1,721,044 research outputs found
The fading productivity of schooling in East Asia.
Full text linkWe estimate changes in the productivity of schooling for six East Asian countries. Our productivity measure is based on changes in the relative price of schooling. A rising price of schooling relative to other labor-intensive service sectors should indicate declining relative schooling productivity. We find that the price of schooling increased by more than the price of other labor-intensive services in 1980-1994. We also find that the cognitive achievement of pupils did not change substantially, which suggests a constant quality of schooling output. Hence we conclude that schooling productivity has declined. The main reason for the fading productivity of schooling in East Asian countries appears to be a strong decline in the pupil-teacher ratio.Bildungsinvestition; Schule; Bildungsniveau; Produktivität; Schätzung; Theorie; Ostasien; Hongkong; Japan; Philippinen; Singapur; Südkorea; Thailand;Asian countries , schooling , productivity growth; Asian Countries; Schooling; Productivity Growth;
Sampling and power calculations for randomized evaluations
No full text노트 : Based on slides by Deon Filmer, Jed Friedman, and Esther Duflo/JPal
행사명 : The Regional Impact Evaluation Worksho
Disability, Poverty, and Schooling in Developing Countries: Results from 14 Household Surveys
No full textAnalysis of 14 household surveys from 13 developing countries suggests that 1--2 percent of the population have disabilities. Adults with disabilities typically live in poorer than average households: disability is associated with about a 10 percentage point increase in the probability of falling in the two poorest quintiles. Much of the association appears to reflect lower educational attainment among adults with disabilities. People of ages 6--17 with disabilities do not live in systematically wealthier or poorer households than other people of their age, although in all countries studied they are significantly less likely to start school or to be enrolled at the time of the survey. The order of magnitude of the school participation deficit associated with disability--which is as high as 50 percentage points in 3 of the 13 countries--is often larger than deficits related to other characteristics, such as gender, rural residence, or economic status differentials. The results suggest a worrisome vicious cycle of low schooling attainment and subsequent poverty among people with disabilities in developing countries. Copyright The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / the world bank . All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected], Oxford University Press.
Fever and Its Treatment among the More and Less Poor in Sub-Saharan Africa
No full textThe author empirically explores the
relationship between household poverty and the incidence and
treatment of fever--as an indicator of malaria--among
children in Sub-Saharan Africa. He uses household
Demographic and Health Survey data collected in the 1990s
from 22 countries in which malaria is prevalent. The
analysis reveals a positive, but weak, association between
reported fever and poverty. The geographic association
becomes insignificant, however, after controlling for the
mother's education. There is some evidence that higher
levels of wealth in other households in the cluster in which
the household lives are associated with lower levels of
reported fever in Eastern and Southern Africa. Poverty and
the type of care sought for an episode of fever are
significantly associated: wealthier households are
substantially more likely to seek care in the modern health
sector. In Central and Western Africa those from richer
households are more likely to seek care from all types of
sources: government hospitals, lower-level public facilities
such as health clinics, as well as private sources. In
Eastern and Southern Africa the rich are primarily more
likely to seek care from private facilities. In both regions
there is substantial use of private facilities--use that
increases with wealth. Like the incidence of fever,
treatment-seeking behavior is strongly associated with the
level of wealth in the cluster in which the child lives
Agricultural trade liberalization in the Uruguay Round : one step forward, one step back?
Full text linkAfter evaluating the Uruguay Round's impact on agriculture and border protection in the next decade, the author concludes that while there was significant reform of the rules - particularly the conversion of nontariff barriers into tariffs and the reduction and binding of all tariffs - in practice, trade will probably be liberalized less than expected. The objective of the Round was to reverse protectionism and remove trade distortions. This may not be achieved in practice, at least not until further reductions are carried out in future rounds of negotiations. The major exception to this conclusion is in high-income Asian countries, where protection for major commodities will be significantly reduced. The tariffication and binding of all tariffs on agricultural products represents a significant step forward. Liberalization is implicit because countries are prohhibited from arbitrarily raising tariffs to new higher levels. But many of the newly established tariffs are so high in many countries as to effectively prohibit trade. Patterns of liberalization vary considerably by commodity and by country. Generally, the extent of liberalization was diminished by binding tariffs to the base period of 1986-88, when border protection was at a high point. In most OECD countries, this was worsened by"dirty tariffication:"the new base tariffs offered even greater protection than the nontariff barriers they replaced. Even after the commitments to tariff reductions in the Round, the ad valorem measure of the final binding tariffs will remain higher than the average rate of protection in 1982-93. A number of developing countries in East Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East chose to lock in prior liberalization efforts on some products. But for most commodities, there will be little actual liberalization, since most developing countries chose to bind their tariffs at a maximum level. Even when countries reduced already-bound rates, bound tariffs remained significantly higher than current applied rates, giving countries the flexibility to raise tariffs later. The high level of bound tariffs may allow countries to apply variable tariffs below the bound level, thus failing to stabilize tariffs and improve market access. Moreover, the Round did not touch many of the worst distortions in developing countries, such as import subsidies, export taxes, state-trading monopolies, and domestic policies that implicitly tax agriculture.Trade Policy,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Export Competitiveness,Rules of Origin,Trade Policy,Rules of Origin,TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research
Autonomy, Participation, and Learning in Argentine Schools: Findings and Their Implications for Decentralization
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2007: If you build it, will they come? School availability and school enrolment in 21 poor countries
No full textEstimating Wealth Effects without Expenditure Data or Tears: With an Application to Educational Enrollments in States of India
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