76 research outputs found
Degradation of the surfaces exposed to the space environment
No full textThe presence of several atomic species in the LEO (Low Earth Orbits) could be considered one of the reasons for the degradation of the surfaces exposed to the Space Environment. At an average height of 400 Km (the altitude of International Space Station), the concentration of the main atomic species during the high sun activity are: 1.5 x 10(9) cm(-3) for atomic oxygen (AO), 1.6 x 10(8) cm(-3) for molecular nitrogen (N-2) and 1.4 x 10(8) m(-3) for atomic nitrogen (N). The energy with which the atoms collide with the surface of orbiting vehicle depends on the relative speed of the vehicle itself. For instance, the atoms colliding the International Space Station (ISS) (orbit average height: 400 Km; relative speed: 7.5 Km/s) have an energy of 8 eV for N-2, 5 eV for OA and 4 eV for N. The atomic oxygen is the most abundant species presents in LEO and it is considered the main responsible of the thermal, optical and mechanical alteration of the surfaces exposed to the Space Environment. Different hypothesis are reported in literature in order to explain the physical/chemical mechanisms that govern the material degradation in the Space, but no conclusion has been reached. In the energy range of few of eV, the main mechanism with which colliding atoms transfer its energy to the atoms of the surface is by phonons. In this paper the effect of an oxygen ion beam produced in the space environment simulator on materials for Space applications is studied in the frame of the thermal spike theory. Comparison between the measured erosion and the calculated one will be reported. The erosion mechanism will be modelled in order to understand the main thermodynamic parameters that govern the interaction between the atomic oxygen and the surface of the tested materials. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Allonursing in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus nigritus): Milk or pacifier?
No full textAllonursing, the behaviour of females nursing offspring that are not their own, is relatively frequent in capuchin monkeys. Using focal-animal sampling and ad libitum observations we describe the pattern of allonursing in a wild group of tufted capuchins, Cebus nigritus (4 cohorts, 22 infants), at Iguazú National Park, north-eastern Argentina, and test several hypotheses on the adaptive value of allonursing. During 2,351 contact hours with the group (including 4,207 focal-animal samples totalizing 329 h focused on infants) we observed 39 allonursing bouts. Infants were not allonursed more frequently by close kin than by more distant allomothers. Offspring of dominant females were allonursed more frequently than those of low-ranking females. Nursing bouts were longer than allonursing bouts. Our results suggest that allonursing in tufted capuchins has a social function and is not mainly aimed at providing milk to infants. Copyright © 2007 S. Karger AG.Fil: Baldovino, María Celia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; ArgentinaFil: Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentin
Primates bark-stripping trees in forest plantations – A review
No full textPrimates bark-strip trees in forest plantations worldwide, producing large economic losses. The primate and tree species involved, the spatial and temporal patterns of this problem, the effectiveness of the methods used to mitigate damage and the causes of this behavior are not yet understood. I conducted a literature review of this topic, focusing on documents reporting primates bark-stripping trees in forest plantations and forests. The data set consisted of 51 documents of which 46 corresponded to bark-stripping of trees in forest plantations and five in managed forests. Thirteen non-human primate species have been recorded bark stripping trees of commercial value worldwide. Three of these, the chacma baboon (Papio ursinus), the black capuchin monkey (Sapajus nigritus) and Sykes´s monkey (Cercopithecus albogularis), are responsible for most of the damage reported in large scale plantations, affecting mostly pine (Pinus sp.) plantations in five African and two South American countries. With fewer reports, orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) affect large scale Acacia mangium plantations in Indonesia, and yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) and vervets (Chlorocebus aethiops) pine plantations in Malawi and Zimbabwe respectively. The Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus) bark-strips Atlas cedars (Cedrus atlantica) in Moroccan forests. Eucalyptus sp. plantations, both small and large-scale, are less frequently affected by gorillas, two colobine monkeys, howler monkeys, capuchins, baboons and chimpanzees. Actions to mitigate this problem, including the massive killing of primates, had proven ineffective in the long term. Bark-stripping of pines tends to be more seasonal than that of Eucalyptus, and their damage of higher incidence and intensity. The most frequently cited hypothesis for why primates bark-strip trees in plantations is that they consume soft bark when or where their natural food is scarce. However, this hypothesis is not generally supported by empirical evidence. Eucalyptus bark may be sought after for its high sodium content. Pines are apparently bark-stripped to consume the sugary phloem during their growing season, when bark is presumably more easily peeled off. If this hypothesis were correct, a management method based on diversionary feeding could alleviate the damage produced by primates to coniferous trees of commercial value.Fil: Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentin
The last stronghold of Muñoa’s Pampas cat (Leopardus munoai) in Argentina?
