD DET 1980/T. Belt /Type / <i>P. pyrois</i> ♂/ Sp. figured”; NHMUK 013678267; BMNH.</p> <p> <b>Non-type material revised</b> (7 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀)</p> <p> NICARAGUA – <b>Granada</b> • 1 ♂; “ Volcán Mombacho. Bosque Seco. 30-VI-98. JM. Mars ”; TAMU • 1 ♂; “ Volcán Mombacho. Santa Ana. 21-V-98. Malaise. JM. Mars ”; VMC • 1 ♂; “ Volcán Mombacho. El Progreso. 30-VI-98. JM. Mars ”; IEXA. – <b>Jinotega</b> • 1 ♂; “ El Jaguar Coffee Finca. XII-3–8– 2005. 4356 ft. D. G. Marqua ”; TAMU • 2 ♀♀; “ El Jaguar Coffee Finca. VI-5–10–2005, el. 4,356 ft. Coll. D. G. Marqua ”; VMC • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; “ Finca El Jaguar, 32kmNW. 1340m. 13°14’28’’N-86°03’16’’W. xii-05 col D.G. Marqua ”; TAMU • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; VMC.</p> <p> COSTA RICA – <b>Cartago</b> • 1 ♂; “Turrialba. 650m. 26.Feb.1980. H & A Howden ”; TAMU.</p> Type locality <p>Nicaragua, Chontales.</p> Redescription <p> <b>Major male</b></p> <p>HEAD. Clypeus bidentate, black anteriorly, bright metallic red, green, or dark metallic blue posteriorly; roughened sculpture. Genae bright metallic red, green, or dark metallic blue; roughened sculpture. Front black, bright metallic red, green, or dark metallic blue on portions adjacent to cephalic horn. Cephalic horn black, curved posteriorly over pronotum (Figs 2J, 12A–B, D).</p> <p>PRONOTUM. Keel absent in the middle of anterior pronotal margin. Disc triangular, flat, with two distinctly developed tubercles on anterior portion. Triangle bright metallic red, green, or dark metallic blue; becoming black on posterior margin of posterolateral angles; lightly granulate, scabriculous, impunctate. Sides bright metallic red, green, or dark metallic blue; smooth sculpture, scabriculous, with superficially impressed punctures. Lateral lines of pronotal triangle straight. Posterolateral angles widened or slightly acute; projected posteriorly or posterolaterally. Lateral fossae distinctly impressed. Basal fossae obtusely oval, distinctly impressed. Posterior margin sometimes black, with superficially impressed to effaced punctures (Figs 2J, 12A–B, D).</p> <p>ELYTRA. Striae fine, smooth, scabriculous, not strongly impressed basally; bright red, green, or dark blue; with superficially impressed punctation. Interstriae black, smooth, scabriculous, with almost effaced to effaced punctures. Sutural margin without apical tooth (Fig. 12A–B, D).</p> <p>PROTIBIAE. Quadridentate with apical spine.</p> <p>TERGITE VIII. Bright metallic red, green, or dark metallic blue; scabriculous; with rough, superficially impressed punctures. Basal margin with setae variable in size.</p> <p>GENITALIA. Right and left lobes of endophallite copulatrix similar in size. Right lobe strongly reduced, obtusely triangular in shape; rounded superiorly. Left lobe obtusely lobed, strongly developed. Central ridge and column similar in size (Fig. 1N).</p> <p> <b>Minor male</b></p> <p>Like the major male, except for the reduction of secondary sexual characters (i.e., cephalic horn, pronotal triangle and tubercles, and pronotal posterolateral angles).</p> <p> <b>Female</b></p> <p>Similar to the male, except for the head showing a cephalic trituberculate carina; with conical, nearly aligned tubercles; middle tubercle slightly more developed than lateral tubercles; frons with distinctly impressed punctures; pronotal sculpture smooth, with almost effaced punctures; pronotum almost completely black, becoming posteriorly and laterally bright metallic red, green, or dark metallic blue; pronotal process trituberculate, lacking concavity; pronotal tubercles nearly aligned; with middle tubercle more developed than lateral tubercles; posterior pronotal midline superficially impressed (Fig. 12C).</p> <p> <b>Variation</b></p> <p> Mean length 17.8 mm (14.7–20.1 mm). <i>Phanaeus pyrois</i> is the most variable in colour species of the <i>P. endymion</i> species group. The outspoken colour variability of this species was previously outlined by Bates (1886–1889), particularly for the specimens from Nicaragua. Tree typical chromatic morphs were found by us (bright metallic red, Fig. 14A, D; green, Fig. 2J; or dark metallic blue, Fig. 12B), but colour combinations are found and rare specimens has a bright golden sheen.</p> Distribution <p> Nicaragua and north-Caribbean Costa Rica (Fig. 16). The distributions of <i>P. pyrois</i> and <i>P. panamensis</i> sp. nov. show an important sympatry area in north Caribbean Costa Rica.</p> Remarks <p> <i>Phanaeus pyrois</i> and several closely related species were incorrectly lumped together by previous authors (Howden & Young 1981; Edmonds 1994; Edmonds & Zídek 2012; Solís & Kohlmann 2012; Chamorro</p> <p> <i>et al</i>. 2018, 2019; GBIF Secretariat 2019b). Differences in body colour and the pronotal, elytral and genital morphology were found to confidently diagnose <i>P. pyrois</i> and all the closely related species. The blue chromatic morph of <i>P. pyrois</i> (Fig. 12B) was suggested by Edmonds (1994) to be a hybrid with <i>P. endymion</i>. Nevertheless, blue specimens of <i>P. pyrois</i> (Fig. 12B) do not share the diagnostic characters with <i>P. endymion</i> (Figs 1D, 2B, 4). As a consequence, there is no evidence to consider a hybridization between <i>P. endymion</i> and <i>P. pyrois</i>. Edmonds & Zídek (2012) suggested that doubtful specimens of “ <i>viridicollis</i> ” (Figs 2J, 12C) were collected in Nicaragua along with “normal” <i>P. pyrois</i>. After revising the doubtful specimens of “ <i>viridicollis</i> ” from Nicaragua (Figs 2J, 12C), we disagree with Edmonds & Zídek (2012) and conclude that they incorrectly referred to the green chromatic morph of <i>P. pyrois</i> as <i>P. viridicollis</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Moctezuma, Victor & Halffter, Gonzalo, 2021, Taxonomic revision of the Phanaeus endymion species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), with the descriptions of five new species, pp. 1-71 in European Journal of Taxonomy 747</i> on pages 42-45, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.747.1333, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4836744">http://zenodo.org/record/4836744</a>
Figure 223 in Taxonomy of Phanaeus revisited: Revised keys to and comments on species of the New World dung beetle genus Phanaeus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini)
No full textFigure 223. Approximate geographic distributions of the Phanaeus (P.) hermes, beltianus and amethystinus species groups.Published as part of Edmonds, W. D. & Zídek, J., 2012, Taxonomy of Phanaeus revisited: Revised keys to and comments on species of the New World dung beetle genus Phanaeus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini), pp. 1-108 in Insecta Mundi 2012 (274) on page 71, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.518209
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