124 research outputs found
Franz Janowitz as intellectual follower of Otto Weininger
No full textFranz Janowitz je autorem skici s názvem "Die Biene". Tento krátký alegorický text sice používá metaforu včely, v té době již tradiční, netradičně ji ovšem přenáší do oblasti podstaty sexuality ženského pohlaví, čímž metafora nabývá oproti obvyklé pozitivní konotaci konotaci negativní. Autor prostřednictvím této dekontextualizace zdánlivě pojednává o životě včel, ve skutečnosti se ale zabývá ženskou sexualitou v duchu filozofie Otty Weiningera, jíž byl prokazatelně ovlivněn.Franz Janowitz is the author of the study "Die Biene". This short allegorical text uses the metaphor of the bee, traditional for the time. This metaphor, however, is utilized in a non-traditional way to express the essence of female sexuality. Thus the original positive denotation is changed into a negative one. By way of this de-contextualisation, the author refers seemingly to the lives of bees. In fact, he focuses on female sexuality, influenced by the philosophical approach of Otto Weininger
Early-onset der Zwangsstörung und assoziierte Komorbidität
No full textHintergrund: Vorangehende Studien haben versucht, Subtypen der Zwangserkrankung in Hinblick auf das Ersterkrankungsalter zu identifizieren. In einigen Studien waren Zwangsstörungen mit Spektrumserkrankungen wie Tic-Störungen assoziiert. Spät- und Früherkrankung der Zwangsstörung sind in der Vergangenheit unterschiedlich definiert worden und zeigen heterogene biologische und klinische Besonderheiten. Diese Studie wurde durchgeführt, um die Subtypen der Zwangsstörung in unterschiedlichen Erkrankungsaltern zu differenzieren und um die Hypothese zu prüfen, ob unterschiedliche Erkrankungsalter mit unterschiedlichen Mustern an Komorbiditäten assoziiert sind. Methode: 252 Zwangsprobanden wurden in direkten Interviews untersucht mit dem halbstrukturierten Fragebogen der deutschen Übersetzung des SADS-LA (Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia- Lifetime Anxiety Version), der nach DSM-IV adaptiert wurde für Zwangs-, Tic-, Tourette-, Ess-, Körperdysmorphe und Impulskontrollstörungen. Subgruppen mit unterschiedlichen Erkrankungsaltern aus der Literatur wurden untersucht mit Altersgrenzen im 10., 15. und 18. Lebensjahr. Ergebnisse: Probanden mit einem frühen Erkrankungsbeginn vor dem 10. Lebensjahr hatten eine erhöhte Auftretenswahrscheinlichkeit von neurologischen Erkrankungen (odds ratio (OR): 3,46; p=0,001; 95% Konfidenzintervall (KI) 1,72-6,96) – im Besonderen Tic- und Tourette-Störungen (OR: 4,63; p=0,002; 95% KI 1,78-12,05) – als Probanden, die nach dem 10. Lebensjahr an einer Zwangsstörung erkrankten. Schlussfolgerung: Für die meisten psychiatrischen Erkrankungen wie z.B. affektive Störungen und Angststörungen konnte keine altersabhängige Assoziation mit der Zwangsstörung identifiziert werden. Allerdings zeigte sich in der Früherkrankten-Gruppe (<=10. Lebensjahr) ein signifikanter Anstieg von komorbiden Tic- und Tourette-Störungen. Weitere Studien sind notwendig, um potentielle neurobiologische Besonderheiten der früherkrankten Zwangsstörung zu untersuchen. Frühe Diagnostik und Behandlung der Zwangsstörung und ihrer Komorbidität können die Einschränkung der Lebensqualität im späteren Verlauf verringern. Ebenso können sozioökonomische Belastungen vermindert werden. Eine akkurate Erfassung der Symptomatik ist notwendig, um die Forschung der Ätiologie und die Therapie der Zwangsstörung zu ermöglichen.Background: Previous studies have aimed to identify subtypes of obsessive– compulsive disorder (OCD) based on their age of onset (AOO). Obsessive– compulsive spectrum disorders (OCS disorders) such as tic disorders have been particularly associated with an early onset in some studies. However, subtypes of early- and late-onset OCD are unevenly