621 research outputs found
The Etruscan <i>pithos</i> revolution
No full textThis chapter presents a study of pithoi – large Etruscan ceramic vessels for the storage and processing of agricultural produce in Italy in the first millennium BC. A new regional typology is presented along with their distribution in Etruria. The economic life cycle of pithoi is then analysed from their production to their multiple uses and agency to their disposal. Once these have been assessed, the broader economic impact of the adoption of pithoi in the Etruscan economy and society is reconstructed leading to the conclusions that they contributed to economic development and increased social inequality between the seventh and the fifth centuries BC. Pithoi are then considered as providing evidence for economic growth in the context of the urban development of Etruria
From tools to production: recent research on textile industries in Greece
No full textThe aim of this report is to provide a summary of the latest developments in the textile archaeology of Greece and the broader Aegean from the Neolithic through to the Roman period, focusing in particular on recent research on textile tools. Spindle-whorls and loomweights appeared in the Aegean during the Neolithic and by the Early Bronze Age weaving on the warp-weighted loom was well established across the region. Recent methodological advances allow the use of the physical characteristics of tools to estimate the quality of the yarns and textiles produced, even in the absence of extant fabrics. The shapes of spindle-whorls evolved
with the introduction of wool fibre, which by the Middle Bronze Age had become the dominant textile raw material in the region. The spread of discoid loomweights from Crete to the wider Aegean has been linked to the wider Minoanization of the area during the Middle Bronze Age, as well as the mobility of weavers. Broader issues discussed in connection with textile production include urbanization, the spread of different textile cultures and the identification of specific practices (sealing) and previously unrecognized technologies (splicing), as well as the value of textiles enhanced by a variety of decorative techniques and purple dyeing
Naval power and textile technology: sail production in ancient Greece
No full textSails and textile technology played a key role in enabling mobility and thus shaping historical phenomena such as migration, trade, the acquisition and maintenance of imperial power in the ancient Mediterranean. Yet sails are nearly absent from analyses of ancient fleets, even in extensively studied cases like that of Classical Athens. This paper examines the demand and production of sailcloth, including labour and material requirements, and logistics. A consideration of the Athenian navy demonstrates that making sails involved significant amounts of labour and resources. Managing supplies and reserves of sailcloth constituted a significant challenge, which could be addressed through more intensive exploitation of textile workers, trade, and taxation
Strumenti tessili in sepolture in Italia e Europa preromana
No full textLa produzione tessile costituisce una delle più antiche attività specializzate, tipicamente specifica rispetto al genere. Le prove archeologiche, iconografiche, letterarie ed etnografiche indicano che, in molte società, la filatura e la tessi- tura erano praticate principalmente dalle donne. In diversi contesti dell’Italia preromana e, più in generale, del Mediterraneo l’artigianato tessile divenne un simbolo della sfera femminile e il contributo delle donne alla comunità come lavoratrici tessili fu segnalato attraverso la deposizione di strumenti da filatura e tessitura nelle loro sepolture. Strumenti da filatura in materiale prezioso, come bronzo, argento, ambra e osso, supportano l’idea che questi strumenti fossero simboli importanti dello status femminile in diverse classi sociali. Le differenze nella distribuzione numerica e tipologica degli strumenti tessili nei contesti funerari sono un riflesso significativo del genere, dello status, dell’abilità artigianale e dell’età dei loro proprietari, mentre i vari cambiamenti registrati in tale distribuzione nel corso del tempo indicano trasformazioni sociali ed economiche iniziate in Italia durante il VII secolo a.C
Detecting Disguised and Cross-Language Plagiarism Using Citation Pattern Analysis
No full textPlagiarism is a problem with far-reaching consequences for the sciences. However, even today’s best software-based systems can only reliably identify copy&paste plagiarism. Disguised plagiarism forms, including paraphrased text, cross-language plagiarism, as well as structural and idea plagiarism often remain undetected. This weakness of current systems results in a large percentage of scientific plagiarism going undetected. Bela Gipp provides an overview of the state-of-the art in plagiarism detection and an analysis of why these approaches fail to detect disguised plagiarism forms. The author proposes Citation-based Plagiarism Detection to address this shortcoming. Unlike character-based approaches, this approach does not rely on text comparisons alone, but analyzes citation patterns within documents to form a language-independent "semantic fingerprint" for similarity assessment. The practicability of Citation-based Plagiarism Detection was proven by its capability to identify so-far non-machine detectable plagiarism in scientific publications
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Attached versus independent craft production in the formation of the early city-state of Padova (northeastern Italy, first millennium bc)
No full textMaking cities in Veneto between 9° and 6° century B.C.
