8 research outputs found
ژاک دریدا کا ’’ردِتشکیل‘‘ کا تصور اور اردو ناقدین کی رائے
No full textJacques Derrida (15 July 1930 – 09 Oct. 2004) was an Algerian born French philosopher best known for his theory deconstruction. In this theory he states that text should be analysed to get the new angles of direction because no law or text is present in this world which has rights for final and pure limits. It depends upon the reading of text and the meanings of text and not related to author’s opinion or some critics opinion. It should be changed with the reading of text and passage of time. Different classical thoughts were standing on the seen truths, by introducing this theory all were become controversial. In fact, it is an approach in philosophy literary analysis and the fields which rigorously pursues the meaning of a text to the point undoing the opposition on which it is apparently found and to the point of showing that those foundation one irreducibly complex, unstable, or impossible. Different Urdu Critics such as Nasir Abbas Nayyar, Prof. Atteq ullah, Dr. Iqbal Afaqi, Gopi Chand Narang and Dr. Altaf Anjum describes the views about deconstruction
Melatonin Improves Drought Stress Tolerance of Tomato by Modulating Plant Growth, Root Architecture, Photosynthesis, and Antioxidant Defense System
No full textTomato is an important vegetable that is highly sensitive to drought (DR) stress which impairs the development of tomato seedlings. Recently, melatonin (ME) has emerged as a nontoxic, regulatory biomolecule that regulates plant growth and enhances the DR tolerance mechanism in plants. The present study was conducted to examine the defensive role of ME in photosynthesis, root architecture, and the antioxidant enzymes’ activities of tomato seedlings subjected to DR stress. Our results indicated that DR stress strongly suppressed growth and biomass production, inhibited photosynthesis, negatively affected root morphology, and reduced photosynthetic pigments in tomato seedlings. Per contra, soluble sugars, proline, and ROS (reactive oxygen species) were suggested to be improved in seedlings under DR stress. Conversely, ME (100 µM) pretreatment improved the detrimental-effect of DR by restoring chlorophyll content, root architecture, gas exchange parameters and plant growth attributes compared with DR-group only. Moreover, ME supplementation also mitigated the antioxidant enzymes [APX (ascorbate peroxidase), CAT (catalase), DHAR (dehydroascorbate reductase), GST (glutathione S-transferase), GR (glutathione reductase), MDHAR (monodehydroascorbate reductase), POD (peroxidase), and SOD (superoxide dismutase)], non-enzymatic antioxidant [AsA (ascorbate), DHA (dehydroascorbic acid), GSH (glutathione), and GSSG, (oxidized glutathione)] activities, reduced oxidative damage [EL (electrolyte leakage), H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), MDA (malondialdehyde), and O2•− (superoxide ion)] and osmoregulation (soluble sugars and proline) of tomato seedlings, by regulating gene expression for SOD, CAT, APX, GR, POD, GST, DHAR, and MDHAR. These findings determine that ME pretreatment could efficiently improve the seedlings growth, root characteristics, leaf photosynthesis and antioxidant machinery under DR stress and thereby increasing the seedlings’ adaptability to DR stress
Allamah Raghib Ahsan and Pakistan Movement: An Assessment
Full text linkThis study is not a conventional one rather the subaltern pattern has been taken as a model to understand the contribution of a leader who played a very significant role in the Pakistan Movement for a long span of time for the sake of the nation without focusing his personal interests. That is why, despite very valuable contribution of Allamah Raghib Ahsan, his name has so far been in the dormant for the common readers of the discipline of history. But it is generally understood that without proper understanding of the contribution of the leaders who stood in the second or third stages of leadership who prepared proper ground for the implementation of the idea of Pakistan. To understand the role of Allamah Raghib Ahsan in the Pakistan movement it seems to be important to quote here a portion of famous histrican Toynbee‟s statement – “… I find that in a general way the growth of a society can be measured in terms of the increasing power of self-determination won by society‟s leaders; and I believe that the future fate of civilization lies in the hands of the this minority of creative persons (Arnold Toynbee).&rdquo
