129,026 research outputs found
Mechanical conditions in the initial phase of bone healing
No full textBackgroundBone healing is sensitive to the initial mechanical conditions with tissue differentiation being determined within days of trauma. Whilst axial compression is regarded as stimulatory, the role of interfragmentary shear is controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine how the initial mechanical conditions produced by interfragmentary shear and torsion differ from those produced by axial compressive movements. MethodsThe finite element method was used to estimate the strain, pressure and fluid flow in the early callus tissue produced by the different modes of interfragmentary movement found in vivo. Additionally, tissue formation was predicted according to three principally different mechanobiological theories. FindingsLarge interfragmentary shear movements produced comparable strains and less fluid flow and pressure than moderate axial interfragmentary movements. Additionally, combined axial and shear movements did not result in overall increases in the strains and the strain magnitudes were similar to those produced by axial movements alone. Only when axial movements where applied did the non-distortional component of the pressure-deformation theory influence the initial tissue predictions. InterpretationThis study found that the mechanical stimuli generated by interfragmentary shear and torsion differed from those produced by axial interfragmentary movements. The initial tissue formation as predicted by the mechanobiological theories was dominated by the deformation stimulus
Agrophaspidium hastatum Duda, comb. n.
No full textAgrophaspidium hastatum (Duda), comb. n. Dactylothyrea hastata Duda, 1930: 74. Acanthopeltastes hastatus: Sabrosky and Paganelli, 1984: 5. Type material: Holotype Ψ: COSTA RICA: La Suiza de Turrialba (HNHM, not examined, see Remarks). Remarks: We did not examine the female holotype of D. hastata. Our interpretation of the species is based on extensive notes and illustrations of the holotype made at HNHM by C.W. Sabrosky in 1938, 1960 and 1975. Duda (1930) assigned most Neotropical species with scutellar projections to Dactylothyrea de Meijere, an Old World oscinelline genus that is not closely related to Agrophaspidium. Sabrosky and Paganelli (1984) transferred D. hastata, along with other Neotropical species then assigned to Dactylothyrea, to the Neotropical genus Acanthopeltastes Enderlein. Although species of that genus also have scutellar projections, Acanthopeltastes species have several synapomorphic character states not found in D. hastata. This species belongs to Agrophaspidium based on the structure of the scutellum, the wing venation and the absence of most defining apomorphies of Acanthopeltastes. However, the holotype is female and, as such, it is impossible to associate the name with one of the other known species. The leg colour and thoracic structure correspond most closely to those of A. psilotum, but the frontal triangle is entirely polished (anterior apex pollinose in male A. psilotum) and the palpus is dark (yellow in male A. psilotum). In the absence of additional evidence, we cannot be certain whether this represents sexual dimorphism or species-level differences.Published as part of Wheeler, Terry A. & Mlynarek, Julia J., 2008, Systematics of Agrophaspidium, a new genus of Neotropical Chloropidae (Diptera), pp. 41-52 in Zootaxa 1926 on page 44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18480
Spilarctia duda Saldaitis & Pekarsky, 2016, sp. n.
