87,134 research outputs found
Skilled migration: the perspective of developing countries
No full textThis chapter focuses on the effects of skilled migration on developing countries. We
first present new evidence on the magnitude of the”brain drain” at the international
level. Using a stylized model of education investment in a context of migration, we
then survey the theoretical and empirical brain drain literature in a unified
framework. Finally we use a particular specification of the model to discuss a
number of policy issues from the perspective of developing countries
Debt-sharing and Secession: A Generational Accounting Approach
No full textCattoir P. and Docquier F. (2004) Debt-sharing and secession: a generational accounting approach, Reg. Studies38, 293-303. This paper investigates one of the most important financial issues arising from a secession or a country partitioning namely the sharing of the national public debt. Extending Dreze's distributive neutrality condition, we use the generational accounting technique and propose a dynamic debt-sharing criterion which takes into account both the true debt future generations inherit and their contributive capacity. The equivalence with Dreze's static rule is only obtained on the balanced growth path, and in the absence of initial regional debt. An application of our criterion to the Belgian case offers striking results. Cattoir P. et Docquier F. (2004) Secession et partage de la dette publique: une approche par la comptabilite generationnelle, Reg. Studies38, 293-303. Ce papier analyse l'une des principales questions budgetaire posee en cas de secession ou de partage d'un Etat en plusieurs entites politiquement independantes, i.e. le partage de la dette publique nationale entre les regions. Partant de la condition de neutralite distributive proposee par Dreze, on developpe une extension dynamique de ce critere fondee sur la comptabilite generationnelle. Notre regle de partage prend en consideration la dette generationnelle leguee aux cohortes futures ainsi que leur capacite contributive attendue. L'equivalence avec la regle de Dreze n' est obtenue qu'en regime de croissance stable et en l'absence d' un endettement regional prealable a la scission. Une application de notre critere au cas de la Belgique offre des resultats interessants. Cattoir P. und Docquier F. (2004) Schuldenbeteiligung und Sezession: ein Generationen uberspannender Ansatz einer Bilanzbuchhaltung, Reg. Studies38, 293-303. Dieser Aufsatz untersucht eine der wichtigsten finanziellen Fragen, die sich aus der Sezession oder Teilung eines Landes ergeben, namlich die Beteiligung an der Verschuldung der offentlichen Hand. Die Autoren dehnen den Drezeschen Begriff des distributiven Neutralitatsverhaltnisses auf staatlicher Ebene dahingehend aus, dass sie die Generationen uberspannende Abrechnungstechnik benutzen und ein dynamisches Kriterion der Verschuldigungsbeteiligung vorschlagen, das sowohl die wahre Verschuldung, die zukunftige Generationen erben werden, als auch ihre Zahlungsfahigkeit in Betracht ziehen. Die Entsprechung der Brezeischen statischen Regel wird auch in Abwesenheit regionaler Verschuldung auf dem Wege gleichmassigen Wachstums erreicht. Eine Anwendung des Kriteriums auf den Fall Belgien fuhrt zu bemerkenswerten Ergebnissen. Cattoir P. y Docquier F. (2004) Division de la deuda publica y secesion: un enfoque de contabilidad generacional Reg. Studies38, 293-303. Este articulo investiga uno de los temas financieros mas importantes que emergen a partir de la secesion o de la division de un pais, denominado division de la deuda publica nacional. Ampliando la condicion de neutralidad distributiva de Dreze, utilizamos la tecnica de contabilidad generacional y proponemos un criterio dinamico de la division de la deuda publica que tiene en cuenta tanto la deuda real que heredan las generaciones futuras asi como su capacidad contributiva. La equivalencia con la regla estatica de Dreze solamente se obtiene en la trayectoria de crecimiento equilibrado, y en la ausencia de una deuda regional inicial. La aplicacion de nuestro criterio al caso belga ofrece resultados sorprendentes.Public Debt, Secession, Generational Accounting,
Chapitre 7. Les perspectives budgétaires : la Communauté française, la Région wallonne, la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale et la Cocof à l'horizon 2010:in F. DOCQUIER, ed., La solidarité entre les Régions, Bilan et perspectives, De Boeck Université, Bruxelles
No full textEmigration and democracy
No full textMigration is an important and yet neglected determinant of institutions. The paper documents the channels through which emigration affects home country institutions and considers dynamic-panel regressions for a large sample of developing countries. We find that emigration and human capital both increase democracy and economic freedom. This implies that unskilled (skilled) emigration has a positive (ambiguous) impact on institutional quality. Simulations show an impact of skilled emigration that is generally positive, significant for a few countries in the short run and for many countries in the long run once incentive effects of emigration on human capital formation are accounted for
Brain Drain Brain Gain The Global Competition to Attract High-Skilled Migrants
No full textThis volume contributes to putting policies affecting the international flows of talents in the right context, as a long-run problem of individual countries and of global governance.
