117 research outputs found
The Jewish population of Busko-Zdrój during the Second World War in the light of the chosen local Nazi documents
No full textIn the article there are outlined the difficult circumstances of the Jewish population in the town Busko-Zdrój during the Second Word War in the light of the chosen local Nazi documents. The author writes also about the significant importance of the Jewish citizens for the town before the war. The analysis proves that the Jews were oppressed, exploited and humiliated because of the forced labour for the benefit of the town and its institutions by the Nazi local authorities. Beyond that there were found some documents, where the measures were found, which should have made the life of the Jews more difficult.Im Artikel wird versucht, die schwierigen Lebensumstände der jüdischen Bevölkerung in Busko-Zdrój während des Zweiten Weltkrieges anhand der ausgewählten NS-Schriftstücke umzureißen. In den Fokus der Forschung wird auch die Bedeutung der jüdischen Einwohner des Städtchens aus der Zeit vor dem Krieg gestellt. Aus der Untersuchung geht hervor, dass die Juden von den Besatzungsbehörden unterdrückt, ausgenutzt und gedemütigt wurden, indem sie zu einer schweren Arbeit zugunsten der Stadt und deren Einrichtungen gezwungen wurden. Es wurden auch die Dokumente vorgefunden, in denen die Schritte seitens der NS-Deutschen unternommen wurden, um das Leben der Juden zu erschweren
Realization of SPA function in health resorts of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
No full textFunkcja uzdrowiskowa jest jedną z zasadniczych funkcji turystycznych obszaru. Integruje ona zarówno działalność turystyczną z leczniczą, jak i cele społeczne i ekonomiczne. Zasadniczym celem artykułu jest charakterystyka potencjału oraz działalności podmiotów zlokalizowanych na obszarze województwa świętokrzyskiego w zakresie turystyki uzdrowiskowej oraz lecznictwa uzdrowiskowego. Autor omawia zasadnicze cechy obu świętokrzyskich uzdrowisk (Busko-Zdrój oraz Solec-Zdrój) w relacji do pozostałego potencjału uzdrowiskowego Polski. Zastosowane w artykule porównania poparto pomiarem potencjału uzdrowiskowego z zastosowaniem wskaźników funkcji turystycznej i uzdrowiskowej. Wnioski zawarte w pracy dotyczące turystyki i zdrowia publicznego wskazują na dominację uzdrowiska Busko-Zdrój zarówno pod względem leczniczym, jak i administracyjnym nad uzdrowiskiem Solec-Zdrój. Jednakże oba uzdrowiska różnią się od siebie pod względem specjalizacji turystycznej, gdyż Busko-Zdrój ukierunkowuje swoją działalność na lecznictwo uzdrowiskowe, natomiast w uzdrowisku Solec-Zdrój przeważają przyjazdy turystyczne.The spa is one of the essential functions of the tourist area. It integrates both the tourist activity, as well as social and economic objectives. The main aim of this article is to describe the potential and business entities located in the Kielce region in the field of health tourism and spa treatment. The author discusses the essential features of both spas of Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (Busko Zdroj and Solec Zdrój) in relation to the remaining potential of the Polish spa. The conclusions reached in the work on public health, tourism and show the dominance of Busko Zdroj, both in terms of healing, as well as the spa administrative. However, both the spa differ in terms of tourism specialization, as Busko Zdroj spa directs its activities on healthcare spa, while the spa Solec Zdroj prevail tourist arrivals
Bright constant color upconversion based on dual 980 and 1550 nm excitation of SrF2:Yb3+, Er3+ and β-NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ micropowders― considerations for persistence of vision displays
No full textUpconversion phosphors are of interest for 2D head-up and 3D volumetric displays. These exploit persistence of vision; fast scanning of the near-infrared excitation means that the material at each emission point is only excited for a short fraction of the time it takes to trace the whole image. To achieve an average luminance on the order of 100 cd m−2 (necessary for the display to be visible in ambient indoor lighting), the luminance during excitation must be several orders of magnitude higher than its time-averaged value. For this purpose, efficient energy-transfer upconversion materials such as the benchmark β-NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ are of obvious interest. However, under 980 nm excitation the perceived color of their emission varies with their luminance, limiting their