No full textSpilarctia duda sp. n. (Figs 1–4, 9, 10, 15, 16) Type material. Holotype: male (Fig. 1), China, N Sichuan, road Maoxian/Songpan, 70 km S from Songpan, 2300 m, N 32 ° 10.408 ', E 103 ° 45.105 ', 14.IV. 2015, leg. Floriani & Saldaitis, (Slide No. OP 3203m) (coll. ASV/ WIGJ). Paratypes: 3 males (Figs 2–4), with the same data as the holotype in the AFM, OP and WIGJ collections. Diagnosis. Spilarctia duda is a relative of S. bipunctata (Figs 5, 6) but can be distinguished from it by both external and genital features. Externally the new species is characterized by well-developed wing pattern represents by oblique row of short, black, horizontal streaks (pale basal half and bright upper part) extending from vein Cu 2 towards apex, and black costal fold and costal spot. The forewings of S. bipunctata are practically without wing pattern accept one or two black dots at inner margin. The male genitalia of the S. duda (Figs 9, 10, 15, 16) are distinguished by the wider uncus, the simple apex of valva, oval juxta with large cleft on posterior margin, carinal plate with large teeth, presence of cornuti field on terminal diverticulum, and absence of cornuti field on basal part of vesica, whereas S. bipunctata (Figs 11, 12, 17, 18) is characterized by its narrower uncus, valva apex with large extension, juxta without cleft on posterior margin, narrow carinal plate without tooth, large basal cornuti field, and membranous terminal diverticulum without any cornuti. New species externally resembles also S. clava (Figs 7, 8) but the latter species is endemic of Taiwan and its genitalia differ significantly in all parts (Figs 13, 14, 19, 20). Remarks. The male genitalia of the new species closely resembles that of Spilarcita alba (Bremer & Grey, 1853) (Fang 2000, Dubatolov & Kishida, 2005) but these two species can be clearly separated by wing pattern and size (47–48 mm vs. 52–64 mm). Description. Wingspan 47–48 mm (holotype 48 mm). Head, frons, collar, thorax and tegulae is pale creamy yellow; abdomen red with black lateral lines and black crest; forewing creamy yellow with darker shade and with variably intense pinkish suffusion; costa with long black fold at base and sometimes with costal spot in the middle; subterminal area with long oblique row of short, black, horizontal streaks; dorsum with three large dots; cilia as ground color. Hindwings paler and somewhat more transparent cream-yellow with a few small dots near to the outer margin; cilia as ground color. Male genitalia (9, 10, 15, 16). Uncus irregular pentagonal; juxta near oval with large cleft on posterior margin; valva wider at base, slightly tapering towards apex. Aedeagus thick, medial long, distal part slightly curved with strong carinal teeth; vesica rather globular with spacious subbasal cornuti field and large membranous terminal diverticulum. Female unknown. Biology and distribution. Only four males were collected at ultraviolet light during a cold single night on 14 April, 2015 in remote part of west China Sichuan Province near the Maoxian. Spilarctia duda was collected at altitude ranging 2300 meters in mountain river dry valley rarely covered by mixed forests dominated by various deciduous trees and bushes Etymology. The new species is named after colleague, prominent Lithuanian collector and director of the World Insect Gallery Juozas Dûda (Joniðkis, Lithuania).Published as part of Saldaitis, Aidas & Pekarsky, Oleg, 2016, A new species Spilarctia duda (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Arctiinae) from China, pp. 180-184 in Zootaxa 4103 (2) on pages 180-183, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4103.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/27119
Chrysorithrum duda Saldaitis & Ivinskis, sp. n.
No full text<i>Chrysorithrum duda</i> Saldaitis & Ivinskis sp. n. <p>(Figs. 1–3, 7, 8)</p> <p> <b>Type material. Holotype</b>: male (Fig. 1), China, N. W. Yunnan, near Zhongdian, N 27°24.800', E 99°40.500', 23. V. 2012, H.— 3350 m, Floriani leg., in GBG / ZSM collection; (Slide No. BJ 2104m)</p> <p> <b>Paratypes</b>: 1 male (Fig. 2) the same label as holotype, 2 males (Fig. 3) China, N. W. Yunnan, Lijiang/Zhongdian, near Tuguancun, N 27°29.700', E 99°53.700', 24–25. V. 2012, H.— 3200 m, Floriani leg., in the collections of AFM and WIGJ, 1 male, „Li-kiang. (China). Provinz Nord-Yuennan. 21.5.1934. H. Höne“; 1 male, same locality and collector, 21.5.1935; 1 female, same locality and collector, 14.7.1935. Elevation of collecting sites: 2.900–3.200m (H. Höne, i.l.). Coll. Höne, in the collection ZFMK.