determined, and the biological and the clinical validity of these subtypes are unknown. This study was undertaken to discriminate the subtypes of OCD in different AOO levels and to test the hypothesis that different AOO bands are associated with a differential pattern of comorbidity. Methods: Two hundred fifty-two patients with OCD were interviewed directly with the German version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia—Lifetime Anxiety Version, which provides DSM-IV diagnosis. Subgroups with different ages of onset were investigated (cut-off levels of 10, 15, and 18 years). Results: Subjects with an early AOO (onset <=10 years) were significantly more likely to have OCS disorders (odds ratio [OR] = 3.46; P=0.001; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.72–6.96), in particular tic/Tourette’s disorders (OR = 4.63; P =0.002; 95% CI: 1.78–12.05), than were late-onset subjects. Conclusions: For most mental disorders (e.g., anxiety and mood disorders), no associations with AOO of OCD were identified. However, subjects in the early-onset group (≤10 years) had a significant increase in comorbid tic and Tourette’s disorders. Future research should examine potential neurobiological features associated with early-onset presentations of OCD. Early detection and management of comorbidities may offset impairments later in life
Kommentar II zum Fall: „‚Die kommen alle her und gaffen.‘ Hohes Körpergewicht als medizinische, ethische und gesellschaftliche Herausforderung“
No full text<jats:title>Zusammenfassung</jats:title><jats:p>Bei extrem seltenen Erkrankungen bilden Fallbeschreibungen oft die einzige Datengrundlage für klinische Entscheidungen. Das Carmi Syndrom ist eine seltene Kombination von Epidermolysis bullosa und Pylorusatresie. Während der Betreuung einer betroffenen Patientin fielen unterschiedliche Wahrnehmungen über die publizierten Mortalitätsraten auf. Daraufhin wurde die Hypothese untersucht, ob sich die kumulativen Mortalitätsraten von Einzelfallbeschreibungen und Mehrfachfallbeschreibungen unterscheiden, um so eine mögliche Verzerrung der Prognose in ihren Auswirkungen auf klinische und ethische Einschätzungen des Falls zu überprüfen.</jats:p><jats:p>Ein Mädchen wurde in der Schwangerschaftswoche 33 mit Carmi Syndrom geboren. Zusammen mit dem klinischen Ethikkomitee wurden Behandlungsoptionen diskutiert, einschließlich einer palliativen Behandlung oder einer operativen Gastrojejunostomie. Da etwa ein Drittel der in Fallbeschreibungen publizierten Kinder nach einer Operation überlebten, entschieden wir uns auch vor dem Hintergrund unsicherer Prognosen für das chirurgische Vorgehen. Die Patientin starb 4 Wochen später nach multiplen Komplikationen.</jats:p><jats:p>Die Datenbank PubMed wurde nach Publikationen über Carmi Syndrom durchsucht. Das Outcome von Einzelfallbeschreibungen wurde mit dem von Mehrfachfallbeschreibungen verglichen.</jats:p><jats:p>Insgesamt wurden 102 Fälle von Carmi Syndrom identifiziert. Die Mortalität bei Einzelfallbeschreibungen belief sich auf 17 von 27 Fällen (63 %), während 62 von 74 Patienten von Mehrfachfallbeschreibungen starben (84 %,<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0,036).</jats:p><jats:p>Beim Carmi Syndrom unterscheidet sich die publizierte Mortalität zwischen Einfach- und Mehrfachfallbeschreibungen, möglicherweise aufgrund einer Kombination von Selektions- und Publikationsbias. Die Unterschätzung der tatsächlichen Mortalitätsrate kann zu unangebracht intensiven Therapieansätzen führen. Kliniker und Ethiker sollten daher vorsichtig sein, ihre Entscheidungen bei seltenen oder neuartigen Erkrankungen auf kumulative Erfahrungen von Fallbeschreibungen, insbesondere von Einzelfallbeschreibungen, zu basieren, die positive Verläufe von Behandlungen zu betonen scheinen.</jats:p>
Joy and Sorrow.
