5,842 research outputs found
La rappresentanza degli attori sindacali: riflessioni sul caso francese, in Dir. Rel. Ind., 2006, n. 4, p. 993-1001.
No full textThe representatiom of trade union actors: reflections on the Frenc case (Artiche in Italian) – Summary. The author discusses the report Pour un dialogue social efficace et légitime: Représentativité et financiement des organisations professionelles et syndacales drafted by a Commission chaired by Hadas-Lebel (President of a section of the Conseil d’Etat) in May 2006. The metod on which the analysis is based is considered by the author to be a form of benchmarking, aimed at improving the quality of social dialogue, enabling it to acquire greater effectiveness, and legitimacy. The author examines the tensions characterising the process of social dialogue, also in a comparative perspective with particular regard to the Italian situation. On the basis of thes overview of the French cases, with particular attention to the issues of representativeness, majority trade unions, also in the light of the US model, the role of collective bargaining and trade union funding, the article examines two alternative prospects for development: “adaptation” ad “transformation”. Specific attention is paid to the role of collective agreements, also in this case considered in a dual perspective of adaptation and change. In concluding the author provides on overview of the prospects for change in France. In identifying problematic issues in a comparative perspective relating to the reform of industrial relations systems, the process of benchmarking adopted in the report highlights the similarities between the European countries, albeit with their different traditions and norms, both in terms of critical issues and possible solutions with a view to reviving social dialogue
Il lavoro marittimo fra ordinamento comunitario e tutele nazionali
No full textMaritime work between U.E. law and national protections (Article in Italian) – Summary. The author examines “reasonable adaptation” of labor law to maritime work, focusing the implications of globalisation and U.E. rules in equal rights on seamen activity in connection with their work peculiarities.
The author then proceeds with the critical examination of different requirements in free competition on the one hand and social rights on the other hand; and discusses problems relating to crew nationality and wages, recent decisions of European Justice Court (“Viking” and “Laval” cases) and the new employment law (dpr 2006/231) relating to navigation area
Prospectus of Santa Clara College
No full textProspectus of Santa Clara College, written around June 1855; author could have been Fr. Nobili or Peter Burnett
Prospectus of Santa Clara College
No full textProspectus of Santa Clara College, written around June 1855; author could have been Fr. Nobili or Peter Burnett
Il processo del lavoro e il "giusto processo"
No full textEmployment cases and the right to a “fair trial” (Artiche in italian) – Summary. In this paper the author examines the critical aspects and prospects for the model of employment cases currently in use, in the light of the “fair trial” principle laid down in Article 111(1) of the Constitution. Employment cases are particularly significant in this respect, also in terms of the excessive amount of time required for the courts to hand down a ruling. In this connection the legislator has adopted stop-gap measures of a non-structural kind that are examined in this paper, with particular reference to the promotion of alternative dispute resolution, and to the recent introduction of certification. It is argued that the overall situation in which these measures have been adopted han been radically altered by major changes such as the assignment to the labour courts of cases relating th the public administration. The author then preceeds with the critical examination outlined above in light of the “fair trial” principle, with reference also to the supranational sources, in particular, the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The paper also provides an examination of certain particular practices, also of a substantial nature such as reinstatement further to dismissal, and above all of a procedural nature, with specific reference to Article 28 of the Statuto dei lavoratori, the repression of anti-trade union conduct. In addition the paper considers the role in employment cases of equity rulings, starting from the experience of the Conseils de Prud’hommes in France. Finally, the author draws a number of conclusion in a de iure condendo perspective and considers the appeals at a European level, particularly by the Council of Europe, the national debate on these issues, and the Salvi-Treu and Sacconi proposals for reform
Psicoterapia e neuroscienze: correlati neurali del Modello del Ciclo Terapeutico
No full textThe present dissertation show the fundamental concepts of the integration between psychotherapy and neuroscience, as well the results of four empirical studies about psychotherapy research.
The first part describe the evolution of the psychotherapy research, the drive to the proliferation of psychotherapy models, the need for integration among different models of therapy and between them and the neuroscience, and an epistemic reflection on the ways to pursuit integration among different field of research. Then, the technique used in the fourth study (i.e.: functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI) is described, together with some of its own criticism and a short review of the first evidences achieved by fMRI on the neural correlate of psychopathology and the effects of psychotherapy.