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> The wing pattern of the <i>Ch. duda</i> (Figs. 1–3) is approximation to the combination of the forewings of <i>Ch. flavomaculata</i> (Fig. 4) with the hindwing of <i>Ch. amata</i> (Figs. 5, 6). The wingspan of the new species (54–59 mm) is larger than <i>Ch. flavomaculata</i> (50–56 mm). The forewing median band in <i>Ch. duda</i> is curved and surrounded by straight yellow fields, an elongated brown anal dash and crooked median line, whereas in <i>Ch. flavomaculata</i> the median band is almost straight and lacks an elongated dash. In the new species the large brown reniform stigma is birfurcate at the base while that in <i>Ch. flavomaculata</i> is kidney-shaped with a broad wedge extending basally. The distal part of the forewing in <i>Ch. duda</i> has a yellow band that narrows significantly from the costal margin and is curved nearly 90°, whereas in <i>Ch. amata</i> the band is uniformly wide medially and then slightly curved in a narrow line to the inner margin. In <i>Ch. duda</i> the subterminal and terminal areas of the hindwing are brown with silvery suffusion in the costal and anal areas whereas in <i>Ch. amata</i> these are respectively brown and yellow. The new species male genitalia (Figs. 7, 8) of dud differ from those of <i>Ch. flavomaculata</i> (Figs. 9, 10) by having wide leaf-like valves, short ampula that do not reach the costal edge of the valva, acute valve tips, large valve costal lobes with strongly peaked protuberances, and a short triangular aedeagus diverticulum. In <i>Ch. flavomaculata</i> the valva is elongated, the costal protuberance is slender, the ampula extends over the costa, and the finger-like aedeagus-diverticulum is large. The genital structure of <i>Ch. amata</i> (Figs. 11, 12) is more divergent from either <i>Ch. duda</i> or <i>Ch. flavomaculata</i>.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Forewing length of holotype 27 mm, wingspan 55 mm; forewing length of paratypes 27–30 mm, wingspan 54–59 mm (n-3). Head, patagium, tegulae and abdomen brownish grey; wings strongly contrasting; ground colour of forewing silvery grey, irrorated with brown, subbasal area silvery with few brown scales; antemedian band strongly and doubly sigmoid; twisted median band silvery brow with elongated brown anal dash; large brown reniform stigma with bifurcate base; subterminal band clear silver with occasional brown scales, from costa to dorsum; terminal line strongly twisted. Hindwing dark brown, with wide yellow band extending from costal margin to middle of wing and narrowing distally to a third of its width, curving nearly 90°. Underside of forewing dirty yellow with broad brown curved median band; underside of hindwing dirty yellowish-brown with slightly curved narrow yellow band. Male genitalia (Figs. 7, 8) Symmetrical; uncus claviform with strong thorn-like spine; scaphium a sclerotised ridge, mandibulate with uncus; valva leaf-like, strongly tapered to tip, acute with large costal lobe and strongly peaked protuberance; ampula extending to ¼ valva width; aedeagus thick, curved, basally bilobed; vesica with short triangular diverticulum.</p> <p>Female like male, with more robust abdomenum. Single know female from ZFMK was not dissected.</p> <p> <b>Molecular analysis</b>. DNA barcoding also supports the existence of a new species of <i>Chrysorithrum</i>. Full length 658 base pair 'barcodes' of the Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit 5' Region (CO1-5P) gene were prepared by the University of Guelph's barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) by methods described in Hebert <i>et al.</i> (2003). Molecular distance based on the Kimura two-parameter model for COI DNA barcodes between all four specimens of <i>Ch. duda</i> and a single specimen of <i>Ch. flavomaculata</i> were 3.47% whereas distances between <i>Ch. duda</i> and single <i>Ch. amata</i> and between <i>Ch. flavomaculata</i> and <i>Ch. amata</i> were 5.46% and 5.11%, respectively.</p> <p> <b>Biology and distribution.</b> The seven specimens known were collected at ultraviolet light on 23–25 May 2012 and May, July 1934 -1935 in southwestern China's Yunnan province in a remote, area located in the Hengduan Shan (mountains) near Lijiang - Zhongdian on the eastern edge of the Tibetan plateau. The new species is likely endemic to high elevations in this area (Fig. 13). It was collected in two localities near small rivers with valley meadows and dry rocky slopes surrounded by mixed forest and wetlands. Mixed forests were dominated by broad-leaved trees including oaks (<i>Quercus dentata</i>, <i>Q</i>. <i>glauca</i>), poplars (<i>Populus cathayana, P. simonii</i>), elms (<i>Ulmus parvifolia</i>), rhododendrons (<i>Rhododendron brachycarpum, R. dauricum</i>) and various species of pines. Other spring-flying noctuid species collected at the same time included <i>Panolis pinicortex</i> Draudt, 1950, <i>Raphia corax</i> Draudt, 1950, <i>Lacanobia kitokia</i> Gyulai, Ronkai & Saldaitis, 2011 and many others.</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>: The new species is named after colleague, prominent Lithuanian collector and director of the World Insect Gallery Juozas Dūda (Joniškis, Lithuania).</p>Published as part of <i>Saldaitis, Aidas, Ivinskis, Povilas & Rimsaite, Jolanta, 2014, A new species Chrysorithrum duda (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) from China, pp. 292-296 in Zootaxa 3802 (2)</i> on pages 292-296, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3802.2.10, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/224511">http://zenodo.org/record/224511</a>
The health of adult women in Accra, Ghana: self-reporting and objective assessments 2008-2009
