1,721,036 research outputs found
Ketone Supplementation: Novel Strategy for Augmenting Altitude Exercise Performance?
No full textAn insightful Perspective for Progress by Salgado and colleagues (1) outlines some interesting novel approaches to augment exercise performance at terrestrial altitude in unacclimatized low-landers. These approaches could be utilized instead of, or supplementary to, the classical approach of hypoxic preacclimatization (2). The outlined strategies, particularly respiratory muscle training and combined approaches, show some promise for provoking relevant physiological changes and thereby facilitating altitude performance. Nevertheless, we feel that the landscape of novel "nonconventional" strategies remains incomplete without discussing the potential of exogenous ketones. Indeed, pre, per, and post exercise ingestion of ketone supplements represents a novel nutritional strategy aiming to improve exercise performance and recovery. Ketone supplements, particularly the ketone monoester (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate and the ketone precursor (R)-1,3-butanediol, induce a transient elevation of the circulating ketone bodies acetoacetate and D-β-hydroxybutyrate, irrespective of the availability of other macronutrients. Although the acute effect of exogenous ketosis on normoxic exercise performance remains equivocal (3), accumulating evidence suggests potential ergogenic effects resulting from improved recovery and potentially improved hypoxic tolerance (4). Regarding the latter, early work in rodents indicated that increasing blood ketone bodies enhanced survival time in severe hypoxia (5). Additionally, recent work from our laboratories showed that the physiological changes induced by ketone inges-tion in normoxia generally replicate the mechanisms that underly improvements in altitude performance upon preacclimatization or the nonconventional strategies highlighted by Salgado and colleagues. This includes (i) increased ventilation, (ii) higher energetic efficiency, (iii) elevated circulating erythropoietin, and (iv) increased skeletal muscle VEGF and capillarization (3). Therefore, we recently started to investigate the potential of ketone ingestion to improve performance and adaptation in/to hypoxia in humans. These studies indicated that ketone ingestion attenuated hypoxia-induced blood (and skeletal muscle) oxygen desaturation both at rest and during exercise, especially when oxygen saturation levels drop below approximately 85% (4,6). This was mostly underlined by acidosis-induced hyperventila-tion, thereby improving arterial pO 2. Most recently, we also observed that ketone ingestion alleviated the development of acute mountain sickness, which may further compromise exercise capacity upon acute altitude exposure (6). Despite the lack of direct evidence for enhanced endurance performance in (se-vere) hypoxic conditions upon ketosis, the observed effects on oxygenation and acute mountain sickness are promising for improving (submaximal) exercise performance during high-altitude sojourns. While the authors refer to studies wherein other potential strategies such as dietary nitrate are discussed, another and one of the most "nontraditional" and very topical approaches includes carbon monoxide supplementation (7). While its applicability for augmenting blood oxygen-carrying capacity (via simulated erythropoiesis and hemoglobin mass augmentation) is well established, the ethical and medical issues regarding its usage should probably override its physiological benefits (8). Taken together, the available data suggests that exogenous ketone supplementation could prove beneficial for augmenting high-altitude tolerance and/or exercise performance and thereby complement the strategies proposed by Salgado et al. (1). Nonetheless, future work is warranted to identify the optimal ketone supplementation strategies (e.g., dose and timing) and targeted applications (e.g., exercise, rest, and/or sleep) to develop effective individualized and targeted approaches
Exogenous ketosis attenuates acute mountain sickness and mitigates normobaric high-altitude hypoxemia
No full textAcute mountain sickness (AMS) represents a considerable issue for individuals sojourning to high altitudes with systemic hypoxe-mia known to be intimately involved in its development. Based on recent evidence that ketone ester (KE) intake attenuates hy-poxemia, we investigated whether exogenous ketosis might mitigate AMS development and identified underlying physiological mechanisms. Fourteen healthy, male participants were enrolled in two 29-h protocols (simulated altitude of 4,000-4,500 m) receiving either KE or a placebo (CON) at regular timepoints throughout the protocol in a randomized, crossover manner. Physiological responses were characterized after 15 min and 4 h in hypoxia, and the protocol was terminated prematurely upon development of severe AMS (Lake Louise Score ! 10). KE ingestion induced a consistent diurnal ketosis (D-b-hydroxybutyrate, [bHB] of $3 mM), whereas blood [bHB] remained low (<0.6 mM) in CON. Each participant tolerated the protocol equally long or longer (n ¼ 6 or n ¼ 8, respectively) in KE. Protocol duration increased by 32% on average with KE, and doubled upon KE for severe AMS-developing participants (n ¼ 9). Relative to CON, KE induced a mild metabolic acidosis, hyperventilation, and relative sympathetic dominance. KE also inhibited the progressive hypoxemia that was observed between 15 min and 4 h in hypoxia in CON, while concomitantly increasing cerebral oxygenation and capillary PO 2 within this timeframe despite a KE-induced reduction in cerebral oxygen supply. These data indicate that exogenous ketosis attenuates AMS development. The key underlying mechanisms include improved arterial and cerebral oxygenation, in combination with lowered cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery, and increased sympathetic dominance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ketone ester intake attenuated the development of acute mountain sickness at a simulated altitude of 4,000-4,500 m. This likely resulted from a mitigation of arterial and cerebral hypoxemia, reduced cerebral blood flow, and increased sympathetic drive. acute mountain sickness
A Single Night in Hypoxia Either with or without Ketone Ester Ingestion Reduces Sleep Quality Without Impacting Next Day Exercise Performance
No full textBackground: Sleeping at altitude is highly common in athletes as an integral part of altitude training camps or sport competitions. However, concerns have been raised due to expected negative effects on sleep quality, thereby potentially hampering exercise recovery and next-day exercise performance. We recently showed that ketone ester (KE) ingestion beneficially impacted sleep following strenuous, late evening exercise in normoxia, and alleviated hypoxemia.
