307 research outputs found
La Tunisie face aux changements climatiques
No full textThis report assesses climate risks and
opportunities and proposes actions. It provides a synthesis
of evidence of climate variability and change, impacts, and
uncertainties associated with climate change that may affect
Tunisia s water, land, agriculture, and coastal zones. The
report then provides a detailed analysis of the potential
impacts of climate change on food security and gross
domestic product (GDP) as well as on local populations
looking in particular at seven governorates. The report goes
on to discuss possible policy options for reducing human
vulnerability and for better adapting to climate variability
and change. The report provides guidance to policy makers in
Tunisia in three ways. First, it provides a Framework for
Action on Climate Change Adaptation, represented by an
adaptation pyramid. Second, it puts forward a typology of
policy approaches that are relevant to the region in order
to facilitate the formulation of effective policy responses
by decision makers. Finally, a matrix is provided, which
outlines key policy recommendations. Actions align with the
World Bank s 2012 Interim Strategy Note (ISN) for Tunisia,
which guides the World Bank investments in Tunisia over the
next two years and is focused on three main areas of
intervention: (1) sustainable growth and job creation, (2)
the promotion of social and economic inclusion by improving
access to basic services for underserved communities and
improving the efficiency of social safety net programs, and
(3) strengthening governance through improved access to
public information as the basis for increased social
accountability and transparency.En Tunisie et dans le monde, le changement climatique porte déjà préjudice aux moyens de subsistance et au bien-être des gens. Il est de plus en plus évident qu’il aura des impacts négatifs graves sur le développement économique et social en Tunisie puisqu’il menace de bloquer et inverser les progrès accomplis en matière de réduction de a pauvreté, d'amélioration de la santé, d'égalité des sexes et d'inclusion sociale. Ce rapport vise à évaluer les impacts de la variabilité et du changement climatiques afin de combler les lacunes en termes de connaissances et de répondre à la demande du Gouvernement tunisien en assistance technique pour la compréhension et l'identification des politiques et des programmes d'adaptation à succès. Cette analyse aidera le pays et son peuple à construire une résilience au changement climatique, en particulier pour les pauvres et les plus vulnérables. Ce rapport entend servir également de ressource pour commencer à évaluer les risques, les possibilités et les actions liés au climat. La méthodologie appliquée combine des approches quantitatives et qualitatives servant à l'évaluation des impacts du changement climatique et des comportements d'adaptation. Ce rapport comporte cinq chapitres. Le chapitre 1 expose la motivation et les instruments de lutte contre le changement climatique en Tunisie. Les scénarios et les impacts du changement climatique sur la Tunisie sont traités dans le chapitre 2. Les impacts économiques du changement climatique sur la Tunisie sont abordés dans le chapitre 3 et les impacts socio-économiques du changement climatique dans le Centre et le Sud de la Tunisie sont abordés dans le chapitre 4
Adaptation to a Changing Climate in the Arab Countries : A Case for Adaptation Governance and Leadership in Building Climate Resilience
No full textAdapting to climate change is not a new
phenomenon for the Arab world. For thousands of years, the
people in Arab countries have coped with the challenges of
climate variability by adapting their survival strategies to
changes in rainfall and temperature. Their experience has
contributed significantly to the global knowledge on climate
change and adaptation. But over the next century global
climatic variability is predicted to increase, and Arab
countries may well experience unprecedented extremes in
climate. Temperatures may reach new highs, and in most
places there may be a risk of less rainfall. Under these
circumstances, Arab countries and their citizens will once
again need to draw on their long experience of adapting to
the environment to address the new challenges posed by
climate change. This report prepared through a consultative
process with Government and other stakeholders in the Arab
world assesses the potential effects of climate change on
the Arab region and outlines possible approaches and
measures to prepare for its consequences. It offers ideas
and suggestions for Arab policy makers as to what mitigating
actions may be needed in rural and urban settings to
safeguard key areas such as health, water, agriculture, and
tourism. The report also analyzes the differing impacts of
climate change, with special attention paid to gender, as a
means of tailoring strategies to address specific
vulnerabilities. The socioeconomic impact of climate change
will likely vary from country to country, reflecting a
country's coping capacity and its level of development.