applicability for a grayscale display. We demonstrate that under dual 980 nm and 1550 nm excitation, a constant green color can be maintained at CIE coordinates (0.31, 0.66), as the luminance is varied. At moderate power densities of 100 W cm-2 at each excitation wavelength, a luminance of 8 × 106 cd m−2 can be achieved. Conservatively considering that the luminance will be reduced by 5 orders of magnitude in a laser scanning display, this material will still be bright enough to be viewed in indoor ambient light. We also investigate SrF2:Yb3+,Er3+, and find color tuning from the red to green is possible under dual wavelength excitation, but only at limited luminance, so color tuning in this manner would only be appropriate for displays viewed in a dark environment
Alexey Poltoratsky: at the Origins of Physical Culture in Belarus
No full textСтатья посвящена становлению системы физического воспитания в белорусских губерниях Российской империи на рубеже XIX – XX веков сквозь призму личностного подхода. На примере биографии и деятельности Алексея Полторацкого, одного из специалистов в сфере физической культуры, рассматриваются ключевые проблемы формирования новой системы спорта и физического воспитания. Автор рассматривает общеевропейский контекст этого процесса, анализируя научные работы и результаты деятельности А. Полторацкого в изучаемой сфере: от преподавания в Полоцком кадетском корпусе до участия в Международных конгрессах по физической культуре. На основе материалов периодической печати и архивных документов изучены основные предложения по реформированию отечественной физической культуры в начале ХХ века, выделены основные реализованные проекты А. Полторацкого, отмечена его работа в команде генерала А. Бутовского. Автор делает вывод, что к началу Первой мировой войны в белорусских губерниях теоретически оформилась концепция физического воспитания европейского уровня.= The article is devoted to the formation of the system of physical education in the Belarusian provinces of the Russian Empire at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries through the prism of a personal approach. On the example of the biography and activities of Alexei Poltoratsky, one of the specialists in the field of physical culture, the key problems of the formation of a new system of sports and physical education are considered. The author examines the pan-European context of this process, analyzing the scientific work and results of A. Poltoratsky's activities in the field under study: from teaching in the Polotsk Cadet Corps to participating in International Congresses on Physical Culture. Based on the materials of the periodical press and archival documents, the main proposals for reforming the national physical culture at the beginning of the 20th century were studied, the main implemented projects of A. Poltoratsky were highlighted, and his work in the team of General A. Butovsky was noted. The author concludes that by the beginning of the First World War in the Belarusian provinces, the concept of physical education of the European level theoretically took shape
The death certificate as atext type : an attempt at atextlinguistic analysis of the entriesin a Liber Defunctorum from the 19th century
No full textThe paper, involving atextlinguistic analysis, attempts to identify specific features of the Polish administrative language in the entries of the parish register from Busko-Zdrój in the 19th century. The aim of the investigation is to answer the question as to whether the examined annotations can be regarded as apattern of the registration in aparish register and so as atext type. The author focuses on the structure and characteristics of different entries. The research area defined in such amanner is based on the outlining of structure and the function of the parish registers and their notes
Micellar carrier for triplet–triplet annihilation-assisted photon energy upconversion in a water environment
No full textLimitation of room temperature phosphorescence efficiency in metal organic frameworks due to triplet-triplet annihilation
