179 research outputs found
Doctor Jenner of Berkeley
No full textDr. Jenner of BerkeleyBerkeley -- The boy -- The journey to London: 1770 -- Advances in surgical training -- London: 1770-1773 -- Life in Jermyn Street -- Return to Berkeley: 1773 -- Letters from the dear man -- Balloons and the tartar emetic -- Cuckoos -- Family life -- Interlude: smallpox inoculation -- "The origin of the vaccine inoculation" -- The inquiry -- Running into storms -- Vaccination spreads around the world -- Fame -- The evidence at large -- The Hertford Street fiasco -- Village doctor -- An herpetic state of the skin -- Financial rewards -- Years of loss -- The last daysIncludes references to Dr. John Clinch of Trinity and the testing of the smallpox vaccine in NewfoundlandIncludes bibliographical references and inde
Science Behind, Around, and After Trees Response
No full textThis is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Bioscience following peer review. The version of record Jenner, R. A. (2015). "Response to Stach." BioScience 65(2): 119-120. is available online at:10.1093/biosci/biu214.NHM Repositor
Nanoparticle-based antibiotic delivery for the treatment of intracellular bacterial infections
No full textMacroevolution of Animal Body Plans: Is There Science after the Tree?
No full textThis is a pre-copyedited, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in BioScience following peer review. The version of record [Ronald A. Jenner; Macroevolution of Animal Body Plans: Is There Science after the Tree?. BioScience 2014; 64 (8): 653-664. doi: 10.1093/biosci/biu099] is available online at: https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/biosci/biu099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biu099 The attached file is the pre-publication, uncorrected proof version of the article.NHM Repositor
Transient canonical Wnt stimulation enriches human bone marrow mononuclear cell isolates for osteoprogenitors
No full textActivation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway is an attractive anabolic therapeutic strategy for bone. Emerging data suggest that activation of the Wnt signaling pathway promotes bone mineral accrual in osteoporotic patients. The effect of Wnt stimulation in fracture healing is less clear as Wnt signaling has both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on osteogenesis. Here, we tested the hypothesis that transient Wnt stimulation promotes the expansion and osteogenesis of a Wnt-responsive stem cell population present in human bone marrow. Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) were isolated from patients undergoing hip arthroplasty and exposed to Wnt3A protein. The effect of Wnt pathway stimulation was determined by measuring the frequency of stem cells within the BMMNC populations by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and colony forming unit fibroblast (CFU-F) assays, before determining their osteogenic capacity in in vitro differentiation experiments. We found that putative skeletal stem cells in BMMNC isolates exhibited elevated Wnt pathway activity compared with the population as whole. Wnt stimulation resulted in an increase in the frequency of skeletal stem cells marked by the STRO-1(bright) /Glycophorin A(-) phenotype. Osteogenesis was elevated in stromal cell populations arising from BMMNCs transiently stimulated by Wnt3A protein, but sustained stimulation inhibited osteogenesis in a concentration-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that Wnt stimulation could be used as a therapeutic approach by transient targeting of stem cell populations during early fracture healing, but that inappropriate stimulation may prevent osteogenesis. Stem Cells 2015
PEGylated liposomes associate with Wnt3A protein and expand putative stem cells in human bone marrow populations
No full textAim: to fabricate PEGylated liposomes which preserve the activity of hydrophobic Wnt3A protein, and to demonstrate their efficacy in promoting expansion of osteoprogenitors from human bone marrow.Methods: PEGylated liposomes composed of several synthetic lipids were tested for their ability to preserve Wnt3A activity in reporter and differentiation assays. Single-molecule microspectroscopy was used to test for direct association of protein with liposomes.Results: labeled Wnt3A protein directly associated with all tested liposome preparations. However, Wnt3A activity was preserved or enhanced in PEGylated 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) liposomes but not in PEGylated 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) liposomes. PEGylated Wnt3A liposomes associated with skeletal stem cell populations in human bone marrow and promoted osteogenesis.Conclusions: active Wnt protein-containing PEGylated liposomes may have utility for systemic administration for bone repair.</p
The tyranny of history the roots of China's crisis
No full textOver a quarter of the human race lives within the borders of China, the empire that has outlasted all its rivals from the Roman to the British. But, claims the author of this sweeping and provocative study, the Chinese empire is in terminal crisis, a crisis that goes much deeper than the decline of the current regime and threatens the survival both of China as a unified state and of the high tradition and culture that span more than three thousand years. According toProfessor Jenner, China has been both held together and held back by the tyranny of its history, by a culture and an education system that have always looked back, have rooted authority in the past and have inhibited creative thinking. Although in this century the orthodoxy has borrowed the language of Marxism, 'revolutionary' history has contrived to celebrate the authoritarian values of the imperial bureaucracy and the single orthodox tradition of pre-revolutionaryChina. The tyranny of China's past is not simply a matter of history and politics, however, but derives equally from the Chinese writing system, which is inherently authoritarian, and the Chinese family, which inhibits both individuality and a sense of citizenship and provides the building blocks of the autocratic state. The very successes of pre-modern China's productive technology have left the present with an ecological nightmare that recent economic growth has onl
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Sub-Unit Vaccines for <i>Brucella</i>
No full textBrucella species are the causative agents of brucellosis, which is regarded as the world's most prevalent zoonotic disease. Brucellosis is endemic to the Middle East, Mexico, Asia, South America and the Mediterranean and causes significant economic losses in livestock in these areas of the world, as well as being a reservoir for human brucellosis. Although there are live attenuated vaccines available for brucellosis, they have many drawbacks when used in animals, and are still infectious to humans. It is clear from this that there is a need for a new effective vaccine for brucellosis for both animal and human use.
There are increasing instances of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) systems being identified as virulence factors or potential vaccine candidates. In this study inventories of all the ABC systems encoded by five sequenced Brucella strains were compiled. These inventories were compared and differences have been found that could aid in the identification of virulence factors of Brucella. This study also explores the potential of ATP-binding cassette transporters as sub-unit vaccines against Brucella melitensis 16M. Eight ABC transporter proteins (PotD, PotF, Cgt, CydD, LolE, FbpA, OppA and ZnuA) have been produced using recombinant protein technologies, and their protective efficacy was evaluated in a number of studies using the murine model of B. melitensis infection. Of the eight vaccine candidates selected two have shown potential as novel vaccines against brucellosis. PotD and PotF are putative polyamine binding proteins of Brucella and show protection against experimental challenge of approximately 1x104 CFU of B. melitensis 16M when expressed by DNA vaccines or used in a PotD/PotF combination vaccine. Through this work a duel adjuvant system (ISCOMs and CpG) has been identified as a more effective adjuvant for Brucella vaccines than others previously used
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