1,354,710 research outputs found
Gli esuli repubblicani spagnoli a Roma
No full textDiaspore e migrazioni hanno da sempre connesso il mondo ispanico e l’Italia, in particolare dagli anni ’50 fino alla fine del regime franchista, l’Italia e soprattutto la sua capitale divengono lo scenario in cui si muovono alcuni degli esuli politici spagnoli che lasciano l’America e si avvicinano a un clima culturale a loro più familiare. Non solo il noto Rafael Alberti ma anche la sua compagna María Teresa León, Ramón Gaya, María Zambrano, Jorge Guillén e alcuni esponenti del “exilio interior” stabiliscono relazioni importanti con il nostro Paese e gli intellettuali italiani. In occasione della recentissima pubblicazione della rivista Trame di letteratura comparata 2021, dedicata proprio all’apporto degli esuli spagnoli nei Paesi che aprirono loro le porte, l’incontro si propone di mettere in luce alcuni aspetti dimenticati della diaspora spagnola del XX secolo, come l’inserimento degli esuli nella realtà dei Paesi ospitanti
Decreto per gli esuli di Mitilene
No full textIl decreto, emesso dalla città di Mitilene, sull’isola di Lesbo, tratta del reintegro dei propri esuli ed è una diretta conseguenza di un diagramma di Alessandro Magno indirizzato alle città greche sull’argomento. Si colloca cronologicamente durante gli anni 30 del IV sec. a.C., durante le guerre tra la Persia e la Macedonia per il dominio della Costa Ionica, che vedono tra il 336 ed il 332 a.C. il continuo alternarsi di dominazione tra i due contendenti nell’area, causando nelle città lotte intestine tra le fazioni sostenenti l’una o l’altra parte, e la conseguente fuoriuscita di esuli dalle città. La datazione più coerente con il contesto presentato dalla stele sembra essere il 332 a.C. Il testo del decreto è totalmente dedicato alla riconciliazione tra le parti dal punto di vista sociale ed economico, e molte delle magistrature cittadine vengono coinvolte per tale scopo (boule, demos, basileis, ecc.), oltre a un collegio di venti uomini (diatatai), dieci scelti tra gli ex-esuli e dieci tra gli altri cittadini. Un’ulteriore datazione proposta è il 319 a.C.; in questo caso il basileus citato nel testo sarebbe da identificarsi con Filippo III Arrideo e il diagramma con il decreto in favore degli esuli emesso dal re e dal suo primo ministro Poliperconte
Unravelling interlanguage facts via explainable machine learning
No full textNative language identification (NLI) is the task of training (via supervised machine learning) a classifier that guesses the native language of the author of a text. This task has been extensively researched in the last decade, and the performance of NLI systems has steadily improved over the years. We focus on a different facet of the NLI task, i.e. that of analysing the internals of an NLI classifier trained by an explainable machine learning (EML) algorithm, in order to obtain explanations of its classification decisions, with the ultimate goal of gaining insight into which linguistic phenomena 'give a speaker's native language away'. We use this perspective in order to tackle both NLI and a (much less researched) companion task, i.e. guessing whether a text has been written by a native or a non-native speaker. Using three datasets of different provenance (two datasets of English learners' essays and a dataset of social media posts), we investigate which kind of linguistic traits (lexical, morphological, syntactic, and statistical) are most effective for solving our two tasks, namely, are most indicative of a speaker's L1; our experiments indicate that the most discriminative features are the lexical ones, followed by the morphological, syntactic, and statistical features, in this order. We also present two case studies, one on Italian and one on Spanish learners of English, in which we analyse individual linguistic traits that the classifiers have singled out as most important for spotting these L1s; we show that the traits identified as most discriminative well align with our intuition, i.e. represent typical patterns of language misuse, underuse, or overuse, by speakers of the given L1. Overall, our study shows that the use of EML can be a valuable tool for the scholar who investigates interlanguage facts and language transfer
Learning to Quantify
No full textThis open access book provides an introduction and an overview of learning to quantify (a.k.a. “quantification”), i.e. the task of training estimators of class proportions in unlabeled data by means of supervised learning. In data science, learning to quantify is a task of its own related to classification yet different from it, since estimating class proportions by simply classifying all data and counting the labels assigned by the classifier is known to often return inaccurate (“biased”) class proportion estimates. The book introduces learning to quantify by looking at the supervised learning methods that can be used to perform it, at the evaluation measures and evaluation protocols that should be used for evaluating the quality of the returned predictions, at the numerous fields of human activity in which the use of quantification techniques may provide improved results with respect to the naive use of classification techniques, and at advanced topics in quantification research. The book is suitable to researchers, data scientists, or PhD students, who want to come up to speed with the state of the art in learning to quantify, but also to researchers wishing to apply data science technologies to fields of human activity (e.g., the social sciences, political science, epidemiology, market research) which focus on aggregate (“macro”) data rather than on individual (“micro”) data
Participatory search
