124,434 research outputs found
Catocala didenko Kons, Borth & Saldaitis, sp. n.
No full textCatocala didenko Kons, Borth & Saldaitis, sp. n. (Figs 1 –3, 13–29, 33–37, 45–46, 49– 57) Type material. Holotype: male (Figs 1–2), Russia, Primorie [Primorsky Krai], Hasan dist. [district], Andreevka vil. [village], 31.vii. 2013, Sergey Didenko leg., ASV collection, later to be deposited in the WIGJ; (Dissection No. 2124 HLK: 2015, DNA Voucher No. 20418- 310713 -RU). Paratypes: 1 male, same data as holotype, SD collection, (DNA voucher No. 20419 - 030814 -RU); 1 female, same locality as holotype, 0 2. viii. 2014, SD collection; 2 males, same data as holotype, ME and GG collections; 1 female (Fig. 3), Russia, Primorie [Primorsky Krai] Hasan dist. [district], near Vityaz vil. [village], 3 viii. 2014, Sergey Didenko leg., RJB collection, (Dissection No. 2141 HLK: 2015, DNA voucher No. 2141); 1 male, same locality as holotype, 7.viii. 2013, Vadim Golovizin leg., (DNA voucher No. 20416 - 070813 -RU), VGK collection; 1 male, same locality as holotype, 30.vii. 2013, V. Golovizin leg., (DNA voucher No. 20417 - 070813 -RU), VGK collection; 1 male, same locality as holotype, 01.viii. 2013, Vadim Golovizin leg., VG collection; 2 males, same locality as holotype, 02.viii. 2014, V. Golovizin leg., VGK collection; 1 male, Russia, Primorsky Krai, Skotovsky district, Anisimovka village, 04.viii. 2015, leg. V. Golovizin, VGK collection. Diagnosis. Wing Pattern: The wing pattern of C. didenko (Figs. 1–3) most closely resembles allopatric C. duplicata (Figs. 4–7) and C. gansan (Figs. 8–9). Relative to C. duplicata, C. didenko has a distinctly darker grey forewing (Figs. 1–9 taken at the same camera settings/lighting). Catocala duplicata is infraspecifically variable for the presence of a dorsal forewing apical arch whereas C. didenko consistently has a prominent apical arch, but C. didenko has more extensive black in the arch anterior to the reniform and distal to the postmedial line than specimens of C. duplicata with the arch. In cell CuA 2 the black dorsal hindwing median band is more expanded and the basal marginal shade is more broadly fused with the median band in C. didenko relative to C. duplicata. Like C. didenko, C. gansan has dark grey forewings and an expanded hindwing medial band broadly fused with the basal marginal shade in cell CuA 2. However, on the dorsal forewing C. gansan has extensive dense, rich brown scaling between the postmedial and subterminal lines and on the basal side of the antemedial line, as well as some diffused brown scaling in the medial area distal to the reniform. C. didenko only has sparse, diffused brown scaling in these areas. Catocala gansan also has a more diffused forewing apical arch relative to C. didenko and has a contrasting lighter whitish band (due to a greater density of whitish scales) in the medial area between the reniform and subreniform distally and the antemedial line basally. The remainder of the medial area is distinctly darker except for another thin whitish band along the basal side of the postmedial area anterior to vein M 1. In C. didenko and C. duplicata the medial area is of similar coloration throughout except for the blackish apical arch and a darker grey area anterior to the apical arch in C. didenko. Catocala dissimilis is separable from C. didenko, C. gansan, and C. duplicata by its black hindwings lacking orange-yellow bands and its pure white hindwing apical patch. Catocala kasenko Ishizuka, 2007 (Figs. 11–12) has male genitalia highly divergent from C. didenko and its relatives (Ishizuka 2007, Fig. 7) and is not closely related, although the forewing pattern is similar enough to potentially cause confusion. Catocala kasenko can be separated from C. didenko, C. gansan, and C. duplicata by having the dorsal hindwing marginal shade in the anal cell rather than in cell CuA 2. Male Genitalia: The curvature and orientation of vesica diverticulum 2 differs among C. didenko (n= 2), C. duplicata (n= 5) and C. gansan (n= 1) (Figs. 28–32). These figures show the three dimensional aedeagus and everted vesica at comparable angles, with the aedeagus resting on the bottom of a flat petri dish with the ventral extension over the vesica facing up. From this angle the apex of diverticulum 2 is orientated anteriorly and curving outward in C. didenko (Figs. 28–29). In C. duplicata the apex is orientated roughly perpendicular to the aedeagus shaft (Figs. 31–32). In C. gansan (Fig. 32) the apex of diverticulum 2 is orientated anteriorly but not curving outward, and it overlaps with the aedeagus at this angle versus being well separated from it in C. didenko. In C. didenko and C. duplicata the minute inverted teeth at the apex of diverticulum 2 extend as far basally as the sharp bend in diverticulum 2 (Figs. 37 & 40), whereas in C. gansan the minute inverted teeth terminate distinctly distal of the sharp bend (Figs. 38–39). In C. didenko and C. duplicata the sclerotized expansion at the apex of the clasper does not curve back basally at the terminus (Figs. 41–46) whereas in C. gansan this apex is distinctly curved basally (Figs. 47–48). Ishizuka and Wang (2013) reported clasper thickness and uncus shape separated C. duplicata and C. gansan. However, we have found no evidence that either C. gansan or C. didenko are outside the range of variation exhibited by C. duplicata for these features. Female Genitalia: One female C. didenko was compared with one female C. duplicata, and no apparent differences were found. No female C. gansan were available for study. COI 5 ’: Catocala didenko may be separated from all other sequenced Catocala species by the following unique combination of six character states: 5 (C), 358 (C), 613 (C), 235 (C), 238 (C), and 541 (T). The former three character states are unique to C. didenko within its species group. The latter three character states are shared with C. dissimilis. There are an additional eight character state differences between C. didenko and C. gansan, and an additional seven character state differences