3,596 research outputs found
The Prospects for Coal: Global Experience and Implications for Energy Policy
No full textThis paper argues that coal and its industry is promising. It is found that the Western European (including the British) case has been misunderstood and the US case shows a developing coal industry under increasing levels of environmental pressure. The demonstration of the declining emissions intensity of coal provides an additional mean of reconciling the development of the coal industry with the environment. In the long term the enforcement of environmental regulations can benefit the coal industry in several ways, and the alternatives to coal are not yet available in a sufficiently large scale. Based on the positive prospects of coal, issues related to climate change, clean coal technology and energy policy are discussed.
The Massett-Graham Island Coal Company: the Nearest Coal Fields to Prince Rupert:
No full textThis little booklet is compiled to show the possibilities of the property controlled by this company in The Graham Island Coal Fields, near Prince Rupert, British Columbia Canada.--P. [1
Thermal coal utilization for the ESCAP region
No full textThis publication discusses the utilization of thermal coal as an alternative energy source in the ESCAP region. It includes papers and technical studies presented at an ASEAN workshop, exploring economic and technical aspects of coal usage, combustion technology, coal transportation, and the environmental impact of coal combustion. It highlights the importance of coal in meeting the energy needs of developing countries in Asia-Pacific, as well as the challenges related to transitioning from oil to coal-based energy systems.CONTENTS
Topic Author Page
Foreword (iii)
About the authors (v)
I. INTRODUCTION
PART 1
II. PLANNING ASPECTS
1. Broad Economic and Technical Aspects of Coal Usage G.W. MARTIN 9
2. Feasibility and Conceptual Studies R.J. JACKSON 19
3. Long Term Planning for Fuel Coal Needs N.B. HEAL 23
4. Coal-fired Power Plants — Planning and Coal Selection LA. TOIGO and
G.W. MARTIN 28
5. Coal Availability and Marketing R. AUSTEN 41
6. Economic Aspects of Coal Usage in Developing Countries H.F. HAJEK and
MORIMATSU INABA 47
III. COMBUSTION AND PLANT
7. Changing from Oil to Coal S.J. BRZOZOWSKI 63
8. Coal Combustion — Principles and Problems Dr. T.F. WALL 77
9. Use of Indigenous and Imported Coals and their Effects on Plant
Design K.M. SULLIVAN 98
10. Coal Pulverizing Mills: Selection, Maintenance and Safe Operation Dr. J. SLIGAR 108
11. Ash and Dust Disposal W.R. ARMITAGE 117
12. Environmental Aspects of Coal Combustion F. WALKER 125
13. Conversion of Existing Oil Fired Power Generating Plants to Fire
Coal R.D. PEARSON 130
14. Industrial Size Coal Fired Boilers F.H. PHILLIPS 140
IV. TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE
15. Ocean Shipment of Coal J.G. MEEHAN 155
16. Coal Receival Facilities and Associated Operations C.R. LONGWORTH and
R.A. SLATER 168
17. Coal Transport — Shipping and Rail J.B. THOMSON 183
18. Transport and Handling of Coal B.J.H. BESLY 189
19. Environmental Issues in the Transport and Handling of Coal J.H. PLANNER and
E.M. WEST 198
20. Availability and Selection of Coal Handling Plant W.D. WHITE 210
(v)
PART 2
Topic Author Page
V. COAL PREPARATION AND BLENDING
21. Coal Preparation and Blending Before Sale
VI. TESTING AND PROPERTIES
G.E. EDWARDS and
J.L. HORSEMAN 223
22. Coal Characterization, Composition and Properties Prof. G.D. SERGEANT 241
23. Coal Types, Properties and Classification
VIL TRAINING POWER PLANT OPERATORS
Dr. T.G. CALLCOTT 254
24. Power Station Personnel Staff Training and Education
(A Case Study)
VIIL THE CEMENT INDUSTRY AND COAL
A.E. SHIELDS 273
25. Coal Usage in the Cement Industry F.L. VEAL 299
26. Coal Usage in Cement Plants J.J. BURNELL 305
27. Chemistry-related Aspects of a Coal Fired Kiln R. GARRETT 310
28. A Case Study — Experience with the Conversion of a Humboldt
Preheater Kiln B. WILSON 318
SUPPLEMENT
“A Review of the Australian Black Coal Industry”
by R.G. Davies
Joint Coal Board, Sydney
32
World coal resources : methods of assessment and results /