In the second part two theories on which our studies are based are described: The Multiple Code Theory (MCT) and the Resonating Mind Theory (RMT). The different conceptualizations about psychopathology and psychotherapy proposed by the two theories are discussed, as well as the specific contributions of the present studies.
The first study show how much is important to investigate together both the intrapsychic and interpersonal dimension of the therapeutic process, and characterize a correlation between positive intervention of therapist and the measure of the referential activity (RA) that catch in the language the dimension of sensory and emotion, considered to be expression of non verbal symbolic processes (subscale CONIM). Clinically, this data suggest a connection between the relational clime present between the therapist and the client, and the access to memoirs and emotion.
The second study is the first application of the RA to a brief psychodynamic psychotherapy (conduced according to the model of Fosha and Davanloo) characterized by a dense verbal interaction between therapist and client. The multi instrument evaluation of the therapy showed that index of RA are convergent with index of other instruments for evaluating outcome and process. Moreover, the second study confront the problem present in the literature concerning the difficulty with which the RA discriminate between the first and the last phase of the referential cycle, i.e. the phase of activation and that of reflection. Actually, both are characterized by low levels of RA compared to the central phase, i.e. symbolization. Results show that the phase of activation is associated with relatively high value of CONIM, whereas the phase of reflection is associated with relatively high levels of CLASP (that grasp the logical and formal dimension of the language, expression of symbolic verbal processes), suggesting that the absolute value and the wideness of dissociation between CONIM and CLASP, together with a low level of RA, allow to discriminate which phase of the referential cycle the patient is going through. Clinically, these data suggest that psychotherapists implicitly or explicitly develop a sensibility to catch the most emotive (CONIM) and the most cognitive (CLASP) dimensions of the language, and use this information both to evaluate the phase of the referential cycle in which the client is, and the level of dissociation between symbolic and subsymbolic components of emotive schema.
The third study is a broadening of the first, to the extent of eighteen sessions. It single out a correlation among positive, neutral and negative interventions of the therapist and the scale of the RA able to grasp the dimension of the mental images (called Imagery), suggesting a connection between the quality of the patient-therapist relationship and the access to both symbolic non verbal components of emotive schema and prototypic image that organize the experience of self in relationship with other. Clinically, this data suggest that the referential process, that allow the connection between symbolic and non symbolic components of emotional schema, take effect through the recall (related to the relationship) of mental and prototypic images from memory and then their selection and reprocessing. This result in particular aroused the curiosity to take in account not only psychological concepts analyzed into the transcripts (i.e.: fluctuation in Imagery), but also neural processes hypothetically involved (i.e.: neural mechanisms related to recall, selection, reorganization of mental and prototypic images).
The fourth study, inspired by such curiosity, explores by fMRI the neural correlates of the four phases of the Therapeutic Cycle Model (TCM), derived from the RMT for empirically evaluate assumptions through the analysis of the two dimension: Emotional Tone (ET) and Abstraction (AB) into the transcriptions of therapeutic sessions. The four phases of TCM are: relaxing (low ET and AB), experiencing (high ET, low AB), reflecting (low ET, high AB) and connecting (high ET and AB). The presence of the connecting is associated to good outcome in several model of psychotherapy. The study characterizes cerebral areas positively modulated by both dimensions ET and AB, and their interaction. Interaction, representative of connecting phase, is correlated with a greater activation of areas associated with the selection mechanism of among competing memories recalled. Clinically, a possible correlate could be that therapist interventions able to elicit both emotive and abstract processing may enhance the recall and the selection of memories, that may be subsequently reprocessed and recoded. Moreover, the study unexpectedly revealed that individual differences in the use of emotional words, measured while subjects were telling narratives, are correlated with the modulation of the deactivation in areas related to the control of emotions during subjects’ exposure to narratives with emotional content. This data suggest that persons who use less emotional words are those that does not deactivate areas of emotional control when exposed to narratives with emotive content. A possible and surprising implication could be that we are in front of possible neural correlates of some very important clinical process, named in different way according to the cognitive tradition (i.e.: emotion regulation, such as suppression or avoidance) or the psychodynamic tradition (i.e.: defence mechanism, such as isolation or repression).