The R Journal (December 2018) 10(2): Complete Issue
No full textEditorial, John Verzani
Contributed Research Articles
stplanr: A Package for Transport Planning, Robin Lovelace and Richard Ellison
The utiml Package: Multi-label Classification in R, Adriano Rivolli and Andre C. P. L. F. de Carvalho
rcss: R Package for Optimal Convex Stochastic Switching, Juri Hinz and Jeremy Yee
nsROC: An R package for Non-Standard ROC Curve Analysis, Sonia Pérez-Fernández, Pablo Martínez-Camblor, Peter Filzmoser, and Norberto Corral
addhaz: Contribution of Chronic Diseases to the Disability Burden Using R, Renata Tiene de Carvalho Yokota, Caspar WN Looman, Wilma Johanna Nusselder, Herman Van Oyen, and Geert Molenberghs
Snowboot: Bootstrap Methods for Network Inference, Yuzhou Chen, Yulia R. Gel, Vyacheslav Lyubchich, and Kusha Nezafati
revengc: An R package to Reverse Engineer Summarized Data, Samantha Duchscherer, Robert Stewart, and Marie Urban
Basis-Adaptive Selection Algorithm in dr-package, Jae Keun Yoo
SARIMA Analysis and Automated Model Reports with BETS, an R Package, Talitha F. Speranza, Pedro C. Ferreira, and Jonatha A. da Costa
fICA: FastICA Algorithms and Their Improved Variants, Jari Miettinen, Klaus Nordhausen, and Sara Taskinen
Profile Likelihood Estimation of the Correlation Coefficient in the Presence of Left, Right or Interval Censoring and Missing Data, Yanming Li, Brenda W. Gillespie, Kerby Shedden, and John A. Gillespie
Spatial Uncertainty Propagation Analysis with the spup R Package, Kasia Sawicka, Gerard B. M. Heuvelink and Dennis J. J. Walvoort
clustMixType: User-Friendly Clustering of Mixed-Type Data in R, Gero Szepannek
Stilt: Easy Emulation of Time Series AR(1) Computer Model Output in Multidimensional Parameter Space, Roman Olson, Kelsey L. Ruckert, Won Chang, Klaus Keller, Murali Haran, and Soon-Il An
SMM: An R Package for Estimation and Simulation of Discrete-time semi-Markov Models, Vlad Stefan Barbu, Caroline Bérard, Dominique Cellier, Mathilde Sautreuil, and Nicolas Vergne
ggplot2 Compatible Quantile-Quantile Plots in R, Alexandre Almeida, Adam Loy, and Heike Hofmann
Forecast Combinations in R using the ForecastComb Package, Christoph E. Weiss, Eran Raviv, and Gernot Roetzer
testforDEP: An R Package for Modern Distribution-free Tests and Visualization Tools for Independence, Jeffrey C. Miecznikowski, En-shuo Hsu, Yanhua Chen, and Albert Vexler
rFSA: An R Package for Finding Best Subsets and Interactions, Joshua Lambert, Liyu Gong, Corrine F. Elliott, Katherine Thompson, and Arnold Stromberg
Dot-Pipe: An S3 Extensible Pipe for R, John Mount and Nina Zumel
idmTPreg: Regression Model for Progressive Illness Death Data, Leyla Azarang and Manuel Oviedo de la Fuente
lmridge: A Comprehensive R Package for Ridge Regression, Muhammad Imdad Ullah, Muhammad Aslam, and Saima Altaf
Geospatial Point Density, Paul F. Evangelista and David Beskow
Consistency Cubes: A Fast, Efficient Method for Exact Boolean Minimization, Adrian Dusa
sdpt3r: Semidefinite Quadratic Linear Programming in R, Adam Rahman
Explanations of Model Predictions with Live and breakDown Packages, Mateusz Staniak and Przemysław Biecek
Downside Risk Evaluation with the R Package GAS, David Ardia, Kris Boudt, and Leopoldo Catania
NetworkToolbox: Methods and Measures for Brain, Cognitive, and Psychometric Network Analysis in R, Alexander P. Christensen
jsr223: A Java Platform Integration for R with Programming Languages Groovy, JavaScript, JRuby, Jython, and Kotlin, Floid R. Gilbert and David B. Dahl
bnclassify: Learning Bayesian Network Classifiers, Bojan Mihaljević, Concha Bielza, and Pedro Larrañaga
Dynamic Simulation and Testing for Single-Equation Cointegrating and Stationary Autoregressive Distributed Lag Models, Soren Jordan and Andrew Q. Philips
The politeness Package: Detecting Politeness in Natural Language, Michael Yeomans, Alejandro Kantor, and Dustin Tingley
ShinyItemAnalysis for Teaching Psychometrics and to Enforce Routine Analysis of Educational Tests, Patrícia Martinková and Adéla Drabinová
