1,721,312 research outputs found
Landskrona: The Industrial City
No full textThis chapter describes the long-term social, economic, demographic, and political development of Landskrona, a mid-sized industrial city in southern Sweden. Around 1910, the population was about 15,000 and the demographic structure of the city was in line with other emerging industrial cities in Sweden. Industrial activity expanded, with some shorter periods of crisis, until the late 1960s. In most respects, the socioeconomic and demographic developments of Landskrona were similar to other Swedish industrial cities, with improved population health and education and expansion of the welfare state occurring in parallel with industrial growth. When the industrial crisis hit in the 1970s, this also affected population development and living standards. In-migration was replaced by considerable out-migration, and the population declined. This crisis had long-term effects on the city’s development and, although the population is now growing again and new firms have been established during the 1990s and 2000s, social and economic problems remain
Economic Inequality and Social Mobility
No full textThis chapter analyzes the long-term development of income inequality and social mobility. During the twentieth century Landskrona experienced a dramatic socioeconomic transformation that shaped economic inequality and social mobility. There were three main phases in the development of socioeconomic disparities, which reflect development at the national level. The first phase (1905–1930) saw high and fluctuating levels of economic inequality resulting from economic fluctuations relating to industrialization. During the second phase (1930–1969), inequality declined, following national development in terms of social and economic policy. During the last phase (1970–2015), Landskrona experienced economic crisis and deindustrialization marked by an increase in unemployment and a negative migratory balance. When the whole country was affected by new economic policies and a financial crisis in the early 1990s, inequality started to increase steadily until the 2010s, when it reached the same level as before World War II
Migration, Marriage and Social Mobility: Women in Sweden 1880-1900
Full text linkWe study the intergenerational social mobility of women by looking at how migration was associated with socioeconomic marriage mobility using complete-count census data for Sweden. The censuses 1880–1900 have been linked at the individual level, enabling us to follow almost 100,000 women from their parental home to their new marital household. Marriage market imbalances were not an important push factor for migration but we find a strong association between migration distance and marriage outcomes, both in terms of overall marriage probabilities and in terms of partner selection by SES. These results highlight the importance of migration for women's intergenerational social mobility during industrialization
Social-class differences in spacing and stopping during the historical fertility transition: Insights from cure models
Full text linkBACKGROUND
There is a long-standing debate about the role of spacing and stopping in the fertility transition, which has been fueled by lack of methods to appropriately model spacing and stopping. Traditional event-history analysis cannot distinguish the two processes in analyzing the determinants of birth risks and attempts to separately model spacing and stopping have been criticized from a methodological point of view.
OBJECTIVE
Our aim is to assess the role of spacing and stopping in the historic fertility transition more generally, and for social-class differences in fertility decline, more specifically.
METHODS
We use cure models, which are extensions of traditional survival analysis, to distinguish the impact of stopping and spacing on fertility. The models are applied to individual-level data for a region in southern Sweden between 1813 and 1967.
RESULTS
Both spacing and stopping played a role in the fertility transition, but stopping emerged earlier for all parities after the first and had a greater effect on the reduction in fertility. Higher social classes were forerunners in the fertility transition but we do not find that spacing and stopping operated in different ways by social class.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings indicate that stopping had an earlier and more substantial impact on the fertility transition than spacing. However, the patterns of the two behaviors were highly similar between social classes.
CONTRIBUTION
Our study is one of very few that applies cure models to distinguish spacing and stopping in the fertility transition, and the first to our knowledge that use this approach to study class differences in the fertility decline
The Late Emergence of the Socioeconomic Gradient in Adult Mortality: An Urban Phenomenon?
No full textPrevious research has shown that class differences in adult mortality in the study area emerged only in the mid-twentieth century. Such findings question a universal association between socioeconomic status and mortality. This chapter examines whether these class differences in adult mortality emerged at the same time in urban as in rural areas. The analysis shows that the social class gradient in mortality was more pronounced in the urban than in the rural area, and hence that it was primarily an urban phenomenon. The urban mortality penalty in the study area lasted considerably longer than has been found for Sweden as a whole, but presumably with changing explanations over time. In the early twentieth century, the higher urban mortality was probably connected to poor living conditions in the city, while in the late twentieth century it was likely more related to differences in lifestyle and possibly work-related stress
Living Standards in the Past: New Perspectives on Well-Being in Asia and Europe: Introduction.
No full textA Healthy Marriage? Marital Status and Adult Mortality
No full textThis chapter shows that marital status has had a fairly consistent association with mortality over the entire twentieth century for men. Increasingly, this association was also found among women. Married men have a survival premium today, and the same was true in the past. For men, marriage has been associated with lower mortality throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty-first century, while widowhood in particular has been associated with high mortality. The widowhood penalty is highest shortly after bereavement but persists in the long run, too. Over time, mortality differentials by marital status have increased for men, especially since 1950. It is remarkable that there is such stability in the survival advantage of married men despite the massive social, economic, and demographic changes during the period. The relationship between widowhood and mortality was weaker for women than for men but there was convergence in the patterns over time
Urban Lives: A Micro- Level Approach to Economic and Demographic Change in the Twentieth Century
No full textThis chapter introduces the research presented in the volume. It starts by highlighting the importance of an individual-level perspective to understand how long-term economic and societal changes connected with industrialization and post-industrialization have affected individuals and families during the twentieth century and into the twenty-first century as these changes pertain to social class, living conditions, and socioeconomic status. The authors discuss a detailed periodization, linking the developments in Landskrona to broader economic and societal developments in Sweden and internationally. The chapter also describes the study area and the Scanian Economic-Demographic Database and discusses the core concepts, variables, and methods used in the different chapters of this volume
Living Standards in the Past: New Perspectives on Well-Being in Asia and Europe: Introduction.
No full textThe Industrial City and Its People: Summary and Conclusion
No full textThis chapter presents and discusses the main findings and conclusions of the volume and puts them into a broader perspective. Taken together, the different chapters contribute to closing the gap between historical studies based on parish records and contemporary research based on full-count registers or detailed surveys. The volume thereby fleshes out the narrative of twentieth-century demographic, social, and economic history by focusing on the individual level. This approach has rarely been taken in previous research over such a long period of time due to lack of high-quality micro-level data. The findings demonstrate how the behavior of individuals and families was conditioned by the larger societal transformations of the twentieth century; transformations broadly associated with industrialization, post-industrialization, and the emergence and culmination of the welfare state. The rise and fall of the industrial city had far-reaching effects on some patterns of behavior while leaving few traces in others
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