In conclusion, approaching the psychotherapy research considering both psychological processes as they are described in different models of psychotherapy and related neural processes seems to enhance a better understanding of clinical interaction in terms of neural dynamics, stimulating a reconceptualization of investigated concepts that promote the integration among models.
We call this approach psychoneurodynamics.Il presente lavoro illustra i concetti fondamentali dell’integrazione tra la psicoterapia e le neuroscienze ed i risultati di quattro studi empirici inerenti la ricerca in psicoterapia.
Nella prima parte è descritta l’evoluzione della ricerca in psicoterapia, la spinta alla proliferazione dei modelli di psicoterapia, la necessità di integrazione tra i diversi modelli di terapia e tra loro e le neuroscienze, ed una riflessione epistemologica sui modelli di integrazione tra differenti ambiti di ricerca. Successivamente è descritta la tecnica impiegata nel IV studio, ossia la risonanza magnetica funzionale (fMRI), alcune sue criticità, ed una breve rassegna delle prime evidenze ottenute attraverso la fMRI sui correlati neurali della psicopatologia e degli effetti della psicoterapia.
Nella seconda parte sono descritte le due teorie a cui fanno riferimento gli studi: la Teoria dei Codici Multipli (MCT) e la Teoria delle Menti Risonanti (RMT). Sono inoltre illustrate le diverse concettualizzazioni della psicopatologia e della psicoterapia postulate dalle due teorie, ed i contributi introdotti dalle presenti ricerche.
Lo studio I mostra l’importanza di indagare insieme sia la dimensione intrapsichica sia quella interpersonale del processo psicoterapeutico, ed individua una correlazione tra gli interventi positivi del terapeuta e la misura dell’attività referenziale (RA) che coglie la dimensione emotiva-sensoriale del linguaggio, espressione dei processi simbolici non verbali (sottoscala CONIM). Clinicamente, questo dato suggerisce una connessione tra il clima relazionale instaurato tra paziente e terapeuta e l’accesso a ricordi ed emozioni.
Lo studio II è la prima applicazione della RA ad una psicoterapia psicodinamica breve (condotta secondo il modello di intervento di Fosha e Davanloo), caratterizzata da una fitta interazione verbale tra paziente e terapeuta. La valutazione multi strumentale della terapia ha mostrato che gli indici della RA sono convergenti con gli indici di altri strumenti di valutazione dell’esito e del processo. Lo studio II inoltre affronta il problema presente in letteratura inerente la difficoltà con cui la RA discrimina tra la prima e l’ultima fase del ciclo referenziale, ossia la fase di attivazione e quella di riflessione/riorganizzazione, in quanto entrambe sono caratterizzate da bassi livelli di RA rispetto alla fase centrale, detta di simbolizzazione. I risultati hanno evidenziato che la fase di attivazione si associa a valori relativamente elevati di CONIM, mentre la fase di riflessione si associa a valori relativamente elevati di CLASP (che coglie la dimensione logica e formale del linguaggio, espressione dei processi simbolici verbali), suggerendo che il valore assoluto e l’ampiezza della dissociazione tra i due indici CONIM e CLASP, oltre al basso valore di RA, possono fornire indicazioni sulla fase del ciclo referenziale che il paziente sta attraversando. Clinicamente, questi dati suggeriscono che gli psicoterapeuti implicitamente o esplicitamente sviluppano una sensibilità a cogliere le dimensioni più emotive (CONIM) e più cognitive (CLASP) del linguaggio, e utilizzino questa informazione sia per valutare in quale fase del ciclo referenziale si trovi il paziente, sia il livello di dissociazione tra le componenti simboliche e subsimboliche degli schemi emotivi.