between C. didenko and C. duplicata (see Table 1; boldfaced letters indicate character states unique to one species in this species group). Description. Head. Vertex and frons with mixed grey, tannish-white, blackish-grey, and white scales. Labial palp basal segment almost exclusively white, with sparse grey scales on the lateral side; middle segment predominately white basally and on inner side except near apex, laterally and dorsally blending to mostly solid dark grey except at apex, which contains a narrow band of white scales bordered by lighter grey mixed with white; terminal segment predominately dark blackish-grey, with scattered light grey and white scales. Antennae dorsally and laterally covered by grey scales, except for pedicel which is covered with white scales. Ventrally with dense clusters of setae, basal segments lacking spines, distal segments with two or three long spines, terminal segment with seven long spines. Thorax. Patagia predominantly grey with a scattering of white and tan scales. Tegulae with mixed blackish-grey, tan, and white scales. Elsewhere a mix of grey and tan scales and hairs with scattered white. Paired tufts of hair on posterior mesothorax predominately tan with some grey and white. Ventrally with dense white hairs. Wings (Figs 1–3). Wingspan male (n= 1, holotype, 2015 HLK: 2147): 46 mm; length of anterior forewing base to apex: 22 mm; ratio of (anterior forewing base to apex)/ (anterior forewing base to tornal angle): 1.1. Wingspan female (n= 1, paratype 2015 HLK: 2141): 47 mm; length of anterior forewing base to apex: 24 mm; ratio of (anterior forewing base to apex)/(anterior forewing base to tornal angle): 1.2. Forewing upperside: Background color predominantly dark grey with variable peppering of light grey and whitish scales. Extensive dark brown scaling between postmedial and subterminal lines, and between basal side of apical arch and postmedial line. Prominent black apical arch slanting from apex to postmedian line at veinlet between veins M 3 and Cu 1, then changing directing and slanting to costa along distal side of reniform. Basal dash short, not extending distal of basal line, dark greyish-black, thick, spans most of the area between veins Cu 2 and 2 A. Basal line sharp and black above cell CuA 2, comprised of two loops, anterior loop fused with a black patch. Antemedial line fairly thin and black, predominately single but with a diffuse broken trace of a second line on the basal side. Antemedial line comprised of five loops: posterior loop (below vein 2 A) convex with a medial inverted triangular tooth, protruding basally on anterior side; second (medial) loop large and convex spanning between veins 2 A and lower margin of discal cell, sometimes with a medial concave indentation (Fig. 3, left side); third loop convex, spanning posterior margin of discal cell to veinlet; fourth loop triangular and slightly longer than third, with apex near anterior margin of discal cell; fifth loop short and thick, convex, anterior to radial vein. Medial line limited to black patch between costa and the anterior margin of discal cell and black line along basal border of reniform spot, black and thickened and forming the basal side of the apical arch. Postmedial line thin, black; bordered distally by thin band of pale whitish grey posterior of vein CuA 2. Postmedial line undulations black: below vein 2 A convex; between Cu 2 and 2 A weakly doubly dentate at apex; subreniform closed, connected to postmedial line by a single thin line; triangular tooth between veins Cu 1 and Cu 2; obscured by apical arch between veins M 3 and Cu 1; two dentate distally protruding teeth between veins M 1 and M 3 with a shallow concave division between them across vein M 2; straight and angling basally between veins R 5 and M 1, then sharply turned basally along vein R 4, roughly perpendicular to costa and thickened as small black patch slightly distal to the outer border of the reniform. Reniform spot closed with thick black border, diffuse brown scaling inside. Subterminal line a series of diffuse, black, dentate, distally protruding chevrons; one chevron between each pair of veins between R 4 and 2 A, half chevron between R 4 and the costa, indistinct or half chevron between 2 A and the inner margin.Wing margin with series of thin, diffuse, black, concave bars between each pair of veins from R 4 to 2 A. Fringe peppered with variable shades of grey. Hindwing upperside: Background color orange-yellow. Black median band prominent, distal side sharply angled along vein M 2, weakly bulged distally between veins M 2 and Cu 1, strongly curved distally in cell CuA 2, then much thinner and diffuse beyond vein 2 A, roughly perpendicular to but not reaching inner margin; basal side slightly concave between Rs and Cu 2 with only a slight indentation at vein M 2. Thick blackish grey basal marginal shade in cell CuA 2, extending from basal most edge of wing and fusing with basal side of median band, basal marginal shade darkens where fused with basal side of median band in cell CuA 2, creating the appearance of a convex basal bulge on median band. A second basal marginal shade fused with terminus of median band in anal cell, extending basally to a variable degree but terminating well distal of basal edge of wing. Marginal black band thickest anteriorly, progressively narrowing posteriorly as far as vein M 3, of fairly uniform thickness between veins M 3 and Cu 2, abruptly thinner but of fairly uniform thickness in cell CuA 2, slightly wider between vein 2 A and inner margin. Fringe orange-yellow, with convex black patches at ends of veins M 1 -Cu 2, patches may be fused together between M 1 and M 2 -M 3. Apical patch thin but conspicuous, with orange-yellow scales matching background color. Forewing underside: Background color pale yellow-orange. Marginal band thick and black. Termen with the same thin undulating line present dorsally. Medial and basal bands wide and black, not fused together but close together along vein Cu 2. Basal band more diffuse anterior