No full textTranslation of Weltkohlenvorräte.Includes bibliographical references and index.Electronic reproduction.Master and use copy. Digital master created according to Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials, Version 1. Digital Library Federation, December 2002.digitizedPrint version record.Front Cover; World Coal Resources: Methods of Assessment and Results; Copyright Page; Table of Contents; Preface to the English Edition; 0. Forword to the English Edition; CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION; 1.1 Questions under consideration; 1.2 Viewpoint of the author; 1.3 Definitions; 1.4 Delimitation; 1.5 Bibliography for Chapter 1; CHAPTER 2. THE POSITION OF COAL AMONG THE MINERAL RAW MATERIALS; 2.1 Preliminary remarks; 2.2 The characteristics of the raw materials deposits of inorganic origin; 2.3 Coal formation and coal distribution in the Earth's crust2.4 Quantitative comparisons on the occurrence of coal2.5 Coal geology and exploration; 2.6 Characteristics of coal use; 2.7 Bibliography for Chapter 2; CHAPTER 3. CONVENTIONAL MINING; 3.1 Preliminary remarks; 3.2 Economic correlations; 3.3 Types of Mining; 3.4 Technological limits; 3.5 Production losses and recovery; 3.6 Exploitation of deposits; 3.7 Opencast mining limits; 3.8 Framework of the correlations; 3.9 Bibliography for Chapter 3; CHAPTER 4. ON ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY TO CONVENTIONAL COAL MINING; 4.1 Preliminary remarks; 4.2 Economic considerations; 4.3 Technical possibilities4.4 Underground gasification4.5 Influence on resources; 4.6 Bibliography for Chapter 4; CHAPTER 5. ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF COAL RESOURCES; 5.1 Preliminary remarks; 5.2 Criteria for categorisation; 5.3 Main method of procedure; 5.4 Five concepts; 5.5 The stages of classification; 5.6 Internationally used classifications; 5.7 Bibliography for Chapter 5; CHAPTER 6. COAL RESOURCES; 6.1 Preliminary remarks; 6.2 Result of the international surveys; 6.3 Resources of individual countries; 6.4 Economically significant resources and resource base of coal in the earth; 6.5 Bibliography for Chapter 6CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSIONS7.1 Resource situation; 7.2 Deposit economy; 7.3 Classification of resources; 7.4 Necessity of further investigations; 7.5 Bibliography for Chapter 7; CHAPTER 8. APPENDICES; A Draft standard: ""Useable deposits -- classification of resources"" of the Arbeitsausschuss für Markscheidenormen des Steinkohlenberg-bauvereins Essen (Study Group for Mine Surveying Standards of the Hard Coal Mining Association, Essen), 1956Elsevie
The coal and iron trade : embracing statistics of Pennsylvania
No full textThis book examines the coal and iron trade in Pennsylvania in the early to mid 19th century. Numerous tables are provided to provide detail about the coal and iron trade, focusing particularly on its production in Pennsylvania. Statistics of the number of mines and furnaces in Pennsylvania as well as their overall production are detailed. A General note, at the head of title is written "Pennsylvania, the pioneer in internal improvements." In addition, the phrase "a series of articles published in the Philadelphia Commercial List, in 1847" is also stated on the title page
Coal demand for electricity generation in South Africa : analysis and conditional forecasts to the year 2020
No full textBibliography: leaves 201-221.The purpose of this thesis is to provide an analytical framework for the examination of the demand for coal for the generation of electricity where more than 50 of the coal produced in the country is consumed. More specifically, the aim of the thesis is to identify the factors influencing the demand for steam-coal, disentangle their interrelationships, and evaluate their relative influence and importance
Prediciton of the remaining service life of superheater and reheater tubes in coal-biomass fired power plants
No full textAs a result of concern about the effects of CO2 emssions on the global warming, there is increasing pressure to reduce such emissions from power generation systems. The use of biomass co-firing with coal in conventional pulverised fuel power plants has provided the most immediate route to introduce a class of fuel that is regarded as both sustainable and carbon neutral as it produces less net CO2 emissions. In the future it is anticipated that increased levels of biomass will be required to use in such systems to accomplish the desired CO2 emissions targets. The use of biomass, however, is believed to result in severe fireside corrosion of superheater and reheater tubing and cause unexpected early failures of tubes, which can lead to significant economic penalties. Moreover, future pulverised fuel power systems will need to use much higher steam temeptures and pressures to increase the boiler efficiency. Higher operating temperatures and pressures will also increase the risk of fireside corrosion damage to the boiler tubing and lead to shorter component life.