No full textTitle from caption.No v. 3 issued; none published Oct. 1898; vol. 7, no. 5 erroneously called v. 8, no. 5.Copy lacks v. 5, no. 3
Early onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder and associated comorbidity
No full textBackground: Previous studies have aimed to identify subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) based on their age of onset (AOO). Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (OCS disorders) such as tic disorders have been particularly associated with an early onset in some studies. However, subtypes of early- and late-onset OCD are unevenly determined, and the biological and the clinical validity of these subtypes are unknown. This study was undertaken to discriminate the subtypes of OCD in different AOO levels and to test the hypothesis that different AOO bands are associated with a differential pattern of comorbidity. Methods: Two hundred fifty-two patients with OCD were interviewed directly with the German version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Anxiety Version, which provides DSM-IV diagnosis. Subgroups with different ages of onset were investigated (cut-off levels of 10, 15, and 18 years). Results: Subjects with an early AOO (onset <= 10 years) were significantly more likely to have OCS disorders (odds ratio [OR] = 3.46, P =. 001; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.72-6.96), in particular tic/Tourette's disorders (OR = 4.63; P =. 002; 95% CI. 1.78-12.05), than were late-onset subjects. Conclusions: For most mental disorders (e.g., anxiety and mood disorders), no associations with A 00 of OCD were identified. However, subjects in the early-onset group (<= 10 years) had a significant increase in comorbid tic and Tourette's disorders. Future research should examine potential neurobiological features associated with early-onset presentations of OCD. Early detection and management of comorbidities may offset impairments later in life. Depression and Anxiety 26.1012-1017, 2009. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc
Private sector approaches to effective family planning
No full textEven if per-user costs are controlled or reduced, the rising demand for family planning services will far outstrip governments'and donors'financial resources in most parts of the developing world. This"resource gap"lies at the heart of donor-sponsored initiatives to involve the private sector in family planning, but there are other equally good arguments for doing so. Governments and donors are often unaware of how much the private sector (especially the commerical sector) already participates - and could participate - in family planning. The author discusses why the private sector should be involved in planning, how the private sector should be defined, what the experience has been so far with private sector involvement, and what might be expected in the future. To support family planning in the private sector, the author recommends that donors: (1) expand the total family planning market to help satisfy existing and future unmet needs for contraception; and (2) shift current users from subsidized to more nearly self-supporting outlets - without compromising coverage, equity, or quality of care. The kinds of private sector activities that donors should support depend in part on which contraceptive methods are to be emphasized. Nonclinical systems, for example, are the most efficient way to distribute supply methods (for example, oral contraceptives and condoms), as long as medical backup is available for women who suffer side effects or who wish to switch to another method. These systems of distribution free up scarce resources in clinical facilities and the time of limited medical personnel for the resupply of contraceptives. However, if sterilization is to be emphasized, a close link with existing hospital infrastructure is necessary. Nonclinical distribution favors commercial systems in urban and periurban settings and community-based distribution systems (either public or private) where commercial networks break down. Price subsidies might be considered in areas served by commercial systems, but where consumers cannot afford prevailing commercial prices. The author discusses a wide range of experiences in providing both"supply"methods and clinical methods, such as sterilization (including tubal ligation). Roving sterilization camps have proved effective in Nepal and Thailand, for example, where demand for the procedure was high; they may have backfired in other areas, such as India. Mobile clinic vans have been tried in such countries as Colombia andGuatemala, but their effectiveness and cost-efficiency have not been carefully analyzed. Among the topics the author covers: when to subsidize goods and services, when to introduce new subsidized nongovernmental organization outlets, which regulations may inhibit the expansion of private family planning efforts, how to foster demand for private sector family planning goods and services, and how to promote the private supply of such goods and services.Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Agricultural Knowledge&Information Systems,Health Economics&Finance,Gender and Health,Adolescent Health
The Rhetoric of Translation: Three Early Perspectives on Translating Torah
No full textThree of the earliest extant Jewish exegetes, Aristobulus, Aristeas, and Philo, all state that King Ptolemy was responsible for a Greek translation of the Hebrew sacred writings. Scholarly discussion has focused on finding the historical kernel in these stories, or linking their creation to a particular event such as the official promulgation of an original or corrected Greek translation. The Letter of Aristeas is usually considered the most accurate version, in large part because it later was used as an introduction to the Septuagint. These discussions have overlooked the fact that in each case the basic plot is fine-tuned to suit each exegete's own ideas about how the Torah was written, how the text and its translation should be read and interpreted, and by whom. A comparison of the three versions reveals that each writer embellishes this bare-bones plot in a distinct manner. In particular, “historical” details are created by each writer that support the very exegetical endeavor he is undertaking. The story of the translation becomes a vehicle for creating all the components necessary to justify the exegete's role, from the creation of a unitary “Torah” out of the multiplicity of versions and stories to the motivation for the particular interpretative moves “demanded” by the very qualities of this Torah. Comparing the three stories gives us valuable insights into the self-perceptions of the exegetes and the emergence of what will become a standard model of text-author-exegete in Judaism.</jats:p