of vein M 2, and separated by a thin band of scales matching background color along M 2. Hindwing underside: Medial black band of similar shape as dorsally but slightly thinner. Marginal black band of similar shape as dorsally, but thicker in cell CuA 2 such that band of similar thickness in cell CuA 2 and anal cell. Background color pale orange-yellow like forewing, but paler anterior to vein Rs. Fringe similar to upperside. Legs (Figs. 52–55 (male)). Male and female legs similar with two exceptions: (1) male profemur with laterally flattened apical spine on dorsal corner (Fig. 52), (2) male mesotibia wider than female and with hair pencil groove on inner side. Foreleg: Protibia unspined, but with small convex sulcus with radiating spines near basal extremity on the inner side. Protibial flange in shallow ovuloid pit, ventral margin of flange with conspicuous row of setae, becoming progressively shorter distally (Fig. 53). Protarsomeres 1–4 with three ventral rows of large triangular spines, and two rows of minute hair-like curved spines between them; protarsomere 5 with four rows of large triangular spines, with two rows of minute hair-like spines in-between. Minute hair-like spines present on lateral sides of tarsomeres and along dorsal midline. Protarsomere 5 with pair of elongate, narrow, tubular spines dorsally at apex, then curving ventrally at apex. Pretarsus simple, arolium translucent greyish and ovuloid. Midleg: Mesotibia with a single row of seven heavily sclerotized large spines (Fig. 54). Tarsal spination like foreleg. Hindleg (Fig. 55): Sclerotization pattern typical for Catocala, with femur sclerotized throughout, metatibia translucent white except at base, metatarsomere 1 translucent white except at apex, remaining tarsomeres sclerotized throughout. Metafemur and metatibia unspined, metatarsal spination like foreleg. Abdominal Scale Pattern (Figs 1–3). Dense orange-yellow hindwing background colored scales dorsally over grey background, white and pale tan ventrally. Abdominal cuticle. Male as shown in Figs 25–27. Female: Segments 1–6 similar to male, tergite 7 as shown in Fig. 51. Male genitalia (Figs 13 –24, 28–37, 45– 46). Capsule (Figs 13–16): Juxta and vinculum strongly fused with valvae, vinculum weakly fused with tegumen, vinculum arms prominently expanded and weakly fused midventrally. Diaphragma membranous except for juxta/anellus, but weakly pigmented posterior of anellus. Valvae (Figs 17, 45– 46): Outer surfaces densely covered with elongate tan hairs and scales except for anterior portion of sacculus, ventral half of "cucullus" (or the membranous valvae structure in the equivalent position) with dense contrasting darker brown hairs/ scales (Fig. 15); inner surface of "cucullus" with shorter scales and hairs along ventral margin. No saccular process. Inner side of sacculus with about 20 elongate setae near fusion with cucullus (Fig. 17). Additional shorter setae scattered along posterior margin of sacculus on inner side. Ventral inner sides of sacculus with concave indentation along margin of clasper base (Fig. 13). Left and right cucullus extensively pigmented, clear only for a narrow band along the anterior edge. (Fig 17). Cucullus with scattered elongate setae on inner surface along ventral margin, densest anteriorly. Left costa heavily sclerotized and gradually widening posteriorly, posterior edge indistinct, appearing to blend into the cucullus (Fig. 17). Right costa similar but slightly narrower, with distinct posterior edge terminating well anterior of cucullus (Fig. 17). Dorsally both costae smooth and narrow. Claspers similar, dorsoventrally flattened basally, laterally flattened distally, slightly S-curved and with inward curve at apices. Clasper apices with five to ten scattered, minute, short setae. Sclerotized clasper apices prominently expanded to over twice the width of subapical area. Ventral side of clasper with a prominent membranous flap extending almost as far distally as sclerotized apex, ventral apex of membranous flap broadly rounded (Figs 17, 45– 46). Clasper base and shaft lacking patches of elongate setae present in many Catocala, with only widely scattered short setae. Ventral and dorsal margins of sclerotized area of claspers concave; membranous flap concave basally, convex distally. Viewed from ventral side, both claspers with outer margins of sclerotized area (bordering the valvae) strongly concave basally, strongly convex distally, inner margins (opposite the valvae) convex basally, concave distally. Juxta (Fig. 22): Two elongate nearly symmetrical lobes, narrowest posteriorly, progressively widening anteriorly. Lobes narrowly fused to anellus at posterior apex, touching at posterior end but not fused together. Pitted pattern of anellus barely extending to juxta lobes at extreme posterior and posterior-outer edges. Anellus (Fig. 22): Lobes fused together throughout and appearing as a single sclerotized plate, asymmetrical with elongate concave posterior indentation on the outer margin of left lobe. Remainder of outer margin of left lobe weakly concave; outer margin of right lobe weakly concave posteriorly, weakly convex medially, weakly concave anteriorly. Posterior apex bluntly triangular, anterior edges of both lobes strongly convex. Band of sclerotized dense shallow depressions (pits) throughout medial area, extending in narrow bands along the anterior and posterior sides. Uncus (Figs 18, 21): Tubular, progressively narrowing distal of swollen base and again distal of midpoint, posterior margin strongly convex, anterior margin strongly concave; terminating in heavily sclerotized curved spine, laterally appearing pointed apically but narrowly rounded in dorsoventral view. Setae densest and longest at swollen base, longest basal setae about equal to width of uncus, scattered short setae distal of base, becoming progressively shorter distally. Tuba analis (Fig. 20): Membranous except for scaphium. Scaphium an elongate rectangular plate terminating slightly dorsally to the uncus apex. Aedeagus (Fig. 