No full textParticipatory search can be defined as a search service framework where each participant takes care of gathering information and contributing with indexes to a central location where the indexes are integrated and deployed for running a search service. Participatory search has distinguishing characteristics with respect to other search service architectures, among these the ability to share with others material which is not available to search engine crawlers. We present the architecture for participatory search and a protocol for index exchange that we are developing. A deployment niche for participatory search is the implementation of search services for community network
Measuring Fairness Under Unawareness of Sensitive Attributes: A Quantification-Based Approach
No full textAlgorithms and models are increasingly deployed to inform decisions about
people, inevitably affecting their lives. As a consequence, those in charge of
developing these models must carefully evaluate their impact on different
groups of people and favour group fairness, that is, ensure that groups
determined by sensitive demographic attributes, such as race or sex, are not
treated unjustly. To achieve this goal, the availability (awareness) of these
demographic attributes to those evaluating the impact of these models is
fundamental. Unfortunately, collecting and storing these attributes is often in
conflict with industry practices and legislation on data minimisation and
privacy. For this reason, it can be hard to measure the group fairness of
trained models, even from within the companies developing them. In this work,
we tackle the problem of measuring group fairness under unawareness of
sensitive attributes, by using techniques from quantification, a supervised
learning task concerned with directly providing group-level prevalence
estimates (rather than individual-level class labels). We show that
quantification approaches are particularly suited to tackle the
fairness-under-unawareness problem, as they are robust to inevitable
distribution shifts while at the same time decoupling the (desirable) objective
of measuring group fairness from the (undesirable) side effect of allowing the
inference of sensitive attributes of individuals. More in detail, we show that
fairness under unawareness can be cast as a quantification problem and solved
with proven methods from the quantification literature. We show that these
methods outperform previous approaches to measure demographic parity in five
experimental protocols, corresponding to important challenges that complicate
the estimation of classifier fairness under unawareness.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Journal of Artificial Intelligence
Researc
Esuli nel mondo
No full textIl volume tratta dell'identità culturale degli esuli italiani per tre generazioni (padri, figli, nipoti). Vengono quindi rilevati i ricordi, i valori, il futuro percepito della cultura originaria di Istria-Dalmazia-Quarnero. Il metodo seguito è quello longitudinale per le tre generazioni. Vengono altresì progettate le organizzazioni utili ad assicurare un futuro a simili identità per le generazioni
Esuli in Italia
No full textIl volume tratta dei ricordi, valori, futuro per tre generazioni (padri, figli, nipoti) di esuli dell'Istria-Dalmazia-Quarnero che vivono in Italia. La ricerca viene svolta secondo il metodo longitudinale. Si conclude con una progettazione delle organizzazioni che possono mantenere l'identità di origine
The Invalsi Benchmarks: measuring Linguistic and Mathematical understanding of Large Language Models in Italian
No full textWhile Italian is a high-resource language, there are few Italian-native benchmarks to evaluate generative Large Language Models (LLMs) in this language. This work presents three new benchmarks: Invalsi MATE to evaluate models performance on mathematical understanding in Italian, Invalsi ITA to evaluate language under standing in Italian and Olimpiadi MATE for more complex mathematical understanding. The first two benchmarks are based on the Invalsi tests, which are administered to students of age between 6 and 18 within the Italian school system and have been validated by several experts in teaching and pedagogy, the third one comes from the Italian highschool math Olympics. We evaluate 10 powerful language models on these benchmarks and we find that they are bound by 71% accuracy on Invalsi MATE, achieved by Llama 3.1 70b instruct and by 88% on Invalsi ITA. For both Invalsi MATE and Invalsi ITA we compare LLMs with the average performance of Italian students to show that Llama 3.1 is the only one to outperform them on Invalsi MATE while most models do so on Invalsi ITA, we then show that Olimpiadi MATE is more challenging than Invalsi MATE and the highest accuracy, achieved by Llama 3.1 405b instruct accuracy is 45%
Esuli nel mondo. Ricordi, valori, futuro per le generazioni di esuli dell'Istria-Dalmazia-Quarnero
No full textIl volume è frutto di uno studio pilota sugli esuli dall’Istria, Fiume e Dalmazia che, costretti ad abbandonare forzosamente la terra d’origine, emigrarono poi in Argentina e Canada. Il rapporto fra memoria collettiva e identità costituisce il fulcro concettuale cui convergono – in “Esuli due volte. I percorsi della memoria dell’esodo” – le analisi dei dati ottenuti da una ricerca sul campo, mediante questionario strutturato, somministrato in loco. A tale relazione, sintetizzabile in una presentificazione del passato in termini di bagaglio simbolico, linguistico e di pratiche quotidiane, si correla la messa a nudo dei meccanismi di trasmissione o mancata trasmissione della memoria collettiva, grazie al raffronto fra tre generazioni. Il significato e l’oggettiva influenza di un’identità diasporica, declinata peculiarmente da ciascuna generazione, appaiono compiutamente in “Frammenti di memoria”, che si concentra invece sui risultati ottenuti da una serie di interviste in profondità e focus group
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