4,512 research outputs found
A primer on innovation and growth
No full textPhilippe Aghion emphasises that for Europe to stimulate innovation and growth, it is not enough to increase spending on research and development and the protection of intellectual property.
Molecular biology of hearing
No full textThe inner ear is our most sensitive sensory organ and can be subdivided into three functional units: organ of Corti, stria vascularis and spiral ganglion. The appropriate stimulus for the organ of hearing is sound, which travels through the external auditory canal to the middle ear where it is transmitted to the inner ear. The inner ear houses the hair cells, the sensory cells of hearing. The inner hair cells are capable of mechanotransduction, the transformation of mechanical force into an electrical signal, which is the basic principle of hearing. The stria vascularis generates the endocochlear potential and maintains the ionic homeostasis of the endolymph. The dendrites of the spiral ganglion form synaptic contacts with the hair cells. The spiral ganglion is composed of neurons that transmit the electrical signals from the cochlea to the central nervous system. In recent years there has been significant progress in research on the molecular basis of hearing. An increasing number of genes and proteins related to hearing are being identified and characterized. The growing knowledge of these genes contributes not only to greater appreciation of the mechanism of hearing but also to a deeper understanding of the molecular basis of hereditary hearing loss. This basic research is a prerequisite for the development of molecular diagnostics and novel therapies for hearing loss
Impact of Ear Occlusion on In-Ear Sounds Generated by Intra-oral Behaviors
No full textWe conducted a case study with one volunteer and a recording setup to detect sounds induced by the actions: jaw clenching, tooth grinding, reading, eating, and drinking. The setup consisted of two in-ear microphones, where the left ear was semi-occluded with a commercially available earpiece and the right ear was occluded with a mouldable silicon ear piece. Investigations in the time and frequency domains demonstrated that for behaviors such as eating, tooth grinding, and reading, sounds could be recorded with both sensors. For jaw clenching, however, occluding the ear with a mouldable piece was necessary to enable its detection. This can be attributed to the fact that the mouldable ear piece sealed the ear canal and isolated it from the environment, resulting in a detectable change in pressure. In conclusion, our work suggests that detecting behaviors such as eating, grinding, reading with a semi-occluded ear is possible, whereas, behaviors such as clenching require the complete occlusion of the ear if the activity should be easily detectable. Nevertheless, the latter approach may limit real-world applicability because it hinders the hearing capabilities.</p
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Letter to Philippe-Antoine Merlin, 1802 November 12.
No full textLetter to Philippe-Antoine Merlin, concerning a conflict involving charges of plagarism between the author and C. Laucuouque, dated "21 brumaire, an 11." The author's signature is not entirely legible. Accompanying enveloped shows traces of red wax seal
Histoire de la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale (1992-1997) (09). Philippe Burrin (1) - face B
No full textSéminaire organisé et enregistré par l'IHTP (Paris), entre 1992 et 1997 ; sous la direction de Jean-Pierre Azéma et Dominique Veillon. Communication de Philippe Burrin
Histoire de la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale (1992-1997) (09). Philippe Burrin (1) - face A
No full textSéminaire organisé et enregistré par l'IHTP (Paris), entre 1992 et 1997 ; sous la direction de Jean-Pierre Azéma et Dominique Veillon. Communication de Philippe Burrin
Histoire de la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale (1992-1997) (10). Philippe Burrin (2) - face B
No full textSéminaire organisé et enregistré par l'IHTP (Paris), entre 1992 et 1997 ; sous la direction de Jean-Pierre Azéma et Dominique Veillon. Communication de Philippe Burrin (suite)
Histoire de la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale (1992-1997) (10). Philippe Burrin (2) - face A
No full textSéminaire organisé et enregistré par l'IHTP (Paris), entre 1992 et 1997 ; sous la direction de Jean-Pierre Azéma et Dominique Veillon. Communication de Philippe Burrin (suite)
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Episode #7: Philippe Sands, From Genocide to Ecocide
No full textThis special episode of Borderlines features influential educator, commentator, and litigator Philippe Sands discussing ground-breaking efforts to introduce ecocide – the crime of environmental destruction – into international legal arenas. Philippe Sands QC is Professor of Law at University College London, Pisar Visiting Professor of Law at Harvard, and a barrister at Matrix Chambers. He practises as Counsel before international courts and tribunals. His teaching areas include public international law, the settlement of international disputes including arbitration, and environmental and natural resources law. Philippe is the author of many books, including East West Street: On the Origins of Crimes Against Humanity and Genocide (2016) and The Last Colony, forthcoming in September 2022. Philippe recently co-chaired an independent expert panel which proposed in June 2021 that a new, fifth crime of ecocide be adopted into the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. In Episode Seven of Borderlines, listeners will learn about the relationship between ecocide and existing crimes, historic legal and political definitions of genocide being played out today, and the role of courts in enforcing awards and judgments against even Goliath polluters and aggressors. Borderlines from Berkeley Law is a podcast about global problems in a world fragmented by national borders. Our host is Katerina Linos, Tragen Professor of International Law and co-director of the Miller Institute for Global Challenges and the Law. </p
Indications of Endoscopic or Microscopic Approach in Ear Surgery According to Current Evidence from the Literature
No full textAlongside the historical use of the microscope, endoscopic ear surgery has been developed for several years. Its advantages are now widely recognized, for example its wider view and its clear superiority to detect “hidden cholesteatoma”. However, its use remains restricted to some teams, and its indications and applications are still debated in the otologist community. This review of the literature presents advantages, results, and limitations of both approaches. Moreover, the article highlights current evidence of equivalence or superiority of one of the other approach according to the different otologic surgical procedures. However, more studies about endoscopic ear surgery are required with longer follow-up and larger sample size. Finally, authors proposed a decision-making tree to guide the ear surgeon to the best practice
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