24): Translucent throughout. Coecum wider than shaft, distinctly bent. Aedeagus bent at posterior margin of coecum, and before ventral extension over vesica, weakly curved in-between. Left flank of posterior ventral extension ("hood" over everted vesica) (Fig. 33) with a deep basal concave gouge and a convex posterior expansion, right flank weakly convex, apex concave. Four sclerotized chords present on the ventral hood; inner chords converge and nearly merge subapically; right outer chord becoming progressively less distinct distally along ventral hood, but extending to apex; left outer chord prominent until convex posterior expansion. Ductus ejaculatorius (Fig. 19): Slender region with distinct bend just before scoop-shaped region, scoop shaped region projecting from slender region at about a 90 degree angle after the bend. Scoop-shaped region strongly convex on outer side, inner side strongly concave. Vesica (Figs. 33–37): Vesica diverticulum 1 trilobed (underneath diverticulum 12 in Fig. 33), 1 a about twice as long as 1 b and 1 c, 1 a bluntly triangular, 2 b somewhat quadrate, 1 c a convex lobe. Diverticulum 2 lacking subdiverticulum on the left side (Fig. 37), elongate and gradually tapering to a narrowly rounded apex (Figs 33 –35, 37), with a strong medial bend (Figs 34, 37); in ventral aspect apex projects anteriorly and curves away from the aedeagus (Figs 28 –29, 33), apex covered with minute inverted teeth extending basally as far as medial bend (Fig. 37). Diverticulum 3 distinctly bilobed, 3 a more elongate than 3 b (Fig. 37). Diverticulum 4 distinctly bilobed, corners projecting as two small lobes, fairly straight in-between (Fig. 37). Diverticulum 5 a single lobe, projecting distinctly farther than 3 or 4 (Fig. 37). Diverticulum 6 large and broad, wider than high (Fig. 36). Diverticulum 7 larger than 6, with three distinct lateral lobes (Fig. 34, 36– 37). Diverticulum 8 a broad convex bulge about the width of the right flank of the ventral aedeagus (Fig. 33). Diverticulum 9 a small simple lobe (Fig. 33). Diverticulum 10 distinctly bilobed, each lobe very broad, 10 a larger than 10 b (Figs. 33–35). Diverticulum 11 not discernible. Diverticulum 12 distinctly bilobed, 12 a distinctly larger than 12 b, extending about half way across aedeagus in ventral aspect (Fig. 33). Diverticulum 13 a simple convex bulge wider than high (Fig. 35). Much of vesica covered with minute inward projecting triangular teeth. Vesica membranous throughout. Female genitalia (Figs. 49–50) (n= 1): Papillae analis (Fig. 50): Transparent except for a thin band of dorsal sclerotization on each papilla, terminating subapically. Longest setae at base, projecting posterior/outward. Shorter setae throughout papillae project posterior/outward. Apices densely covered with setae of highly variable lengths. Papillae curved such that dorsal side strongly convex and ventral side doubly concave, but with small convex area at base. Papillae widest at base and gradually tapering, narrowest subapically with a slight apical widening. Intersegmental membrane between papillae and segment 8: Narrowing anterior to posterior, posterior end approximately 0.57 times width of anterior end. Length/width at anterior end = 1.1. Segment A 8: Anterior edge slightly overlapping with posterior edge of lamella antevaginalis. Shape as shown in Figure 49. Elongate, posteriorly projecting setae scattered throughout sclerotized surfaces, greatest density posteriorly along edge. Intersegmental membrane between lamella and segment 8 on ventral side: Heavily sclerotized; posterior edge U-shaped with darker sclerotization along edge disjuct at midpoint; sclerotized area with a posterior b
Fluvial processes of the Upper Lyamin River in the Surgut district of the Khanty-Mansi autonomous okrug
No full textCurrently, modern exogenous processes such as fluvial, aeolian, permafrost and others create conditions for the manifestation of dangerous geomorphological processes of relief formation. The object of our study is the territory of the valley landscapes of Lyamin River flowing along the territory of the Sibirskiye Uvaly Upland. The Lyamin River is the right tributary of the Ob River, with predominantly mixed and snow-fed food. The study of this territory will make it possible to predict and avoid the adverse effects of exogenous processes on territories identical in physical and geographical conditions that are affected by the oil and gas complex
Higher-spin gravity's "string": new gauge and proof of holographic duality for the linearized Didenko-Vasiliev solution
No full textWe consider type-A higher-spin gravity in AdS_4, holographically dual to a
free U(N) vector model on the boundary. We study the linearized version of the
Didenko-Vasiliev "BPS black hole", which we view as this theory's equivalent of
the fundamental string. The Didenko-Vasiliev solution consists of gauge fields
of all spins generated by a particle-like source along a bulk geodesic, and is
holographically dual to a bilocal boundary operator at the geodesic's
endpoints. Our first main result is a new gauge for this solution, which makes
manifest its behavior under the boundary field equation. It can be viewed as an
AdS uplift of flat spacetime's de Donder gauge, but is not de Donder in AdS. To
our knowledge, this gauge is novel even in the spin-2 sector, and thus provides
a new expression for the linearized gravitational field of a massive point
particle in (A)dS_4. Our second main result is a proof of the holographic
duality between the mutual bulk action of two Didenko-Vasiliev solutions and
the CFT correlator of two boundary bilocals. As an intermediate step, we show
that in a bilocal->local limit, the Didenko-Vasiliev solution reproduces the
standard boundary-bulk propagators of all spins. We work in the "metric-like"
language of Fronsdal fields, and use the embedding-space formalism.Comment: 35 pages; v2: JHEP version - expanded discussion/references, fixed
sign error in last equatio
Catocala katsumii Kons Jr & Borth & Saldaitis & Didenko 2017, sp. n.