RcppMsgPack: MessagePack Headers and Interface Functions for R, Travers Ching and Dirk Eddelbuettel
BNSP: An R Package for Fitting Bayesian Semiparametric Regression Models and Variable Selection, Georgios Papageorgiou
Measurement Errors in R, Iñaki Ucar, Edzer Pebesma and Arturo Azcorra
Navigating the R Package Universe, Julia Silge, John C. Nash and Spencer Graves
News and Notes
Conference Report: LatinR 2018, Laura Acion, Natalia da Silva and Riva Quiroga
Conference Report: SER III, Ariel Levy, Luciane F. Alcoforado and Orlando Celso Longo
Conference Report: Why R? 2018, Michał Burdukiewicz, Marta Karas, Leon Eyrich Jessen, Marcin Kosiński, Bernd Bischl, and Stefan Rödiger
Conference Report: R / Pharma 2018, Joseph Rickert
Conference Report: R / Medicine Report, Joseph Rickert, Naras Balasubramanian and Michael Kane
R Foundation News, Torsten Hothorn
Changes on CRAN, Kurt Hornik, Uwe Ligges and Achim Zeileis
News from the Bioconductor Project, Bioconductor Core Team
Changes in R, R Core Tea
Global, regional, and national incidence of six major immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: findings from the global burden of disease study 2019
No full textBackground: The causes for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are diverse and the incidence trends of IMIDs from specific causes are rarely studied. The study aims to investigate the pattern and trend of IMIDs from 1990 to 2019. Methods: We collected detailed information on six major causes of IMIDs, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis, between 1990 and 2019, derived from the Global Burden of Disease study in 2019. The average annual percent change (AAPC) in number of incidents and age standardized incidence rate (ASR) on IMIDs, by sex, age, region, and causes, were calculated to quantify the temporal trends. Findings: In 2019, rheumatoid arthritis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease accounted 1.59%, 36.17%, 54.71%, 0.09%, 6.84%, 0.60% of overall new IMIDs cases, respectively. The ASR of IMIDs showed substantial regional and global variation with the highest in High SDI region, High-income North America, and United States of America. Throughout human lifespan, the age distribution of incident cases from six IMIDs was quite different. Globally, incident cases of IMIDs increased with an AAPC of 0.68 and the ASR decreased with an AAPC of −0.34 from 1990 to 2019. The incident cases increased across six IMIDs, the ASR of rheumatoid arthritis increased (0.21, 95% CI 0.18, 0.25), while the ASR of asthma (AAPC = −0.41), inflammatory bowel disease (AAPC = −0.72), multiple sclerosis (AAPC = −0.26), psoriasis (AAPC = −0.77), and atopic dermatitis (AAPC = −0.15) decreased. The ASR of overall and six individual IMID increased with SDI at regional and global level. Countries with higher ASR in 1990 experienced a more rapid decrease in ASR. Interpretation: The incidence patterns of IMIDs varied considerably across the world. Innovative prevention and integrative management strategy are urgently needed to mitigate the increasing ASR of rheumatoid arthritis and upsurging new cases of other five IMIDs, respectively. Funding: The Global Burden of Disease Study is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The project funded by Scientific Research Fund of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital ( 2022QN38). © 2023 The Author(s
Mechanisms involved in chronic neuropathic pain after avulsion injury
No full textPhDMotor vehicle accidents are the most common cause of injuries involving avulsion of
spinal roots from the brachial or lumbosacral plexuses. This results in chronic
intractable pain that is refractory to pharmacotherapy. This is largely due to lack of
information on underlying mechanisms, and lack of an established animal model to test
drug treatments.
This thesis has: 1) compared the neuroanatomical effects of dorsal root rhizotomy
(DRR) and avulsion (DRA) in the spinal cord. DRR is commonly used to model
avulsion injury but unlike avulsion it does not damage the spinal cord, as often happens
clinically. 2) Developed a behavioural model of spinal root avulsion injury (SRA). 3)
Evaluated the behavioural effects of drugs prescribed to treat neuropathic pain or those
used clinically to treat other conditions like motoneuron disease or spinal cord injury.