It reviews the most recent research on brain drain and brain gain, producing new original results by the means of data sources specifically assembled for this study, and addressing several key policy issues
Variations on the Author
No full text“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Emigration of Skilled Labor under Risk Aversion: The Case of Medical Doctors from Middle Eastern and North African Economies
No full textThis is a contribution to the new economics of skilled labor emigration that focuses on the mobility of medical doctors from sending Middle East and North African countries. Economic models under risk neutrality and aversion are used. The findings show that the relative expected benefits and the emigration rate have major effects on the net relative human medical capital that remains in the source country. The effects of relative wages in the destination and sending countries besides the yield of education are likely to change the emigration patterns. Comparisons of theoretical and observed relative human capital per country averages are conducted and ensured the statistical validity of the model. The empirical results based on the available data by Docquier and Marfouk (2006 and 2008) and Bhargava, Docquier and Moullan (2010) allowed further use of the model to understand the current trends in the emigration of medical doctors. These trends confirm the magnitude of relative wages besides the level of education and the attitude toward risk as determinants of the emigration of skilled labor. The countries included in the study are all exhibiting brain gain under 1991-2004 emigration data but two distinct groups of countries are identified. Each country is encouraged to anticipate the likely effects of this emigration on the economy with the increase of health demand, the domestic wages and the increase in education capacity for medical doctors.Medical skilled emigration; wages; human capital, risks.
Genetic and biochemical characterization of FUS-1 (OXA-85), a narrow-spectrum class D beta-lactamase from Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. polymorphum
No full textPrevious studies have reported β-lactamase-mediated penicillin resistance in Fusobacterium nucleatum, but no β-lactamase gene has yet been identified in this species. An F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum strain resistant to penicillin and amoxicillin was isolated from a human periodontitis sample. DNA cloning and sequencing revealed a 765-bp open reading frame encoding a new class D β-lactamase named FUS-1 (OXA-85). A recombinant Escherichia coli strain carrying the blaFUS-1 gene exhibited resistance to amoxicillin with a moderate decrease in the MICs with clavulanic acid. The bla FUS-1 gene was found in two additional clonally unrelated F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum isolates. It was located on the chromosome in a peculiar genetic environment where a gene encoding a putative transposase-like protein is found, suggesting a possible acquisition of this class D β-lactamase gene. The FUS-1 enzyme showed the closest ancestral relationship with OXA-63 from Brachyspira pilosicoli (53% identity) and with putative chromosomal β-lactamases of Campylobacter spp. (40 to 42% identity). FUS-1 presents all of the conserved structural motifs of class D β-lactamases. Kinetic analysis revealed that FUS-1 exhibits a narrow substrate profile, efficiently hydrolyzing benzylpenicillin and oxacillin. FUS-1 was poorly inactivated by clavulanate and NaC1. FUS-1 is the first example of a class D β-lactamase produced by a gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium to be characterized. Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved
A New Database Controlling for Age of Entry
No full textMeasuring International Skilled Migration: A New Database Controlling for Age of Entry Michel Beine, Frederic Docquier, and Hillel Rapoport Recent data on international migration of skilled workers define skilled migrants by education level without distinguishing whether they acquired their education in the home or the host country. Using these data and a simple gravity model to estimate the age-of-entry structure of the remaining 23 percent, alternative brain drain measures are proposed that exclude immigrants who arrived before ages 12, 18, and 22. the Belgian National Fund for Economic Research, professor of economics at the Universite Catholique de Louvain (Belgium), and a research fellow at the Institute for the Study of Labor (Bonn) and the Center for Research and Analysis of Migration at University College London; his email address is docquier ires.ucl.ac.be. Hillel Rapoport (corresponding author) is senior lecturer in economics at Bar-Ilan University, a member of EQUIPPE, Universites de Lille (EA CNRS 4018), and a research fellow at the Center for Research and Analysis of Migration at University College London; his email address is hillel mail.biu.ac.il. This article is part of the World Bank Migration and Development Program, which provided financial support. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions oxfordjournals.org 249 250 THE WORLD BANK ECONOMIC REVIEW source country, which should consider as skilled emigrants only people who received post-secondary training in their home country. After zeros and a few suspicious observations were eliminated, 1,580 observations remained for each age threshold (1990 and 2000 included). Survey data are not available for many countries, and when they are (for example, in the EU Labor Force Survey and in the European Community Household Panel), they do not provide representative cross-sectional pictures of immigrants' characteristics. Included as origin country characteristics in Zk are i democracy indicators and measures of public expenditures on primary, secondary, and tertiary education. And included as host country characteristics in Wk f are indicators of social expenditures, education expenditures,3 and degree of openness to immigration. Bringing together the census data on age of entry, which represent 77 percent of skilled immigrants to the OECD, and the estimated structure computed using the results of the parsimonious model for the remaining 23 percent5 provides alternative measures of the brain drain from which skilled immigrants who arrived before a given age are excluded
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