No full textThe Muñoa's Pampas cat (Leopardus munoai) is a relatively understudied species restricted to open savannas and grasslands of Southern Brazil, Uruguay and NE Argentina, that has been recently split from the broader “Pampas cat” species complex. Only three documented records of the species have been published since the year 2000 for the Argentine portion of its distribution, a situation that led to speculations regarding its conservation status in Argentina. We conducted an intensive camera-trap survey (2,067 camera-trapping stations and 15,560 camera-trapping days) to assess the presence of the Muñoa's Pampas cat in an area of 275.3 km2 within the Iberá National Park and the adjacent Iberá National Reserve, Corrientes province, Argentina. Four records of Muñoa's Pampas cat were obtained, representing at least two adults and one young individual. Only one camera-trapping record of this species had been previously obtained in Argentina, during a survey carried out in 2009 in the same study area, despite an important camera-trapping effort in the Corrientes province. All camera-trap records of Muñoa's Pampas cat in Argentina are concentrated in areas of temporally flooded grasslands locally known as “Malezales”, suggesting that this habitat type is critically important for the conservation of this rare felid. The Iberá National Park and the adjacent Iberá National Reserve provide the adequate framework for the conservation of an important piece of habitat for Muñoa's Pampas cat and constitute a stronghold for the species in Argentina.Fil: Distel, Augusto. No especifíca;Fil: Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; ArgentinaFil: Cirignoli, S.. Administración de Parques Nacionales; ArgentinaFil: Di Blanco, Yamil Edgardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; ArgentinaFil: Pereira, Javier Adolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentin
Differential responses to hunting in two sympatric species of brocket deer (Mazama americana and M. nana)
No full textHunting by humans may affect the abundance and activity patterns of game species. We examined the effect of hunting on the abundance and activity patterns of sympatric red brocket deer Mazama americana and dwarf brocket deer M. nana. We conducted four camera-trap surveys (158 sampling stations, 10,244 trap-days, total area sampled 1200 km2) in three areas within the Atlantic Forest of Misiones, Argentina, that differ in protection and hunting pressure. We used logistic regression and tests of independence to evaluate if protection, hunting pressure, and other independent variables affect the probability of recording each species and their recording rate. We used the Mardia-Watson-Wheeler test to examine if the daily activity pattern differs between species and changes with hunting pressure. Red brocket deer were more frequently recorded (397 records, 58% of stations) than dwarf brocket deer (100 records, 37% of stations). The probability of recording red brockets was higher in areas with better protection and increased with the distance to the main accesses used by poachers. The probability of recording dwarf brockets was higher in areas with low protection. Red brockets were more nocturnal than dwarf brockets, a difference that may reduce interspecific competition. However, red brockets were more diurnal in the best-protected areas, suggesting that they can adjust their activity to local hunting pressure. Hunting has opposite effects on the abundance of these deer and may facilitate their coexistence. Hunting should be carefully controlled or managed to ensure the conservation of these little known species. © 2008 The Author(s).Fil: Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Paviolo, Agustin Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ecológicas de las Yungas; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; ArgentinaFil: Carolina A. Ferrari. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; ArgentinaFil: de Angelo, Carlos Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ecológicas de las Yungas; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; ArgentinaFil: Di Blanco, Yamil Edgardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentin
Experimental testing of reciprocal effects of nutrition and parasitism in wild black capuchin monkeys
No full textNutritional stress may predispose individuals to infection, which in turn can have further detrimental effects on physical condition, thus creating an opportunity for reciprocal effects between nutrition and parasitism. Little experimental investigation has been conducted on this "vicious circle" hypothesis in wild animals, especially under natural conditions. We evaluated the reciprocal effects of nutritional status and parasitism using an experimental approach in two groups of wild black capuchin monkeys (Sapajus nigritus). Across two consecutive winters, we collected faecal samples from identified capuchins to determine presence and load of gastrointestinal helminthes, and measured individual body mass as a proxy of physical condition. Food availability was manipulated by provisioning monkeys with bananas, and parasite burdens by applying anti-parasitic drugs to selected individuals. We found no effect of anti-parasitic drugs on physical condition, but parasite loads decreased in response to high levels of food availability. Our results represent the first experimental evidence that the nutritional status may drive parasite dynamics in a primate.Fil: Agostini, Ilaria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; ArgentinaFil: Vanderhoeven, Ezequiel Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina. Ministerio de Salud. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; ArgentinaFil: Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; ArgentinaFil: Beldomenico, Pablo Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - CONICET - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina. Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentin
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No full textNest predation is the main cause of nest failure in passerine birds and thus is a key determinant of breeding traits. Accordingly, nest predator community composition and abundance modulate nest predation rates. When top predators are absent, mesopredator populations may become unchecked, which in turn increases the predation pressure on their prey species. We evaluated whether nest predator abundance and breeding traits of an endangered grassland bird, the Strange-tailed Tyrant Alectrurus risora, differed between two protected areas: Iberá National Park (INP), where top predators have been extinct for 50 years, and Reserva El Bagual (REB), where Pumas Puma concolor still have a stable population. We measured abundances of potential nest predator species and during the 2015–2018 breeding seasons we monitored Strange-tailed Tyrant nests and set camera traps to identify nest predators. Mesopredator abundance was higher in INP, and foxes were identified as the main nest predators. Nest predation rate was also higher in INP, where the daily nest predation rate and cumulative probability of nest predation were 0.05 ± 0.006 and 0.81, whereas in REB they were 0.04 ± 0.004 and 0.70, respectively. The 10-fold higher frequency of fox records in INP could explain the higher nest predation rate observed, suggesting that the extinction of top predators may increase nest predation rates of endangered grassland birds in protected areas through release of native mesopredator species. The lower nest predation observed in REB was compensated for by a higher nest abandonment rate, which resulted in a similar fledgling production in the two study sites. Clutch size, hatching success and number of nestlings did not differ between study sites. The low breeding success recorded for this endangered species despite its populations being in protected areas of high conservation value is alarming given the global decline that grassland bird populations are facing.Fil: Browne, Melanie. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Pasian, Constanza. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Di Giacomo, Alejandro G.. No especifíca;Fil: Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; ArgentinaFil: Di Giacomo, Adrian Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral; Argentin
Data from: Are tree plantations promoting homogenization of mammal assemblages between regions with contrasting environments?
No full textAim
The expansion of agriculture is promoting the loss of natural environments and their biotic homogenization. We aimed at understanding whether the replacement of forests and grasslands by tree plantations leads to biotic homogenization of mammal assemblages of two contrasting Neotropical ecoregions or if dispersal or environmental limitations keep their original assemblages clearly differentiated.
Location
Argentina, Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest, Southern Cone Mesopotamian Savannas and Iberá marshes
Taxon
Mammals
Methods
We conducted two camera-trap surveys, deploying 184 camera-trap stations in continuous forest, fragmented forest, and pine plantations in the Atlantic Forest, and 234 in grassland, fragmented forest, and pine plantations in the Mesopotamian Savannas. We evaluated the similarity of the assemblages among the environments and regions, generating all possible pairwise comparisons using three similarity indices: Sørensen (species identity), Horn (common species), and Morisita-Horn (dominant species). Using variation partitioning diagrams and redundancy analysis, we evaluated the spatial structure of mammal assemblages and the influence of environmental variables.
Results
There was a greater similarity in species identity between different environments within each region than between similar environments in different regions. Common and dominant mammal assemblages of tree plantations tended to be similar between regions and were different from assemblages of the natural environments within the same region. Fragmented forest assemblages were very similar among regions. Assemblages were spatially structured but most of the variation between regions was explained by the environmental variables.