No full textCatocala katsumii sp. n., Kons, Borth, Saldaitis & Didenko (Figs. 1: A–G, 3: A–AC, 4: A–F, 5: A–K, 6: A–B, 7: A, 8: A, 9: A–B, 10: A–B, 11: A, 13: A, F, & L, 15: A) Type material. Holotype: male (Fig. 1: A), DNA voucher No. 22027– 150616 – VI, Dissection No. HLK:2407, Vietnam, Kon Tum Prov., Ngoc Linh Mountain, vic. N 15.05° W108.02° 1700 m, June 2016 (YPM). Paratypes: (Figs. 1:B–G) Vietnam: Kon Tum Prov.: Ngoc Linh Mountain, vic. N 15.05° W108.02° 1700 m: 1 male, Dissection No. HLK: 2409, June 2016 (RJB); 1 female, Dissection No. HLK:2420, June 2016 (RJB); 6 males, June 2016 (RJB); 2 females, June 2016 (RJB); 1 male, DNA voucher No. 22030– 150616 – VI, May 2015 (RJB); 1 male May 2015, (RJB); 4 males, 6 females, May 2016 (AS, SD); 1 male, 3 females, July 2016 (HS); 1 female, DNA voucher No. 22029– 150616 – VI, October 2016 (RJB); 3 males, 2 females, December 2016 (RJB). Lào Cai Prov.: 1 female, Dissection No. HLK: 2408, Sapa Mountain, 1600 m, May 2015 (RJB). Diagnosis. This section allows diagnosis of the four confirmed members of the C. naganoi species group. We note that genitalia and COI 5' allow much better delimitation of these species than wing pattern, and we recommend that material from new localities be assessed by genitalia and/or DNA and not solely on wing pattern. Although C. hyperconnexa Sugi, 1965 (Figs. 2: L–R) is similar to C. katsumii in wing pattern, the genitalic structure of C. hyperconnexa is highly divergent and suggests no close relationship with the C. naganoi species group (Figs. 9: I, 10: I, 11: G–H, 12: D, 13: I & Q, 14: A–D, & 15: D). C. pataloides Mell, 1931 (Figs. 2: S–T) occurs in sympatry with C. katsumii and has a similar hindwing to the C. naganoi species group, but, as with C. hyperconnexa, the divergent genitalia suggest no close relationship (Figs. 9: J, 10: J, 11: I, 12: E & I, 13: J–K, 14: E–I & 15: E). Some additional Asian Catocala species have hindwings similar to C. katsumii (i.e., median and marginal dorsal hindwing bands doubly connected by black bands along veins Cu2 and 2A) but these are broadly allopatric and again have divergent genitalia (some of these species are compared with the C. naganoi species group in supplemental plates available at: http://www.lepidopterabiodiversity.com/SP.htm). Within the C. naganoi species group, C. naganoi and C. katsumii are supported as sister taxa. Examples of synapomorphies include: serrate region present on phallus posterior of ventral hood (Figs. 3: P & 13: B); in ventral aspect the apex of diverticulum 2b projects approximately perpendicular to the base of the phallus hood (Figs. 4: A–B & 18: A, C–D (red arrows)); diverticulum 7.1 present (Figs. 4: A–B & 8: A, C–D); apex of diverticulum 12 curves posteriorly (Figs. 4: A–B & 10: A, C–D (purple arrows)); ventral/posterior surface of diverticulum 7 heavily undulated (Figs. 4: C, E & 8: A, C–D); ventral anterior opening of antrum with roughly symmetrical concave lobes nearly perpendicular to the vertical plane of the antrum; and ventral anterior side of antrum opening nearly as wide as the horizontal width of the antrum (Figs. 5: A & 15: A–B). Wing Pattern: The maculation of C. katsumii is like C. naganoi, but the forewings of C. katsumii are generally browner and less mottled with white or pale brown, creating a smoother appearance, versus the greyer and coarser appearance of C. naganoi (Fig. 1). C. solntsevi and C. naumanni may have more contrasting darker brown in the basal area (basal to the antemedial line) than in the medial area, whereas in C. katsumii there tends to be little contrast between these areas. Some but not all specimens of C. naganoi, C. solntsevi, and C. naumanni have a variably sized band or patch of contrasting white in the medial area, which is unknown in C. katsumii. The ventral wing surfaces separate C. hyperconnexa and C. katsumii. The basal side of the ventral forewing marginal band is angled in C. hyperconnexa (Fig. 2: O) but smooth in C. katsumii (Figs. 1: D & G). Both species have a ventral hindwing black streak along vein 2a which extends from the marginal band to the wing base. However, in C. hyperconnexa the medial band extends distinctly beyond vein 2A into the anal cell, such that the black streak bisects the medial band (Fig. 2: O). In C. katsumii the median band terminates at vein 2A or extends slightly into the anal cell, such that the black streak is fused with the median band terminus creating a non–bisected continuous loop (Figs. 1: D & G). The forewings of C. hyperconnexa tend to be coarser and more mottled with white than C. katsumii, but are otherwise extremely similar. Some specimens of C. hyperconnexa have a contrasting white patch inside the subreniform spot (Figs. 2: L–M) and/or a contrasting whitish band in the median area (Figs. 2: L–N & R), and neither of these conditions has been found in C. katsumii. C. pataloides differs from all species in the C. naganoi species group by having the dorsal hindwing medial and marginal bands fused or nearly so along vein M2 (Fig. 2: S). The thick black dorsal forewing postmedial line between veins Cu2 and M3 differs from the C. naganoi group, where the postmedial line is thick along vein Cu2 and anterior of vein M3, but thin between these veins. Many specimens of C. pataloides have a contrasting white patch in the subreniform spot (Fig. 2: S), and we have not seen this in the C. naganoi group. It is not clear that C. solntsevi and C. naumanni can be reliably separated from each other by wing pattern alone (see Remarks; we have found no consistent differences in wing pattern in the limited series we have examined). Male Genitalia: C. katsumii (n=2), C. naganoi (n=3), C. solntsevi (n=4), C. naumanni (n=4 capsule, n=1 vesica). Vesica (anterior aspect): Inner terminal side of diverticulum 2b (distal of notch dividing sections A and B, demarcated by a white arrow) concave in C. katsumii (Figs. 6: A–B) versus convex in C. naganoi (Figs. 6: C–D), C. naumanni (Fig. 6: E), and C. solntsevi (Figs. 6: F–H) (see red arrows). Diverticulum 2b distal of notch globular in C. katsumii and C. naganoi versus narrower in C. naumanni and C. solntsevi (Fig. 6). Outer side of diverticulum 1c with at most a shallow concave indentation in C. katsumii, C. naganoi, and C. naumanni, but with a deep concave indentation in C. solntsevi (Fig. 6 (blue arrows)). Outer side of diverticulum 2a and inner side of diverticulum 5 distinctly separated in C. katsumii (Figs. 6: A–B), but touching in the other three species (Figs. 6: D–H) (except in one instance where diverticulum 2a slipped over the top of diverticulum 1a during eversion (Fig. 6: C) rather than being forced up closer to diverticulum 5 as in all other preparations in the C. naganoi species group). Outer margin of diverticulum 5 with a concave indentation in C. katsumii (yellow arrows) but not in the other three species (Fig. 6). Outer side of diverticulum 1a with four distinct lobes in C. naganoi (Figs. 6: C–D; lobes designated A–D in blue font), three distinct lobes in C. katsumii (Figs. 6: A–B) and C. solntsevi (Fig. 6: F), and two distinct lobes in C. naumanni (Fig. 6: E). Vesica (dorsal or ventral aspect): Deep angular separation between diverticula 6 and 6.1 (blue arrows) in C. naganoi (Figs. 7: C–D & 8: C–D), whereas only a shallow concave separation in C. katsumii (Figs. 7: A & 8: A) and C. naumanni (Figs. 7: B & 8: B), and no discernible separation in C. solntsevi (Figs. 7: E–F and 8: E–F). Diverticula 9a and 9b both conspicuous in C. katsumii (Fig. 7: A), C. naganoi (Figs. 7: C–D), and C. naumanni (Fig. 7: B) versus 9a indiscernible in C. solntsevi (Figs. 7: E–F). Diverticula 9b largest and broadest in C. naumanni (Figs. 7: B & 8: B), similar in C. katsumii and C. naganoi (Figs. 7: A, C–D & 8: A, C–D), but more elongate in C. solntsevi (Figs. 7: E–F & 8: E–F). Vesica (dorsal aspect, phallus hood behind image): Base of outer side of diverticulum 13 (left purple arrow) arising from outer edge of diverticulum 10 in C. katsumii (Fig. 7: A) and C. naumanni (Fig. 7: B) versus rising from the interior of diverticulum 10 in C. naganoi (Figs. 7: C–D) and C. solntsevi (Figs. 7: E–F). Diverticulum 7 small and not extending dorsally over the vesica in C. naumanni (Fig. 7: B) versus prominent and extending dorsally over the vesica in the other species (Figs. 7: A, C–F). Deep separation between diverticula 6 and 7 (green arrows) in C. katsumii (Fig. 7: A) and C. naganoi (Figs. 7: C–D) versus shallow separation in C. naumanni (Fig. 7: B) and C. solntsevi (Figs. 7: E–F). Vesica (ventral aspect, phallus posterior hood in front of image): Apex of diverticulum 2b (red arrows) projects approximately perpendicular to the posterior phallus hood in C. katsumii (Fig. 8: A) and C. naganoi (Figs. 8: C–D) versus approximately parallel in C. naumanni (Fig. 8: B) and C. solntsevi (Figs. 8: E–F). Diverticulum 7.1 indiscernible in C. naumanni (Fig. 8: B), versus present and conspicuous in the other species (Figs. 8: A, C–F). Apex of diverticulum 12 (purple arrows) projects posteriorly–inward in C. katsumii (Fig. 8: A) and C. naganoi (Figs. 8: E–F) versus anteriorly–inward in C. naumanni (Fig. 8: B) and C. solntsevi (Figs. 8: E–F). Posterior side of diverticulum 7 strongly undulated in C. katsumii and C. naganoi (most clearly seen in lateral aspect (Figs. 4: E–C), but also clear in ventral aspect (Figs. 8: A, C–D), much more weakly undulated in C. solntsevi (Figs. 8: E–F), and not discernibly undulated in C. naumanni (Fig. 8: B). Valvae: While the apex of valvae costa can be highly variable infraspecifically in Catocala species where it extends posteriorly beyond the cucullus, there are some differences within the naganoi species group that we observed to be consistent within all of the species among the series examined. Left valva costal apex tapering and narrowly rounded in C. solntsevi (Figs. 9: F–H) versus widening in the other three species (Figs. 9: A–E). The ventral corner of the flared left costal apex tapers to a point in C. katsumii (Figs. 9: A–B) whereas it is more smoothly rounded in C. naganoi (Figs. 9: C–D) and C. naumanni (Fig. 9: E). The dorsal corner of the flared left costal apex tapers to a point in C. naumanni (Fig. 9: E), but is irregularly rounded in C. katsumii (Figs. 9: A–B) and C. naganoi (Figs. 9: C–D). The width of the left valve costa between the clasper base and the posterior edge of the cucullus is distinctly narrower in C. naganoi than in the other three species (Fig. 9). The left clasper curves inward to the least extent in C. solntsevi such that it appears the longest in inner aspect (Figs. 9: F–H); it curves inward to the greatest extent in C. naumanni and projects posteriorly to the least extent (Fig. 9: E). In C. solntsevi the left costa is widest across from the clasper shaft and narrows anterior and posterior of this point, whereas in the other three species the costa is wider at the base of the clasper, constricts posteriorly across from the clasper shaft, then widens posteriorly beyond the clasper, constricts again, and finally widens again apically (Fig. 9). Right clasper narrower in C. naumanni (Fig. 10: E) and C. solntsevi (Figs. 10: F–H) than for C. katsumii (Figs. 10: A–B) and C. naganoi (Figs. 10: C–D). Sclerotized area in ventral anterior corner of right cucullus borders a distinct ventral lobe in C. katsumii, C. naganoi, and C. naumanni, whereas the ventral edge of the cucullus is smooth at the border of the membranous and sclerotized areas in C. solntsevi (Fig. 10). Juxta/Anellus (Figs. 3 L & 11): The posterior left side of the anellus has a sharp angular bend (slightly obtuse to nearly 90 degrees) in C. katsumii, C. naganoi, and C. naumanni whereas this area is broadly concave in C. solntsevi. The apex of the left anellus lobe abruptly narrows apically (due to a strong bend on the anterior side) in C. solntsevi and C. naumanni, versus a much more progressive tapering in C. katsumii and C. naganoi. The anellus is similar and not clearly diagnosable between C. katsumii and C. naganoi. The posterior outer apex of the juxta is less narrowly fused with the anellus in C. katsumii and C. naganoi versus C. naumanni and C. solntsevi, such that when the juxta/anellus is flattened out the juxta lobes form an obtuse angle in C. katsumii and C. naganoi but an acute angle in C. naumanni and C. solntsevi. Phallus: In all four species the apex of the posterior phallus hood is divided into two lobes (yellow arrows) divided by a concave gouge; however, the left lobe extends distinctly farther posteriorly than the right lobe in C. katsumii (Figs. 4: A & 8: A) and C. naumanni (Fig. 8: B) versus both lobes extending a comparable distance posteriorly in C. naganoi (Figs. 8: C–D) and C. solntsevi (Figs. 8: E–F). In C. katsumii and C. naganoi the subapical ventral side of the phallus has a serrate keel covered with minute spines (Figs. 3: P & 13: B), whereas this area has a single much larger quadrate tooth in C. naumanni (Fig. 15: H) but is smooth in C. solntsevi (Figs. 15: D– E). The