Fragile index of the world
No full textIncludes: The meaning box / Fred Muratori -- Come to me / Peter Fortunato -- Triphammer Bridge / A.R. Ammons -- Irregular iambics / Vladimir Nabokov -- Weather inventions / Emily Rosko -- Psalm I / Baxter Hathaway -- Slate / Alice Fulton -- Poem ("Yes lord I am") / Christopher Nealon -- A selection of haiku / Tom Clausen -- The glowworm / Kenneth A. McClane -- Only the heart / Ogago Ifowodo -- Taking a history / Elizabeth Holmes -- Love poem: starting over / Stephen Tapscott -- The stories tell the land / Deborah Tall -- To the author of glare / David Lehman -- from the sequence All (for Ken McClane) / C.S. Giscombe -- Evanescence / Phyllis Janowitz -- An entomological soiree / Nancy Vieira Couto -- Ithaca / Lyrae van Clief-Stefanon -- Seeing Ren Hongjun off to Sichuan / Hu Shi -- The cost of lingering / Gail Holst-Warhaft -- Winter was a white page / Jon Stallworthy -- Lift-to-drag ratios / Roald Hoffmann -- from Severance songs / Joshua Corey -- Occupation / Jonathan Monroe -- Open slowly; / Kate Light -- Standing in doorways / Lisa M. Steinmen -- does the eagle know what's in the pit / Gina Franco -- untitled / Sasha Skenderija -- Beside the point / Stephen Cushman -- Rainmaker / Larissa Szporluk -- A selection of haiku / Franklin W. Robinson -- The quietest song / Laura (Riding) Jackson -- School prayer / Diane Ackerman -- Apples / Mary Gilliland -- W.D. picks a bouquet for cock Robin but cannot separate the thorns from the flowers / W.D. Snodgrass -- Elegy for the luminous / Laura Glenn -- Rearview mirror / Robert Morgan.Also included here are audio and video recordings of the authors reading their poems.For David Skorton in celebration of his inauguration as the twelfth president of Cornell University, September 7, 2006.Cornell University. Office of Publications and Marketing. Cornell University. Office of Humanities Communications.The meaning box / Fred Muratori -- Come to me / Peter Fortunato -- Triphammer Bridge / A.R. Ammons -- Irregular iambics / Vladimir Nabokov -- Weather inventions / Emily Rosko -- Psalm I / Baxter Hathaway -- Slate / Alice Fulton -- Poem ("Yes lord I am") / Christopher Nealon -- A selection of haiku / Tom Clausen -- The glowworm / Kenneth A. McClane -- Only the heart / Ogago Ifowodo -- Taking a history / Elizabeth Holmes -- Love poem: starting over / Stephen Tapscott -- The stories tell the land / Deborah Tall -- To the author of glare / David Lehman -- from the sequence All (for Ken McClane) / C.S. Giscombe -- Evanescence / Phyllis Janowitz -- An entomological soiree / Nancy Vieira Couto -- Ithaca / Lyrae van Clief-Stefanon -- Seeing Ren Hongjun off to Sichuan / Hu Shi -- The cost of lingering / Gail Holst-Warhaft -- Winter was a white page / Jon Stallworthy -- Lift-to-drag ratios / Roald Hoffmann -- from Severance songs / Joshua Corey -- Occupation / Jonathan Monroe -- Open slowly; / Kate Light -- Standing in doorways / Lisa M. Steinmen -- does the eagle know what's in the pit / Gina Franco -- untitled / Sasha Skenderija -- Beside the point / Stephen Cushman -- Rainmaker / Larissa Szporluk -- A selection of haiku / Franklin W. Robinson -- The quietest song / Laura (Riding) Jackson -- School prayer / Diane Ackerman -- Apples / Mary Gilliland -- W.D. picks a bouquet for cock Robin but cannot separate the thorns from the flowers / W.D. Snodgrass -- Elegy for the luminous / Laura Glenn -- Rearview mirror / Robert Morgan.1_3vnhqo9x1_m1bx54a
Combat effectiveness in the infantry platoon: beyond the primary group thesis
No full textThis is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Taylor & Francis (Routledge) via the DOI in this record.Since 2001, western troops have been heavily engaged in combat in Iraq and Afghanistan raising once again the long-standing question of why small groups of soldiers are willing and able to fight together. Drawing on evidence from recent campaigns, and specifically focusing on American and British forces, this paper examines why small western units have generally been effective in combat. Against the primary group thesis, originally proposed by Morris Janowitz and Edward Shils in 1948, the article claims that training and battle-drills, not interpersonal relations, are the primary factor in generating performance on the battlefield. Moreover, high levels of training alters the relations between soldiers, giving rise to a core group which generates distinctive patterns of motivation
Interval sterilizations : A substitute for postpartum procedures, an example from Southeast Brazil
No full textFrom December 1979 to February 1980, data were collected on access to postpartum sterilization for all obstetric patients at a large maternity hospital in Campinas, Brazil. Of the 827 women wanting no additional children and having knowledge of sterilization, 481 (58%) reported that they wanted to be sterilized. Of these women, 226 (47%) were sterilized postpartum. One year following their deliveries, follow-up forms were administered to the women desiring sterilization, but who had not been sterilized postpartum, to determine if they had been sterilized over the course of the year. Only 13% of the women had been sterilized, but almost 75% of the women not sterilized said they were still interested in getting sterilized. Of the women interviewed, 18% either had become pregnant again since the initial survey or were currently pregnant.
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