Countries that are wealthier and more economically diverse
are generally expected to be more resilient. The report
suggests that countries and households will need to
diversify their production and income generation, integrate
adaptation into all policy making and activities, and ensure
a sustained national commitment to address the social,
economic, and environmental consequences of climate
variability. With these coordinated efforts, the Arab world
can, as it has for centuries, successfully adapt and adjust
to the challenges of a changing climate
Economics of Climate Change in the Arab World : Case Studies from the Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, and the Republic of Yemen
No full textThis Economics of Climate Change in the
Arab World is presents detailed case studies on the impacts
of climate change in the Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, and
the Republic of Yemen that were summarized. The Arab region
is already being impacted by climate change through more
frequent cyclones, floods, and prolonged droughts. Thousands
of rural producers have seen their crops and herds
devastated by extreme conditions, and have been forced to
abandon their traditional way of life and migrate to crowded
urban areas. Those who stay behind in rural areas struggle
to cope with shortages of food and water. Climate change
affects countries' economies and households through a
variety of channels. Rising temperatures and changes in
rainfall patterns affect agricultural yields of both rainfed
and irrigated crops, and thus global and local food markets.
Adaptation is a process that will take place over decades as
new information makes policy makers reevaluate their climate
vulnerabilities. Still, by seizing the opportunity to act
now and act together, the Arab region can not only meet the
immense challenges of climate change but advance the
development of its entire people
Education and its poverty-reducing effects: The case of Paraiba, Brazil
No full textBreaking the intergenerational transmission of poverty requires far-reaching actions in the education sector. Widespread poverty affects both students'performance and their availability to attend school. Low-quality education leads to low income, which in turn perpetuates poverty. Furthermore, low levels of education affect growth though low labor productivity. Although Paraiba, Brazil suffers from a history of educational neglect, the state has recently made significant gains in primary enrollment; 93 percent of the children aged 7-14 are enrolled in school. However, 30 percent of the population aged 15 and older are illiterate and, unfortunately, it is not only the older generations that cannot read and write: 15 percent of children aged 10 to 15 are illiterate. However, substantial achievements in education have helped the extremely poor segment of population as much as expected. Probit analyses reveal that education attainment is the single most important poverty-reducing factor. All levels of education from primary to tertiary are significant and negatively associated with the probability of being poor.Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Primary Education,Health Economics&Finance,Public Health Promotion,Environmental Economics&Policies,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Environmental Economics&Policies,Poverty Assessment,Health Economics&Finance,Achieving Shared Growth
What factors influence world literacy? is Africa different?
No full textNinety-five percent of the world’s illiterate people live in developing countries, and about 70 percent are women. Female illiteracy rates are particularly high in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Niger and Burkina Faso, for example, more than 90 percent of women are illiterate. This paper presents a model of literacy. It shows that the main determinants of worldwide literacy are enrollment rates, average years of schooling of adults, and life expectancy at birth. Income has a weak nonlinear effect, negatively affecting literacy until a threshold level of per-capita income of about $2200 a year is reached and positively affecting literacy thereafter. Finally, African countries do not have a significantly higher literacy rate when controlling for other factors.Public Health Promotion,Education Reform and Management,Nonformal Education,PrimaryEducation,Curriculum&Instruction,Primary Education,Gender and Education,Curriculum&Instruction,Education Reform and Management,Nonformal Education
School drop-out and push-out factors in Brazil : the role of early parenthood, child labor, and poverty
No full textThis paper aims to identify the major drop-out and push-out factors that lead to school abandonment in an urban surrounding-the shantytowns of Fortaleza, Northeast Brazil. The authors use an extensive survey addressing risk factors faced by the population in these neighborhoods, which cover both in-school and out-of-school youth of both genders. They focus on the role of early parenthood, child labor, and poverty in pushing teenagers out of school. The potential endogeneity of some of the determinants is dealt with in the empirical analysis. The authors take advantage of the rich set of variables available and apply an instrumental variables approach. Early parenthood is instrumented with the age declared by the youngsters as the ideal age to start having sexual relationships. Work is instrumented using the declared reservation wage (minimum salary acceptable to work). Results indicate that early parenthood has a strong impact of driving teenagers out of school. Extreme poverty is another factor lowering school attendance, as children who have suffered hunger at some point in their lives are less likely to attend school. In this particular urban context, working does not necessarily have a detrimental effect on school attendance, which could be linked to the fact that dropping out of school leads most often to inactivity and not to work.Education For All,Youth and Governance,Population Policies,Tertiary Education,Street Children