Main conclusions
Each region has a distinct pool of species, which is partially explained by environmental factors, such as the differential representation of native environments in the landscape. However, an expansion of tree plantations and forest fragmentation in the Atlantic Forest could lead to biotic homogenization between regions due to an increase in the abundance of generalist species.Independent variables
We estimated the percentage of each natural and anthropogenic land cover ("% of forest", "% of grassland" and "% of wetland", "% anthropogenic", "% of tree plantation") around the camera-trap stations using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and a land-use raster layer (pixels of 30x30 m) created for 2013-2014 by Zuleta et al. (2015). "% anthropogenic" was estimated as the percentage of all anthropogenic land uses (urban areas, crops, shrub and tree plantations) and "% of tree plantation" as the percentage of tree plantation only. The heterogeneity of land uses ("heterogeneity") was estimated using the Shannon-Wiener index (Shannon & Weaver, 1949) generated with the Fragstat software (ver. 4.2), using the number of pixels of each type of land use, including anthropogenic uses. These variables were estimated at five different radii centered on the camera-trap locations (200, 500, 1000, 2000, and 5000 m). Variable "cost of access" is an indirect measure of human impact and hunting pressure and was estimated as the time required for a person to reach the station from the nearest town or city following De Angelo, Paviolo & Di Bitetti (2011) and Iezzi et al. (2018; 2020). We estimated the livestock density ("livestock") at local scale as the number of independent cattle records/sampling effort (in days) at each camera-trap station. Climate data were obtained for each station from WorldClim (Fick & Hijmans, 2017), a set of global climate layers with a spatial resolution of about 1 km2: BIO5 corresponds to Max Temperature of Warmest Month; BIO6 to Min Temperature of Coldest Month; BIO14 to Precipitation of Driest Month; and BIO15 to Precipitation Seasonality (Coefficient of Variation).
GIS variables were estimated using ArcGIS 10.6 with the support of the ESRI Conservation Program and the Society for Conservation GIS (SCGIS).
References
De Angelo, C., Paviolo, A., & Di Bitetti, M.S. (2011). Differential impact of landscape transformation on pumas (Puma concolor) and jaguars (Panthera onca) in the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest. Diversity and Distributions, 17(3), 422–436.
Di Bitetti, M.S., Iezzi, M. E., Cruz, P., Varela, D., & De Angelo, C. (2020). Effects of cattle on habitat use and diel activity of large native herbivores in a South American rangeland. Journal for Nature Conservation, 58(September), 125900.
Fick, S.E., & Hijmans, R.J. (2017). WorldClim 2: new 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 37(12), 4302–4315.
Iezzi, M.E., Cruz, P., Varela, D., De Angelo, C., & Di Bitetti, M.S. (2018). Tree monocultures in a biodiversity hotspot: Impact of pine plantations on mammal and bird assemblages in the Atlantic Forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 424, 216–227.
Iezzi, M.E., Cruz, P., Varela, D., Di Bitetti, M.S., & De Angelo, C. (2019). Fragment configuration or environmental quality? Understanding what really matters for native mammals conservation in the Atlantic Forest of Argentina. Journal for Nature Conservation, 52(June), 125751.
Iezzi, M.E., De Angelo, C., & Di Bitetti, M.S. (2020). Tree plantations replacing natural grasslands in high biodiversity areas: how do they affect the mammal assemblage? Forest Ecology and Management, 473(June), 118303.
Shannon, C., & Weaver, W. (1949). The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana, USA. University of Illinois Press.
Zuleta, G. A., Gauto, O. A., Varela, D. M., Angelo, C. De, Johnson, B. G., Lorán, D., … Zurita., A. A. (2015). Evaluaciones Ambientales Estratégicas y Programa de Monitoreo de la Biodiversidad en las Regiones de Mesopotamia y Delta del Paraná. Proyecto de Conservación de la Biodiversidad en Paisajes Productivos Forestales (GEF TF 090118). Technical report. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
More information about the camera-trap dataset in:
da Rosa, C. A. et al. (2020) NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics. Ecology. Accepted Author Manuscript. doi:10.1002/ecy.3115
Lima, F., et al. (2017) ATLANTIC-CAMTRAPS: a dataset of medium and large terrestrial mammal communities in the Atlantic Forest of South America. Ecology, 98:2979. doi:10.1002/ecy.1998.
Marques Santos P., et al. (2019) NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics. Ecology, e02663.