Lo studio III è una estensione ad un campione di diciotto sedute dello studio I ed individua una forte correlazione tra gli interventi positivi, neutri e negativi del terapeuta e la scala della RA che coglie la dimensione delle immagini mentali (detta Immaginazione), suggerendo una connessione tra la qualità della relazione tra terapeuta e paziente e l’accesso sia alle componenti simboliche non verbali degli schemi emotivi sia alle immagini prototipiche che organizzano l’esperienza di se in relazione agli altri. Clinicamente questo dato suggerisce che il processo referenziale, che consente la connessione tra le componenti simboliche e non simboliche degli schemi dell’emozione, agisce attraverso il recupero (correlato alla relazione) di immagini mentali e prototipiche dalle proprie memorie, e la loro successiva selezione e rielaborazione. Questo risultato in particolare ha suscitato la curiosità di considerare non solo i concetti psicologici indagati nelle trascrizioni (ad esempio, le fluttuazioni della scala Immaginazione) ma anche gli ipotetici processi neurali sottostanti (ad esempio, i meccanismi neurali coinvolti nel recupero, nella selezione e nella riorganizzazione delle immagini mentali e prototipiche).
Lo studio IV, ispirato da tale curiosità, indaga mediante la fMRI i correlati neurali delle quattro fasi del Modello del Ciclo Terapeutico (TCM), derivato dalla RMT per validarne empiricamente gli assunti attraverso l’analisi delle due dimensioni “Tono Emotivo” (ET) ed “Astrazione” (AB) nei trascritti delle terapie. Le quattro fasi del TCM sono relaxing (basso ET, bassa AB ), experiencing (alto ET, bassa AB), reflecting (basso ET, alta AB) e connecting (alto ET, alta AB); la presenza di quest’ultima fase è nota in letteratura per essere associata all’esito positivo del trattamento in numerosi modelli di psicoterapia. Il IV studio individua le aree cerebrali modulate positivamente dalle due dimensioni ET ed AB e dalla loro interazione, ed evidenzia che l’interazione, rappresentativa della fase connecting, è correlata ad una maggior attivazione delle aree associate al meccanismo che seleziona tra memorie recuperate ed in competizione tra loro. Clinicamente, un possibile correlato potrebbe essere che interventi del terapeuta che stimolano contemporaneamente aspetti emotivi ed astratti possono facilitare il recupero e la selezione di memorie che successivamente possono essere rielaborate e ricodificate. Inoltre, lo studio ha inaspettatamente evidenziato che le differenze individuali nell’uso di vocaboli emotivi, rilevate durante la narrazione di storie da parte dei soggetti, sono fortemente correlate alla modulazione delle deattivazioni nelle aree preposte al controllo delle emozioni durante l’esposizione dei soggetti a narrative con contenuto emotivo. Questo dato suggerisce che le persone che usano meno il linguaggio emotivo sono anche quelle che non deattivano le aree del controllo emotivo quando sono esposte a narrative con contenuto emotivo. Un possibile e sorprendente risvolto clinico di questo risultato potrebbe essere che sono stati individuati i possibili correlati neurali di alcuni processi di estremo interesse clinico, variamenti nominati nella tradizione cognitiva (processi di regolazione emotiva, quali la soppressione o l’evitamento) e nella tradizione psicodinamica (meccanismi di difesa, quali l’isolamento o la repressione).
In conclusione, l’approccio alla ricerca in psicoterapia che considera contemporaneamente i processi psicologici descritti da diversi modelli di psicoterapia ed i relativi processi neurali sembra favorire una maggiore comprensione delle interazioni cliniche anche in termini di dinamiche neurali, stimolando una riconcettualizzazione dei concetti indagati che favorisce l’integrazione tra modelli. Definiamo questo approccio psiconeurodinamica
Santa Clara Magazine, Volume 30 Number 2, Winter 1988
No full text10 - UNDERSTANDING THE NEW SOVIETS A first-person account of the Soviet Union today by the author of two books on Russia. By Jim Garrison
16 - HOW TO GET INTO ADVERTISING An English graduate goes from waiting tables to a senior vice presidency on Madison Avenue. By Barbara Boyle
20 - 1988 ECONOMIC FORECAST For 15 years, Mario Belotti\u27s been making forecasts that are amazingly accurate. By Mario Belotti
22 - SANTA CLARA AND THE POPES Reviewing historic links with Rome shows how it affected SCU. By Gerald McKevitt, S.J.
26 - SCU\u27S ETERNAL FLAIM Biology professor Frank Flaim is in his 50th year at Santa Clara. By Patricia Fowlerhttps://scholarcommons.scu.edu/sc_mag/1078/thumbnail.jp
il tempo di lavoro:"révirement" della legislazione francese ed indirizzi comuni in Europa.
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