Social Implications of Climate Change in Latin America and the Caribbean
No full textClimate change is the defining development challenge of our time. More than a global environmental issue, climate change is also a threat to poverty reduction and economic growth and may unravel many of the development gains made in recent decades. Latin America and the Caribbean account for a relatively modest 12 percent of the world’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions,1 but communities across the region are already suffering adverse consequences from climate change and variability (De la Torre, Fajnzylber, and Nash 2009). As highlighted in “Reducing Poverty, Protecting Livelihoods, and Building Assets in a Changing Climate” (Verner 2010), climate change is likely to have unprecedented social, economic, environmental, and political repercussions.climate change, latin america, weather, mitigation, adaptation, climate policy, developing countries, world bank, flood, drought, temperature
Oil, agriculture, and the public sector: linking intersector dynamics in Ecuador
No full textIn a recent paper, Fiess and Verner (2000) analyse sectoral growth in Ecuador and find significant long-run and short-run relationships between the agricultural, industrial and service sectors. They take this as evidence against the dual economy model which rules out a long-run relationship between agricultural and industrial output and show further that a more detailed picture of the growth process can be discovered, once the agricultural, industrial and service sectors are disaggregated further into intrasector components. This paper extends their initial results and provides insight from a multivariate cointegration analysis of intrasector components. The authors are able to identify three cointegrating relationships, each of which has its own meaningful economic interpretation: Two cointegration relationships capture the direct and indirect effects of the"petrolization"of the Ecuadorian economy. A third relationship clearly indicates a link between agriculture and industrial activity. Since this third cointegrating relationship seems to coincide in time with the trade liberalisation at the end of the 1980s, promoting agriculture appears to be an important way to promote sustainable economic growth in Ecuador.Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Scientific Research&Science Parks,Statistical&Mathematical Sciences,Agricultural Knowledge&Information Systems,Statistical&Mathematical Sciences,Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Agricultural Knowledge&Information Systems,Achieving Shared Growth
Labor markets and income generation in rural Argentina
No full textThis paper addresses three areas of the rural labor market-employment, labor wages, and agriculture producer incomes. Findings show that the poor allocate a lower share of their labor to farm sectors than the nonpoor do, but still around 70 percent work in agriculture, and the vast majority of rural workers are engaged in the informal sector. When examining nonfarm employment in rural Argentina, findings suggest that key determinants of access to employment and productivity in nonfarm activities are education, skills, land access, location, and gender. Employment analyses show that women have higher probability than men to participate in rural nonfarm activities and they are not confined to low-return employment. Moreover, workers living in poorer regions with land access are less likely to be employed in the nonfarm sector. There is strong evidence that educated people have better prospects in both the farm and nonfarm sectors, and that education is an important determinant of employment in the better-paid nonfarm activities. Labor wage analyses reveal that labor markets pay lower returns to poorer than to richer women and returns to education are increasing with increased level of completed education and income level. And nonfarm income and employment are highly correlated with gender, skills, household size, and education. This analysis also shows a rather heterogeneous impact pattern of individual characteristics across the income distribution, but education is important for all levels of income. Agricultural producer income analyses reveal that producers'income monotonically increases with land size and with completed education level, and positively correlates with road access and use of electricity, fertilizer, and irrigation. Finally, farms operated by women are slightly more productive than farms operated by men.Rural Poverty Reduction,Labor Markets,Population Policies,Work&Working Conditions
Social Implications of Climate Change in Latin America and the Caribbean
No full textClimate change is the defining
development challenge of our time. More than a global
environmental issue, climate change is also a threat to
poverty reduction and economic growth and may unravel many
of the development gains made in recent decades. Latin
America and the Caribbean account for a relatively modest
twelve percent of the world's greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions, but communities across the region are already
suffering adverse consequences from climate change and
variability. As highlighted in 'Reducing Poverty,
Protecting Livelihoods, and Building Assets in a Changing
Climate (Verner 2010), climate change is likely to have
unprecedented social, economic, environmental, and political repercussions
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