Nagy-Reis, M., et al. (2020) NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics. Ecology. Accepted Author Manuscript. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3128
Funding provided by: Unidad para el Cambio Rural (UCAR) - Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca, Argentina*Crossref Funder Registry ID: Award Number: PIA 2011 #10102 / PIA 2014 #14061Funding provided by: Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, Argentina (ANPCyT)Crossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003074Award Number: PICT 2013 #1904Funding provided by: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina (CONICET)Crossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002923Award Number: PIP 2012-2014 № 112-201101-00616 / Project UE IBS # 22920160100130COFunding provided by: Ministerio de Ecología y Recursos Naturales Renovables de Misiones*Crossref Funder Registry ID: Award Number: Proyecto de Implementación del Plan de Manejo del Parque Provincial Uruguaí – Convocatoria año 2009 del Programa Experimental de Protección y Manejo de los Bosques Nativos – Resolución SAyDS No 256/09We conducted camera-trap (Reconyx HC500) surveys in two contrasting ecoregions ("Region"): in the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest ecoregion ("Atlantic Forest" in the dataset), and in the Southern Cone Mesopotamian Savannas and the Iberá marshes ("Mesopotamian Savannas" in the dataset).
In the Atlantic Forest, we randomly distributed 184 camera-trap stations (with a minimum distance of 2 km between stations) in three main environments: continuous forest, fragmented forest, and tree plantations (Iezzi et al., 2018). Continuous forest stations (53 camera-trap stations) were located in the largest continuous native forest block (~370,000 ha), surrounded in a 2-km radius by more than 75% of forest cover. Fragmented forest stations (69 stations) were in forest remnants with varying degrees of anthropogenic disturbance, outside the continuous forest (Iezzi et al., 2019). Stations in tree plantations (62 stations) were located in 4- to 14-year-old pine plantation stands. The cameras were active between May 2013 and December 2014 for an average of 49.8 days (range: 12 - 123 days), totaling 9,171.8 camera days of effort.
In the Mesopotamian Savannas, we deployed 234 camera-trap stations, at least 2 km apart, in three environments: native grassland (89 camera-trap stations), fragmented forest (54 stations), and tree plantations (91 stations; Iezzi et al., 2020). Stations in tree plantations were immersed in 1- to 30-year-old pine plantation stands. Approximately half of the stations within each environment were located in fields with cattle (N=107; Di Bitetti et al., 2020). Cameras were active between May 2016 and March 2017, with a mean effort of 44.9 days (range: 21 - 67 days) per station, totaling 10,493.9 camera-trap days.
Stations were not baited and were located off-road, attached to a tree trunk or stake at 25-50 cm above ground level. More than 1 h had to pass for successive pictures of a species to be considered independent records. Records of small (<200 g) sigmodontine rodents were categorized as "sigmodontines" since it was difficult to identify them at species level. We excluded the records of domestic exotic mammals and 328 records that were impossible to identify at species level. Those sites with no records (9 stations) were excluded from the dataset.
For each species, we report the relative frequency of records at each station (# of independent records / # of camera-trap days)
Grooming site preferences in black capuchin monkeys: Hygienic vs. social functions revisited
No full textWhen primates groom each other, they tend to concentrate on those parts of the body they cannot efficiently self-groom (i.e., not visually accessible), and prefer to intensify grooming in areas with high hair density, thus suggesting a hygienic function. However, preferences for some body sites over others during social grooming may also result from different degrees of social bonding and relative dominance. To assess the relative importance of physical (hygienic) and social factors, we examined grooming interactions in two groups of wild black capuchin monkeys (Sapajus nigritus) during 15 nonconsecutive months. We evaluated the distribution of social grooming across body sites according to their accessibility by self-grooming and hair density. At the same time, we assessed whether the degree of dyadic social bonding affects the relative body orientation between groomer and groomee and the access to vulnerable body sites (e.g., face, throat, groin) during grooming. As expected, capuchins preferentially groomed inaccessible body sites (e.g., back and head), with a disproportionate effort directed to the tufts of their partners. We found that dyadic social bond strength, together with rank distance, significantly affected the proportion of grooming in ventro-ventral body relative orientation only in dominant-subordinate groomer-groomee dyads. This may indicate that, when two individuals differ in rank but are strongly bonded, the level of uncertainty related to the social context is already resolved and thus grooming per se is no longer perceived by the subordinate as an uncertain/risky situation. We found no effect of social bonding on grooming vulnerable body sites for any type of dyad. Our findings suggest that grooming site preferences in black capuchin monkeys simultaneously reflect hygienic and social functions.Fil: Pfoh, Romina Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; ArgentinaFil: Tiddi, Barbara. University Of Kent; Reino UnidoFil: Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; ArgentinaFil: Agostini, Ilaria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentin
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