phallus of all of these species is curved in three dimensions and apparent shape vary greatly between different orientations of the same individual specimen. However, when viewed from comparable orientations, such as with the coecum opening oriented laterally and on top (Figs. 3: P & 15: A–E) or face on (Figs. 3: N & 15: F–H) C. katsumii and C. naganoi are similar in shape (any possible differences between these two species are too small to detect above apparent differences that result from not being able to align different individuals in exactly the same orientation); however, C. naumanni and C. solntsevi each have unique and distinctive shapes within this group. Female Genitalia: C. katsumii (n=2), C. naganoi (n=2), C. solntsevi (n=2), C. naumanni (not studied). The anterior margin of the antrum opening has two shallow convex lobes in C. katsumii (Fig. 5: A) and C. naganoi with a small medial triangular depression, whereas in C. solntsevi the entire anterior margin is triangular shaped. The opening is also much wider anteriorly in C. katsumii and C. naganoi than in C. solntsevi. The anterior margin of the lobes of the lamella antevaginalis are concave in C. katsumii (Fig. 5: A), convex in C. naganoi, and convex with a small concave depression on the inner side in C. solntsevi (Fig. 15, red arrows). The sides of the antrum are asymmetric in C. katsumii and C. naganoi but symmetric in C. solntsevi. In C. solntsevi both sides the antrum strongly taper anteriorly for over 2/3 of their length, whereas in C. katsumii and C. naganoi the left side (ventral aspect) strongly tapers in the posterior third of the antrum length. The lagena is shaped like an inverted triangle in C. katsumii (Fig. 5: I), ovuloid in C. naganoi (Fig. 5: L), and irregular in C. solntsevi (Fig. 5: M). The utriculus and stalk of the lagena is distinctly longer in C. naganoi (Fig. 5: L) than in the other two species (Figs. 5: I & M). COI 5': Three consistent character state differences were recorded between C. katsumii (n=3, all from type locality) and C. naganoi (n=1, plus 1 partial sequence): C. katsumii has 50 (T), 136 (C), and 343 (C), whereas C. naganoi has 50 (C), 136 (T), and 343 (T) (Table 1). States 50 (C), 136 (C), 343 (C), and 343 (T) are recorded from only one C. naganoi group species. The clade of C. katsumii + C. naganoi can be distinguished from all other sequenced Catocala by the following unique combination of character states: 28 (G), 40 (G), 88 (T), 235 (T), and 574 (C). All these states are unique to the C. katsumii + C. naganoi clade within the C. naganoi species group. Catocala naumanni is diagnosed by the combination 241 (A), 289 (G), 364 (C), 400 (C), and 477 (A), and C. solntsevi is diagnosed by 180 (G), 265 (C), and 438 (C) (Fig. 16). Character states with black circles in Fig. 16 are unique to the specimens above their node among the specimens included in the analysis (all included in Fig. 16). All haplotypes recorded within the C. naganoi species group are presented in Table 1. Description. Head. Vertex with mixed brown, grey, and whitish scales. Frons with predominately brown scales medially and white bands laterally. Labial palp basal segment almost exclusively white, with sparse grey scales on the lateral side; middle segment with white band on basal, distal, and ventral sides, predominately dark grey elsewhere; terminal segment predominately dark grey, with scattered light grey and white scales. Antennae dorsally and laterally covered by grey scales, except for pedicel which is covered with white scales. Thorax. Patagia predominantly dark grey with transverse white bands and lighter grey with mixed white scales distally. Tegulae with mixed dark grey, light grey, brown, and whitish scales, without distinct bands. Elsewhere dorsally a mix of different shades of grey and brown scales and hairs with scattered white. Some whitish scales on thorax and tegulae with a bluish tint. Ventrally with dense whitish tan hairs. Wings (Figs. 1: A–G). Length of anterior forewing base to apex: 25–29 mm males (n=9), 23–29 mm females (n=9); ratio of (anterior forewing base to apex)/ (anterior forewing base to tornal angle): 1.2–1.4 in both genders (wing shape not sexually dimorphic). Comparative forewing data: Males: C. katsumi (range= 25–29 mm, mean=26.4, n=9); C. naganoi (range= 30 mm, mean= 30 mm, n=2); C. solntsevi (Vietnam: range= 28–33 mm, mean= 30.4 mm, n=25) (China: 33 mm, n=1); C. hyperconnexa (range= 24–25 mm, mean= 24.7 mm, n=4). Females: C. katsumii (range= 23–29 mm, mean= 26.2 mm, n=9); C. naganoi (range= 26–29 mm, mean=28.0 mm, n=3); C. solntsevi (Vietnam: range= 29–31mm, mean= 30.3 mm, n=7); C. hyperconnexa (27 mm, n=1). Forewing upperside (Figs. 1: A–C & E–F): Background color predominantly brown and grey with variable peppering of pale tan scales. Slightly denser brown scaling between postmedial and subterminal lines, and sometimes along basal sides of postmedial and antemedial lines. Basal dash present in both genders, short and thin, not extending distal of basal line, dark greyish–black, typically sharp with thin diffuse area around edges, occasionally diffuse throughout. Basal line sharp and black above cell CuA2, comprised of two loops, anterior loop fused with a black costal patch. Antemedial line single, comprised of five loops: posterior loop (below vein 2A) convex, thick and sharp contrasting black, margins more diffuse with black and dark brown; second (medial) loop large and convex spanning between veins 2A and lower margin of discal cell, of variable intensity but the most diffuse and least contrasting loop, comprised of brown or black and brown scales, sometimes medial section barely discernible from background (as in holotype); remaining loops thick and contrasting, comprised of dark brown or dark brown and black scales, midline regions sharp but edges may be diffuse; third loop convex, spanning posterior margin of discal cell to veinlet; fourth loop roughly triangular with apex near anterior margin of discal cell; fifth loop short and thick, convex, anterior to radial vein. Medial line double but limited to two black–dark brown patches between costa and the anterior margin of discal cell. Postmedial line of variable thickness, black; bordered distally by thin band of pale whitish grey to tan posterior of vein CuA2. Postmedial line undulations: below vein 2A convex, thick, mostly sharp but with more diffuse edges; between Cu2 and 2A single to weakly doubly dentate at apex; posterior side thickest part of postmedial