No full textThe effect of triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) on the room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is studied in benchmark RTP MOFs based on Zn metal centers and isophthalic or terephthalic acid linkers (ZnIPA and ZnTPA). The ratio of RTP to singlet fluorescence is observed to decrease with increasing excitation power density. Explicitly, in ZnIPA the ratio of the RTP to fluorescence is 0.58 at 1.04 mW cm(−2), but only 0.42 at (the still modest) 52.6 mW cm(−2). The decrease in ratio is due to the reduction of RTP efficiency at higher excitation due to TTA. The density of triplet states increases at higher excitation power densities, allowing triplets to diffuse far enough during their long lifetime to meet another triplet and annihilate. On the other hand, the shorter-lived singlet species can never meet an annihilate. Therefore, the singlet fluorescence scales linearly with excitation power density whereas the RTP scales sub-linearly. Equivalently, the efficiency of fluorescence is unaffected by excitation power density but the efficiency of RTP is significantly reduced at higher excitation power density due to TTA. Interestingly, in time-resolved measurements, the fraction of fast decay increases but the lifetime of long tail of the RTP remains unaffected by excitation power density. This may be due to the confinement of triplets to individual grains, leading decay to be faster until there is only one triplet per grain left. Subsequently, the remaining “lone triplets” decay with the unchanging rate expressed by the long tail. These results increase the understanding of RTP in MOFs by explicitly showing the importance of TTA in determining the (excitation power density dependent) efficiency of RTP. Also, for applications in optical sensing, these results suggest that a method based on long tail lifetime of the RTP is preferable to a ratiometric approach as the former will not be affected by variation in excitation power density whereas the latter will be
Critical Power Density: A Metric To Compare the Excitation Power Density Dependence of Photon Upconversion in Different Inorganic Host Materials
No full textIn photon upconversion (UC) based on triplet−triplet annihilation, the upconversion photoluminescent quantum yield (UC-PLQY) depends on the excitation power density in a way that can be described by a single figure of merit. This figure of merit, the threshold value, allows the excitation power density required for efficient UC-PLQY to be compared between different triplet−triplet annihilation systems. Here, we investigate the excitation power density dependence of two-photon UC processes in a series of four lanthanide-doped inorganic host materials (oxides, fluorides, and chlorides) all doped with 18 mol % Yb3+ sensitizer ions and 2 mol % Er3+ activator ions. We demonstrate that an analogous figure of merit, which we call the critical power density (CPD), accurately describes the UC power dependence of these samples. Better CPD values are obtained when the lifetime of the intermediate states is long. The UC-PLQY at the CPD is linked to the saturation UC-PLQY. Thus, a measurement of the UC-PLQY at this low power density can be used to estimate the theoretical saturation UC-PLQY in the absence of deleterious effects such as laser-induced heating. This is compared to another method to estimate the saturation based on the CPD model, namely, taking half of the level’s PLQY under direct excitation. Our careful analysis of the upconversion spectra as a function of excitation power density gives several insights into the differing upconversion pathways in the hosts and proves to be a useful tool for their comparison
Determination of Upconversion Quantum Yields Using Charge-Transfer State Fluorescence of Heavy-Atom-Free Sensitizer as a Self-Reference
No full textThe efficiency of photon upconversion via triplet–triplet annihilation is characterized by an upconversion quantum yield (ΦUC); however, uncertainties remain for its determination. Here, we present a new approach for the relative measurement of ΦUC for green-to-blue upconversion using BODIPY–pyrene donor–acceptor dyad (BD1) as a heavy-atom-free triplet sensitizer. This new approach exploits broad fluorescence from a charge-transfer (CT) state of BD1, which possesses (i) a significant Stokes shift of 181 nm in dichloromethane and (ii) a comparably high CT-fluorescence quantum yield (Φref = 7.0 ± 0.2%), which is independent from oxygen presence and emitter (perylene) concentration while also exhibiting a linear intensity dependence. On the basis of this, we developed an upconversion reference using the BD1 sensitizer mixed with perylene (1 × 10–5 M/1 × 10–4 M) in dichloromethane. With this reference system, we investigated the performance of three BODIPY donor–acceptor dyads in the upconversion process and achieved one of the highest ΦUC of 6.9 ± 0.2% observed for heavy-atom-free sensitizers to date
- …