No full textLarge and complex settlements appeared in Venetic region during 1000 and 700 bc. Are they ciies or not? Which is the way to indetify this pehnomenon ? In this paper I try to define relevant cri¬teria to describe and identify a city. These criteria work together, defining a place (where) and ways (what) of the urbansation.
I considered the landscape, the settlements, public places and monumental buildings, borders: structures and shrines; furthermore: increasing economy and the transformation of value, institutional, political and religious organization, knowledge of writing, ability and power to include foreigners, tales and mythes.
The archaeological data show as these criteria are well testified in Veneto between 1000 and 500 b.c., giving the representation of cities and city-state
U.S. trade policy towards developing countries
No full textThe United States has often been criticized for protectionist measures taken against developing country products. Yet, average agricultural protection has reemained practically nil in the U.S. over time, while rising in the European Common Market (E.C.M) and, even more, Japan. It further appears that manufactured imports from developing countries have increased much more rapidly, and reached higher levels, in the U.S. than in the E.C.M and, in particular, Japan. The U.S.-Japan comparisons for manufactured goods do not conform to the data on the extent of nontariff barriers, as measured by the share of imports from the developing countries which are subject to such trade barriers. The solution to the puzzle lies in part in the inadequacies of data on the share of imports subject to nontariff measures for gauging the protective effects of such measures and in part in the reliance on formal measures of protection in the United States as against the informal measures in Japan. More generally, one may explain the results obtained by reference to the openness of the U.S. market that has generally been more hospitable to imports from developing countries than have the markets of other industrial countries, particularly Japan.Poverty Assessment,Trade and Regional Integration,TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT,Environmental Economics&Policies,Trade Policy
The adding up problem
No full textThis paper presents empirical evidence pertaining to the"adding up problem"and the"fallacy of composition". It is shown that, rather than market constraint in the developed countries, export growth in the developing countries is largely determined by supply factors. Thus, the deceleration of economic growth in the developed countries after 1973 was accompanied by an acceleration of the growth of the exports of the developing countries. The findings of this paper have important policy implications. They support the views of those who advocate the application of outward-oriented policies in developing countries. This conclusion is strengthened if consideration is given to the possibilities of increased trade among the developing countries themselves. Finally, outward orientation promotes efficient import substitution through the reform of the system of incentives.Water and Industry,Environmental Economics&Policies,Achieving Shared Growth,Economic Theory&Research,Poverty Assessment
Incentive policies and agricultural performance in sub-Saharan Africa
No full textExports in general, and agricultural exports in particular, are more responsive to price incentives in Sub-Saharan Africa than in developing countries.. These are the results of an econometric investigation on the effects of real exchange rates on exports. It further appears that in Sub-Saharan Africa the impact of real exchange rates is greater on agricultural exports than on the exports of goods and services. Within Sub-Saharan Africa, market-oriented countries generally gained export market shares while interventionist countries lost shares. This occurred when market-oriented, not interventionist countries, maintained realistic exchange rates and did not bias incentives against exports. For example, Kenya and the Ivory Coast exemplify market-oriented, and Tanzania and Ghana interventionist, countries. Pairwise comparisons between the Ivory Coast and Ghana have indicated the superiority of the market-oriented approach in promoting exports and agricultural production.Economic Theory&Research,TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT,Export Competitiveness,Environmental Economics&Policies,Access to Markets
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