Predicting the remaining service life of superheater and reheater tubes in coal-biomass fired power plants is therefore an important aspect of managing such power plants. The path to this type of failure of heat exchangers involves five processes: combustion, deposition, fireside corrosion, steam-side oxidation, and creep. Various models or partial models each of these processes are available from existing research, but to fully understand the impact of new fuel mixtures (i.e. biomass and coal) and changing operating conditions on such failures, an integrated model of all of these processes is required.
This work has produced an integrated set of models and so predicted the remaining service life of superheater/reheater tubes based on the three frameworks which have been developed by analysing those models used in depicting the five processes: one was conceptual and the other two were based on mathematical model. In addition, the outputs of the integrated mathematical models were compared with the laboratory generated data from Cranfield University as well as historical data from Central Electricity Research Laboratories.
Furthermore, alternative models for each process were applied in the model and the results were compared with other models results as well as with the experimental data. Based on these comparisons and the availability of models constants the best models were chosen in the integrated model.
Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the effect of different model input values on the residual life superheater and reheater tubing. Mid-wall metal temperature of tubes was found to be the most important factor affecting the remaining service life of boiler tubing. Tubing wall thickness and outer diameter were another critical input in the model. Significant differences were observed between the residual life of thin-walled and thick-walled tubes
Shoveling Coal, Toledo, Ohio [approximately 1925]
No full textFrom the Maryann Griffith Collection, a circa 1925 view of laborers posing for a portrait while taking a break from shoveling coal on a Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway car. Two manned wooden cranes are visible just behind the railroad cars. Terms associated with the photograph are: Group portraits | Laborers | Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway Company | Railroad trains | Cranes, derricks, etc. | Coa
Coal and gas outbursts in footwalls of reverse faults
No full textInstantaneous outbursts in coal mines involve catastrophic and forceful expulsion of coal and large quantities of gas, creating a major mining hazard. Other researchers have studied relationships between coal outbursts and many geological factors, such as coal seam thickness, coal rank, coal seam age, current burial depth, and distance to plutons, with different conclusions for different coal fields and regions because of the complexity of the causative mechanisms. Coal outbursts nearly always have a close relationship to geologic structures; the present research was designed to determine the location and characteristics of specific danger zones associated with reverse faults. Four coal mines in the Pingdingshan coal field, Henan Province, China were investigated in detail. Coal and gas outbursts associated with reverse faults nearly always occurred in the footwalls. Additional data were also used from two mines in Sichuan Province and one in Henan Province. The first important observation of the geological structural phenomena was that coal seams in the footwalls of the reverse faults underwent greater tectonic deformation than those in the hanging walls. Coal lost its banded character and was physically transformed into microstructurally altered forms categorized as cataclastic coal, granular coal and mylonitic coal. Outbursts always occurred within a zone of this tectonically altered coal surrounding the fault. Second, the zone of tectonic alteration in the footwalls extended farther from the fault than that in the hanging walls. Third, where present in association with reverse faults, zones of higher coalbed methane content nearly always occurred in the footwalls. These three factors are the principal controls on coal and gas outbursts associated with reverse faults. Through their application, coal safety experts can narrow the predicted outburst danger zone to a smaller area. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.Energy & FuelsGeosciences, MultidisciplinarySCI(E)EI41ARTICLE1-247-634
Fungal solubilisation and subsequent microbial methanation of coal processing wastes
No full textLarge quantities of rejects from coal processing plants are currently disposed of as waste piles or in ponds and rivers, resulting in environmental concerns including pollution of rivers, and ground and surface water contamination. This work investigates for the first time, a two-stage microbial process for converting coal processing wastes (coal rejects) to methane, involving (1) fungal solubilisation of coal rejects and (2) microbial methanation of the solubilised products. Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trichoderma viride and Neurospora discreta were screened for their ability to solubilise coal rejects. N. discreta was found to be the most suitable candidate based on the extent of bio-solubilisation, laccase activity and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis. Bio-methanation of fungal-solubilised coal rejects was carried out in mesophilic anaerobic reactors with no additional carbon source, using inoculum from an anaerobic food digester. Coal rejects solubilised by N. discreta produced 3- to 6-fold higher methane compared to rejects solubilised by the other two fungi. No methane was produced from untreated coal rejects, demonstrating the importance of the fungal solubilisation stage. A total of 3.7 mmol of methane was generated per gram of carbon in 15 days from N. discreta-solubilised coal rejects. This process offers a timely, environment-friendly, and sustainable solution for the treatment of coal rejects and the generation of value-added products such as methane and volatile fatty acids. [Abstract copyright: © 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
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