1,721,090 research outputs found
Self Investments of Adolescents and their Cognitive Development
No full textWhile a large literature has focused on the impact of parental investments on child cognitive
development, very little is known about the role of child’s own investments. Information on
how children invest their time separately from parents is probably little informative for babies
and toddlers, but it becomes more and more important in later stages of life, such as
adolescence, when children start to take decisions independently. By using the Child
Development Supplement of the PSID (Panel Study of Income Dynamics), we model the
production of cognitive ability of adolescents and extend the set of inputs to include the
child’s own time investments. Looking at investments during adolescence, we find that child’s
investments matter more than mother’s investments. On the contrary, looking at investments
during childhood, it is the mother’s investments that are more important. Our results are
obtained accounting for potential unobserved child’s and family’s endowments and are robust
across several specifications and samples, e.g. considering and not considering father’s
investments and non-intact families.
JE
The Mismatch between employement and child care in Italy: the impact of rationing
Full text linkIn Italy the participation of women has not increased very much in the last few decades relative to other developed countries and it is still among the lowest in Europe.
The female employment rate stands almost 13 percentage points below the EU average and 22 below the Lisbon target. One of the most important reasons is related to the
characteristics of child care system. In this paper we analyze the characteristics of the
child care system in Italy and its relationship to the labor market participation decision of mothers. We present a simple discrete choice framework in which the two decisions can be jointly considered, which also allows for simple forms of rationing. We go on to estimate a bivariate probit model of the child care and employment decisions and interpret the results within the framework of our model. We find evidence that rationing is an important factor in interpreting price effects on utilization rates and employment decisions
Early Childhood Education Attendance and Students' Later Outcomes in Europe
Full text linkThe importance of investments in early childhood education (ECE) has been widely documented in the literature. Among the benefits, particularly for children from disadvantaged backgrounds, is its potential to mitigate educational inequality. However, some evidence also suggests that the positive effects of ECE on later outcomes tend to dissipate over time, leaving children who attended such programmes no better off academically than those who did not. This paper studies the relationship between students' years spent in ECE, from 0 to before starting primary school, and the results of their educational assessment outcomes at age 15. Using PISA survey data for 14 European countries from 2015 to 2018, we conduct a cross-country comparison of student performance in reading, mathematics, and science, correlating the results to the duration of ECE attendance. Our findings show that duration in ECE is associated with better assessments at age 15, but that the benefit is nonlinear and peaks at 3-4 years of attendance. Gender and migration background are associated with student performance on the assessments; but we don't find evidence of heterogeneity in the relationship between ECE duration and test outcomes based on gender and migration background. Instead, we document differential effects of ECE duration according to age of entry to ECE, mother's education, and the type of educational system attended
Politiche di conciliazione e occupazione femminile: disparità tra generazioni negli ultimi quarant’anni.
No full textIn questo capitolo utilizziamo i dati dei censimenti 1971-2001 e delle rilevazioni delle forze di lavoro dagli anni ’70 ad oggi per analizzare l’evoluzione del divario occupazionale di genere nel mercato del lavoro italiano
Does child care availability play a role in maternal employment and children’s development? Evidence from Italy
No full textThis paper investigates the effects of public child care availability in Italy in mothers’ working status and children’s scholastic achievements. We use a newly available dataset containing individual standardized test scores of pupils attending the second grade of primary school in 2009–2010 in conjunction with data on public child care availability. Our estimates indicate a positive and significant effects of child care availability on both mothers’ working status and children’s Language test scores. We find that a percentage change in public child care coverage increases mothers’ probability to work by 1.3 percentage points and children’s Language test scores by 0.85 percent of one standard deviation; we do not find any effect on Math test scores. Moreover, the impact of a percentage change in public child care on mothers’ employment and children’s Language test scores is greater in provinces where child care availability is more limited
The mismatch between employment and child care in Italy: the impact of rationing
Full text linkLabor market decisions, Fertility, Child care, J2, C3, D1,
Child care choices by working mothers: the case of Italy
Full text linkIn spite of relatively generous public subsidies and a reputation for high quality, only a very
limited proportion of Italian families use public child-care and a large proportion use informal care. In this
paper, we attempt to explore the determinants of the use of child-care among dual workers families. Given
the limitations of data available we match two different data sets: the Bank of Italy (SHIW) and ISTAT
Multiscopo. We find evidence that the availability of public child-care affects in an important way its
demand. We also find that increases in costs of public child-care reduce the use of public as well as private
indicating a shift to informal child-care. The presence of a grandmother who lives near and is in good
health is an important explanation of the choice especially in presence of very small children. An
understanding of the importance of these factors is relevant in the evaluation of child-care policies. This is
particularly important in Italy, where the majority of families with children have only one child and
children would benefit also from the socialization aspects of the child-care system
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