DRA produced a greater and prolonged glial, inflammatory, vascular response and cell
loss than DRR. SRA produced thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity in the affected
hind-paw. Neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory responses were observed in both
the avulsed and adjacent spinal segments, but produced no changes in the neuronal
phenotype adjacent dorsal root ganglion neurons, suggesting that the evoked behaviour
is mediated by central mechanisms.
Administration of amitriptyline or carbamazepine reduced behavioural hypersensitivity
in SRA, confirming their limited clinical efficacy in treatment of avulsion injury.
Minocycline and riluzole produced therapeutic efficacy. Both compounds prevented the
establishment of behavioural hypersensitivity, which correlated histologically with
microglial inhibition, although riluzole was transiently effective. Additionally,
minocycline reversed the hypersensitivity, an effect that persisted beyond drug washout,
whereas riluzole had a limited effect that only lasted whilst the drug was
administered.
This thesis provides insight into the mechanisms of avulsion-induced neuropathic pain.
The establishment of a behaviourally reproducible avulsion model provides a platform
to test new pharmacological candidates for treatment, such as minocycline
Global, regional, and national incidence of six major immune-mediated inflammatory diseases : findings from the global burden of disease study 2019
Full text linkDATA SHARING STATEMENT : Data used for the analyses are publicly available from the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (http://www.healthdata.org/; http:// ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool).BACKGROUND : The causes for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are diverse and the incidence trends of IMIDs from specific causes are rarely studied. The study aims to investigate the pattern and trend of IMIDs from 1990 to 2019. METHODS : We collected detailed information on six major causes of IMIDs, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis, between 1990 and 2019, derived from the Global Burden of Disease study in 2019. The average annual percent change (AAPC) in number of incidents and age standardized incidence rate (ASR) on IMIDs, by sex, age, region, and causes, were calculated to quantify the temporal trends. FINDINGS : In 2019, rheumatoid arthritis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease accounted 1.59%, 36.17%, 54.71%, 0.09%, 6.84%, 0.60% of overall new IMIDs cases, respectively. The ASR of IMIDs showed substantial regional and global variation with the highest in High SDI region, High-income North America, and United States of America. Throughout human lifespan, the age distribution of incident cases from six IMIDs was quite different. Globally, incident cases of IMIDs increased with an AAPC of 0.68 and the ASR decreased with an AAPC of −0.34 from 1990 to 2019. The incident cases increased across six IMIDs, the ASR of rheumatoid arthritis increased (0.21, 95% CI 0.18, 0.25), while the ASR of asthma (AAPC = −0.41), inflammatory bowel disease (AAPC = −0.72), multiple sclerosis (AAPC = −0.26), psoriasis (AAPC = −0.77), and atopic dermatitis (AAPC = −0.15) decreased. The ASR of overall and six individual IMID increased with SDI at regional and global level. Countries with higher ASR in 1990 experienced a more rapid decrease in ASR. INTERPRETATION : The incidence patterns of IMIDs varied considerably across the world. Innovative prevention and integrative management strategy are urgently needed to mitigate the increasing ASR of rheumatoid arthritis and upsurging new cases of other five IMIDs, respectively.The Global Burden of Disease Study is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Support from Scientific Research Fund of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital; Shaqra University; the School of Pharmacy, University of Botswana; the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR); an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Investigator Fellowship; the Italian Center of Precision Medicine and Chronic Inflammation in Milan; the Department of Environmental Health Engineering of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia; Jazan University, Saudi Arabia; the Clinician Scientist Program of the Clinician Scientist Academy (UMEA) of the University Hospital Essen; AIMST University, Malaysia; the Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; a Kornhauser Research Fellowship at The University of Sydney; the National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary; Taipei Medical University; CREATE Hope Scientific Fellowship from Lung Foundation Australia; the National Institute for Health and Care Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre and an NIHR Clinical Lectureship in Respiratory Medicine; Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore and Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal; Author Gate Publications; the Cleveland Clinic Foundation and Nassau University Medical center; the Italian Ministry of Health (RRC); King Abdulaziz University (DSR), Jeddah, and King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACSAT), Saudi Arabia, Science & Technology Development Fund (STDF), and US-Egypt Science & Technology joint Fund: The Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT), Egypt; partially supported by the Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning; the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad Pakistan; Ain Shams University and the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program; the Belgian American Educational Foundation; Health Data Research UK; the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Institute of Health Carlos III, CIBERSAM, and INCLIVA; the Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Shaqra University; Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences and SRM Institute of Science and Technology; University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan; the Chinese University of Hong Kong Research Committee Postdoctoral Fellowship Scheme; the institutional support of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt; the European (EU) and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, the EU Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, UK-National Institute for Health and Care Research, the Mahathir Science Award Foundation and EU-EDCTP.http://www.thelancet.comam2024School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH)SDG-03:Good heatlh and well-bein
Global burden of lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
No full textBackground: Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) remain the world’s leading infectious cause of death. This analysis
from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 provides global, regional, and
national estimates of LRI incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with attribution to
26 pathogens, including 11 newly modelled pathogens, across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023. With
new data and revised modelling techniques, these estimates serve as an update and expansion to GBD 2021. Through
these estimates, we also aimed to assess progress towards the 2025 Global Action Plan for the Prevention and
Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD) target for pneumonia mortality in children younger than 5 years.
