1,721,212 research outputs found
Cross-lingual neighborhood effects in generalized lexical decision and natural reading
Full text linkThe present study assessed intra- and cross-lingual neighborhood effects, using both a generalized lexical decision task and an analysis of a large-scale bilingual eye-tracking corpus (Cop, Dirix, Drieghe & Duyck, in press). Using new neighborhood density and frequency measures, the general lexical decision task yielded an inhibitory cross-lingual neighborhood density effect on reading times of second language words, replicating van Heuven, Dijkstra and Grainger (1998). Reaction times for native language words were not influenced by neighborhood density or frequency but error rates showed cross-lingual neighborhood effects depending on target word frequency.
The large-scale eye movement corpus confirmed effects of cross-lingual neighborhood on natural reading, even though participants were reading a novel in a unilingual context. Especially second language reading and to a lesser extent native language reading were influenced by lexical candidates from the non-target language, although these effects in natural reading were largely facilitatory.
These results offer strong and direct support for bilingual word recognition models that assume language-independent lexical access
Frequency effects in monolingual and bilingual natural reading
Full text linkThis paper presents the first systematic examination of the monolingual and bilingual frequency effect (FE) during natural reading. We analyzed single fixation durations on content words for participants reading an entire novel. Unbalanced bilinguals and monolinguals show a similarly sized FE in their mother tongue (L1), but for bilinguals the FE is considerably larger in their second language (L2) than in their L1. The FE in both L1 and L2 reading decreased with increasing L1 proficiency, but it was not affected by L2 proficiency. Our results are consistent with an account of bilingual language processing that assumes an integrated mental lexicon with exposure as the main determiner for lexical entrenchment. This means that no qualitative difference in language processing between monolingual, bilingual L1, or bilingual L2 is necessary to explain reading behavior. We present this account and argue that not all groups of bilinguals necessarily have lower L1 exposure than mono- linguals do and, in line with Kuperman and Van Dyke (Journal of Experimental Psychology, 39 (3), 802-823, 2013), that individual vocabulary size and language exposure change the accuracy of the relative corpus word frequencies and thereby determine the size of the FEs in the same way for all participants
Presenting GECO: an eye-tracking corpus of monolingual and bilingual sentence reading
Full text linkThis paper introduces GECO, the Ghent Eye-tracking Corpus, a monolingual and bilingual corpus of eye-tracking data of participants reading a complete novel. English monolinguals and Dutch-English bilinguals read an entire novel, which was presented in paragraphs on the screen. The bilinguals read half of the novel in their first language, and the other half in their second language. In this paper we describe the distributions and descriptive statistics of the most important reading time measures for the two groups of participants. This large eye-tracking corpus is perfectly suited for both exploratory purposes as well as more directed hypothesis testing, and it can guide the formulation of ideas and theories about naturalistic reading processes in a meaningful context. Most importantly, this corpus has the potential to evaluate the generalizability of monolingual and bilingual language theories and models to reading of long texts and narrative
The size of the cross-lingual masked phonological priming effect does not depend on second language proficiency
Full text linkUsing a masked phonological priming paradigm, Brysbaert, Van Dyck and Van de Poel (1999) showed that Dutch-French bilinguals perform better at identifying tachistoscopically presented L2 words (e.g. oui [yes]) when those words are primed by L1 words or nonwords that are homophonic to the L2 target word according to the L1 grapheme-phoneme conversion rules (e.g. wie [who]). They noted that this priming effect was smaller for balanced bilinguals than for less proficient bilinguals, although the interaction failed to reach significance. Findings of Gollan, Forster and Frost (1997) suggest that this could be attributed to a greater reliance on phonology in L2 reading, caused by a smaller proficiency in this language. However, in this study we show that the Dutch-French cross-lingual phonological priming effect is equally large for perfectly balanced and less proficient bilinguals. Our findings are in line with more recent work of Van Wijnendaele and Brysbaert (2002)
Visual word recognition by bilinguals in a sentence context: Evidence for nonselective lexical access
Full text linkRecent research on bilingualism has shown that lexical access in visual word recognition by bilinguals is not selective with respect to language. The present study investigated language-independent lexical access in bilinguals reading sentences, which constitutes a strong unilingual linguistic context. In the first experiment, Dutch-English bilinguals performing a L2 lexical decision task were faster to recognize identical and non-identical cognate words (e.g. banaan – banana) presented in isolation than control words. A second experiment replicated this effect when the same set of cognates was presented as the final words of low-constraint sentences. In a third experiment using eyetracking, we showed that early target reading time measures also yield cognate facilitation, but only for identical cognates. These results suggest that a sentence context may influence, but does not nullify, cross-lingual lexical interactions during early visual word recognition by bilinguals
Eye movement patterns in natural reading: a comparison of monolingual and bilingual reading of a novel
Full text linkThis paper presents a corpus of sentence level eye movement parameters for unbalanced bilingual first language (L1) and second-language (L2) reading and monolingual reading of a complete novel (56 000 words). We present important sentence-level basic eye movement parameters of both bilingual and monolingual natural reading extracted from this large data corpus. Bilingual L2 reading patterns show longer sentence reading times (20%), more fixations (21%), shorter saccades (12%) and less word skipping (4.6%), than L1 reading patterns. Regression rates are the same for L1 and L2 reading. These results could indicate, analogous to a previous simulation with the E-Z reader model in the literature, that it is primarily the speeding up of lexical access that drives both L1 and L2 reading development. Bilingual L1 reading does not differ in any major way from monolingual reading. This contrasts with predictions made by the weaker links account, which predicts a bilingual disadvantage in language processing caused by divided exposure between languages
Reading a book in one or two languages? An eye movement study of cognate facilitation in L1 and L2 reading
No full textThis study examined how noun reading by bilinguals is influenced by orthographic similarity with their translation
equivalents in another language. Eye movements of Dutch–English bilinguals reading an entire novel in L1 and L2 were
analyzed.
In L2, we found a facilitatory effect of orthographic overlap. Additional facilitation for identical cognates was found for later
eye movement measures. This shows that the complex, semantic context of a novel does not eliminate cross-lingual activation
in natural reading.
In L1 we detected non-identical cognate facilitation for first fixation durations of longer nouns. Identical cognate facilitation
was found on total reading times for high frequent nouns. This study is the first to show cognate facilitation in L1 reading of
narrative text. This shows that even when reading a novel in the mother tongue, lexical access is not restricted to the target
language
Bias in interview judgments of stigmatized applicants: a dual process approach
Full text linkThe abundance of research on interview discrimination has resulted in the conventional wisdom that stigmatizing applicant characteristics elicit biased interview judgments. Although this finding is robust across a wide variety of stigmatized groups, and despite the social importance of this effect, currently we lack understanding of the processes driving these biased decisions. The present dissertation contributes to the literature on personnel selection by investigating the mechanisms that drive bias in the job interviewer’s decision-making process. This dissertation starts by presenting an overview of the current understanding of interview bias, and highlights the challenges that need to be addressed by future research. Next, building on research from social- and cognitive psychology, a dual-process framework of interview bias is presented. Propositions from this framework will guide the present dissertation and will be investigated in several empirical studies. The introduction concludes with an overview of the chapters and empirical studies of this dissertation
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