line, anterior side thin, subreniform closed, connected to postmedial line by a single thin line; thin triangular tooth between veins Cu1 and Cu2; thicker but narrower triangular tooth between veins M3 and Cu1; two dentate distally protruding teeth between veins M1 and M3 with deep triangular division between them across vein M2, the tooth anterior to vein M2 extends slightly farther distally than the tooth posterior to vein M2, apices and sometimes base of each tooth distinctly thickened; jagged and angling basally between veins R5 and M1, then sharply turned basally along vein R4, roughly perpendicular to costa, then thickened as a wide black patch slightly distal to the outer border of the reniform. Reniform spot closed with diffuse, double, brown to black border, diffuse brown scaling inside slightly contrasting with the more greyish median area. Subterminal line indistinct, a series of diffuse, light grey, dentate to undulate, distally protruding chevrons; one chevron between each pair of veins between R4 and 2A, half chevron between R4 and the costa, indistinct or half chevron between 2A and the inner margin. A diffuse dark brownish band sometimes present distal of the postmedial line between veins M2 and R5, slanting posteriorly outward to outer margin at vein R5. Wing margin with series of thin, diffuse, black to dark grey, concave bars between each pair of veins from R4 to 2A. Fringe peppered with variable shades of grey. Hindwing upperside (Figs. 1: A–C & E–F): Background color orange–yellow throughout, no dark suffusion in hindwing background basal area inside or posterior to median band. Black median band sharp and thick, forming a complete loop with anterior and posterior sides converging at base of wing where only separated by a thin sliver of hindwing background color, distal side smooth to slightly angled along vein M2, both sides bulged between veins M2 and Cu1, band curved distally in cell CuA2, posterior side of loop thick along vein 2A. A dark band all along the inner margin paralleling the median band, but thinner, more diffused, and sometimes more greyish than the medial band. Posterior side of median band
Centaurea breviceps Iljin (Asteraceae, Magnoliophyta): neotype and its annotation according to ITS1 and ITS2 secondary structures
No full textMOYSIYENKO, І. І. Centaurea breviceps Iljin (Asteraceae, Magnoliophyta): neotype and its annotation according to ITS1 and ITS2 secondary structures / І. І. MOYSIYENKO, A. S. TARIEIEV, V. I. DIDENKO, N. I. KARPENKO, I. Y. KOSTIKOV // Чорноморськ. бот. ж., 2014. - Т. 10 (3). - С. 276-286
A Multi-Language Comparison of Influences on Author Verification using Character N-Grams
No full textWe create a new multi-language corpus for author verification based on Wikipedia talkpages, and evaluate the influence that differences in topic and time have on character n-gram author profiles. Topic alignment between two texts is found to increase author verification precision, and an authors writing style is found to change over time, but not more significantly after 3 years than after 1 year.Information ArchitectureWISElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The vanishing author in computer-generated works: a critical analysis of recent Australian case law
No full textAbstract
The use of software is ubiquitous in the creation of many copyright works, yet the requirement in copyright law that every work have a human author who engages in independent intellectual effort means that its use may prevent copyright subsistence. Several recent Australian cases have refocused attention on authorship as an essential criterion of copyright subsistence, and these cases suggest that much computer-produced output may be authorless and thus lack copyright protection. This article, the first in a two-part series, analyses how each case deals with the question of authorship of computer-produced works and why the use of software diminishes copyright protection for a significant number of computer-generated works. The article critiques the application of conventional notions of human authorship developed in the pre-computer age to modern productions and suggests alternative approaches to authorship that satisfy both the major objectives of copyright policy and the need to adapt to the computer age. The article argues that, without a broader judicial approach to authorship of computer-generated works, Parliament must remedy the lacuna in protection for these ‘authorless’ works. Possible solutions for reform are suggested. In a forthcoming article, the author comprehensively examines those reform proposals
Diffusive author(s), cohesive author: Analysis of S/N (1994)
No full textThis study indicates the ways in which various aspects of the author(s) are brought forth in Dumb type’s performance art, the S/N production. Previous research has suggested a non-hierarchical organization of Dumb type and the absence of a “privileged author” in Dumb type’s collaborative work, S/N. However, the results that I have investigated from member’s interviews on the creative process of S/N along with my analysis of the recorded images of S/N, indicate a different aspect of the author(s). First, S/N was created through, so to speak, the collective ideas of the members of Dumb type. Further, S/N has at least nine quotations from previous performances, installations, and printed writings, besides the work-in-progress technique. Explicating one of the “author functions” as given by Michel Foucault, each text has plural subjects of the author. However, it has been revealed from members’ interviews that Teiji Furuhashi had a decision-making role in selecting the members’ ideas within the performance. Since then, S/N has had plural subjects of creation; however, Furuhashi is one of the subjects of creation along with the “privileged author.” S/N has plural authors (diffusive authors) yet at the same time, it has a “privileged author,” Teiji Furuhashi (cohesive author)
Dissipative Range Scaling of Higher Order Structure Functions for Velocity and Passive Scalars
No full textDifferently to Kolmogorov's second similarity hypothesis, we find that the 2n-th order velocity and scalar structure functions scale with n-th order moment of the energy dissipation and the scalar dissipation, respectively. The origins of this scaling are analyzed by the transport equations of the fourth order velocity and scalar increment moments and by direct numerical simulations
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