Methods: Mortality from LRIs, defined as physician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis, was estimated using
the Cause of Death Ensemble model with data from vital registration, verbal autopsy, surveillance, and minimally
invasive tissue sampling. The Bayesian meta-regression tool DisMod-MR 2.1 was used to model overall morbidity
due to LRIs. DALYs were calculated as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) for
all locations, years, age groups, and sexes. We modelled pathogen-specific case-fatality ratios (CFRs) for each age
group and location using splined binomial regression to create internally consistent estimates of incidence and
mortality proportions attributable to viral, fungal, parasitic, and bacterial pathogens. Progress was assessed
towards the GAPPD target of less than three deaths from pneumonia per 1000 livebirths, which is roughly
equivalent to a mortality rate of less than 60 deaths per 100 000 children younger than 5 years.
Findings: In 2023, LRIs were responsible for 2·50 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·24–2·81) deaths and
98·7 million (87·7–112) DALYs, with children younger than 5 years and adults aged 70 years and older carrying the
highest burden. LRI mortality in children younger than 5 years fell by 33·4% (10·4–47·4) since 2010, with a global
mortality rate of 94·8 (75·6–116·4) per 100000 person-years in 2023. Among adults aged 70 years and older, the burden
remained substantial with only marginal declines since 2010. A mortality rate of less than 60 deaths per 100000 for
children younger than 5 years was met by 129 of the 204 modelled countries in 2023. At a super-regional level, subSaharan Africa had an aggregate mortality rate in children younger than 5 years (hereafter referred to as under-5
mortality rate) furthest from the GAPPD target. Streptococcus pneumoniae continued to account for the largest number
of LRI deaths globally (634000 [95% UI 565000–721000] deaths or 25·3% [24·5–26·1] of all LRI deaths), followed by
Staphylococcus aureus (271000 [243000–298000] deaths or 10·9% [10·3–11·3]), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (228000
[204000–261000] deaths or 9·1% [8·8–9·5]). Among pathogens newly modelled in this study, non-tuberculous
mycobacteria (responsible for 177000 [95% UI 155000–201000] deaths) and Aspergillus spp (responsible for 67800
[59900–75900] deaths) emerged as important contributors. Altogether, the 11 newly modelled pathogens accounted for
approximately 22% of LRI deaths.
Interpretation: This comprehensive analysis underscores both the gains achieved through vaccination and the
challenges that remain in controlling the LRI burden globally. Furthermore, it demonstrates persistent disparities
in disease burden, with the highest mortality rates concentrated in countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Globally, as
well as in these high-burden locations, the under-5 LRI mortality rate remains well above the GAPPD target.
Progress towards this target requires equitable access to vaccines and preventive therapies—including newer
interventions such as respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibodies—and health systems capable of early
diagnosis and treatment. Expanding surveillance of emerging pathogens, strengthening adult immunisation
programmes, and combating vaccine hesitancy are also crucial. As the global population ages, the dual challenge
of sustaining gains in child survival while addressing the rising vulnerability in older adults will shape future
pneumonia control strategies