No full textObjectives: The study provides a full description of the state of women’s health in Accra, Ghana using self reported as well as objective health measures. Using data from the Women’s Health Survey of Accra, Wave 2 (WHSA-2), the authors a) examine the consistency of the objective measures of health status (anthropometry and blood pressures) with self-report measures, including the Short Form 36 indices for 8 separate domains of health; and b) describe the main socio-economic differentials in morbidity.Methods: Cross-sectional household survey with field measurements. 2814 women aged 18 and over were interviewed and measured in their homes in late 2008 and early 2009. The physical measurements included height, weight, waist and hip measurement and 3 or more measures of resting blood pressure.Results: Using the 8 domains of self-reported health captured by the Short Form 36 instrument, we find that physical health worsens more sharply with age than mental health. Social class differentials are narrow in the younger cohorts but widen amongst the elderly. The physical measurements reveal unhealthy levels of obesity and hypertension, worsening steadily with rising age. Age and the wealth of the household influence women’s health more than their individual characteristics such as education.Conclusions: Younger women appear to be in good health with steady declines in physical and mental health with age. The major threat to women’s health appears to be the rising levels of obesity and hypertension with mean BMIs for all women over age 45 in excess of 30, producing elevated blood pressures and associated high risks of heart attacks and stroke rising sharply amongst the elderly
A Multi-Language Comparison of Influences on Author Verification using Character N-Grams
No full textWe create a new multi-language corpus for author verification based on Wikipedia talkpages, and evaluate the influence that differences in topic and time have on character n-gram author profiles. Topic alignment between two texts is found to increase author verification precision, and an authors writing style is found to change over time, but not more significantly after 3 years than after 1 year.Information ArchitectureWISElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The vanishing author in computer-generated works: a critical analysis of recent Australian case law
No full textAbstract
The use of software is ubiquitous in the creation of many copyright works, yet the requirement in copyright law that every work have a human author who engages in independent intellectual effort means that its use may prevent copyright subsistence. Several recent Australian cases have refocused attention on authorship as an essential criterion of copyright subsistence, and these cases suggest that much computer-produced output may be authorless and thus lack copyright protection. This article, the first in a two-part series, analyses how each case deals with the question of authorship of computer-produced works and why the use of software diminishes copyright protection for a significant number of computer-generated works. The article critiques the application of conventional notions of human authorship developed in the pre-computer age to modern productions and suggests alternative approaches to authorship that satisfy both the major objectives of copyright policy and the need to adapt to the computer age. The article argues that, without a broader judicial approach to authorship of computer-generated works, Parliament must remedy the lacuna in protection for these ‘authorless’ works. Possible solutions for reform are suggested. In a forthcoming article, the author comprehensively examines those reform proposals
Diffusive author(s), cohesive author: Analysis of S/N (1994)
No full textThis study indicates the ways in which various aspects of the author(s) are brought forth in Dumb type’s performance art, the S/N production. Previous research has suggested a non-hierarchical organization of Dumb type and the absence of a “privileged author” in Dumb type’s collaborative work, S/N. However, the results that I have investigated from member’s interviews on the creative process of S/N along with my analysis of the recorded images of S/N, indicate a different aspect of the author(s). First, S/N was created through, so to speak, the collective ideas of the members of Dumb type. Further, S/N has at least nine quotations from previous performances, installations, and printed writings, besides the work-in-progress technique. Explicating one of the “author functions” as given by Michel Foucault, each text has plural subjects of the author. However, it has been revealed from members’ interviews that Teiji Furuhashi had a decision-making role in selecting the members’ ideas within the performance. Since then, S/N has had plural subjects of creation; however, Furuhashi is one of the subjects of creation along with the “privileged author.” S/N has plural authors (diffusive authors) yet at the same time, it has a “privileged author,” Teiji Furuhashi (cohesive author)
- …