Therefore, we hypothesized that KE ingestion may be an effective strategy to attenuate hypox(em)ia-induced sleep dysregulations.
Methods: Eleven healthy, male participants completed three experimental sessions including normoxic training and subsequent sleep in normoxia or at a simulated altitude of 3,000m while receiving either KE or placebo post-exercise and pre-sleep. Sleep was evaluated using polysomnography, while next-day exercise performance was assessed through a 30-min all-out time trial (TT30’). Physiological measurements included oxygen status, heart rate variability, ventilatory parameters, blood acid-base balance and capillary blood gases.
Results: Hypoxia caused a ~3% drop in sleep efficiency, established through a doubled wakefulness after sleep onset and a ~22% reduction in slow wave sleep. KE ingestion alleviated the gradual drop in SpO2 throughout the first part of the night, but did not alter hypoxia-induced sleep dysregulations. Neither KE, nor nocturnal hypoxia affected TT30’ performance, but nocturnal hypoxia hampered heart rate recovery following TT30’.
Conclusions: We observed that sleeping at 3,000m altitude impairs sleep efficiency. Although this hypoxia-induced sleep disruption was too subtle to limit exercise performance, we for the first time indicate that sleeping at altitude might impair next-day exercise recovery. KE alleviated nocturnal hypoxemia only when SpO2 values dropped below ~85%, but this did not translate into improved sleep or next-day exercise performance.The authors declare that they have no competing interests. This research was supported by the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO Weave, research grant G073522N) and Slovene Research Agency grant (N5-0247). CP is supported by an FWO senior postdoctoral research grant (12B0E24N)
The use of climbing walls in slovenian primary and secondary schools in the context of school sport
No full textPlezanje je šport, ki ponuja veliko možnosti za razvoj gibalnih sposobnosti otrok. Vpliva na razvoj moči mišic trupa, rok in ramenskega obroča, na koordinacijo, gibljivost in ravnotežje. Vrednote športnega plezanja se ujemajo s splošnimi cilji športne vzgoje, zapisanimi v učnem načrtu. Plezanje povečuje vztrajnost in medsebojno zaupanje učencev, spodbuja postavljanje ciljev, reševanje problemov, ustvarjalnost, timsko delo in spretnost komunikacije. Poleg tega lahko plezanje v naravi pomaga tudi pri večji ekološki ozaveščenosti učencev. V Sloveniji je trenutno 210 plezalnih sten, od katerih jih je 82 postavljenih v športnih dvoranah osnovnih šol, 9 pa v srednjih šolah, kar nedvomno omogoča dobre pogoje za vključevanje plezanja v pouk športa. Namen pričujočega dela je bil raziskati uporabo plezalnih sten v športnih dvoranah OŠ in SŠ ter ugotoviti, s katerimi izzivi se srečujejo učitelji pri izpeljavi plezalnih vsebin in poiskati ustrezne rešitve. V prvem delu smo predstavili teoretično ozadje plezanja in pomen vključevanja plezanja v šolski šport. V drugem delu je predstavljena raziskava med učitelji športne vzgoje, ki učijo na šolah, o uporabi plezalnih sten v njihovih telovadnicah. Rezultati so pokazali, da 42 % učiteljev, ki so odgovorili na anketni vprašalnik, plezalne stene, ki jo imajo na voljo v šolski športni dvorani, ne vključuje v pouk športa. Med najpogostejšimi vzroki za neuporabo sta neprimerna usposobljenost in pomanjkanje opreme. Triinpetdeset odstotkov vprašanih učiteljev se ne počuti kompetentnih za poučevanje plezalnih vsebin. Ugotovili smo, da trenutno primanjkuje izobraževanj na področju športnega plezanja in da si 59 % učiteljev želi, da bi bila na voljo. V zaključnem delu so predstavljeni primeri vključevanja plezalne stene v celoletni pouk športa in primer začetnih vsebin za poučevanje športnega plezanja v srednji šoli.Climbing is a sport that offers many opportunities for the development of children\u27s motor abilities. It influences the development of core muscle strength, arms, and shoulder girdle, as well as coordination, flexibility, and balance. Many values of sport climbing align with the general goals of physical education outlined in the curriculum. It increases students\u27 perseverance and mutual trust, encourages goal setting, problem-solving, creativity, teamwork, and communication skills. Additionally, climbing in nature can also contribute to greater ecological awareness among students. There are currently 210 climbing walls in Slovenia, 82 of which are located in elementary school sports halls and 9 in high schools, providing favorable conditions for incorporating climbing into physical education classes. The purpose of this work was to examine the use of climbing walls in ES and HS sports halls and identify the challenges that teachers face in implementing climbing activities while seeking appropriate solutions. The first part of the thesis presents the theoretical background of climbing and the significance of integrating climbing into school sports. The second part presents a survey conducted among physical education teachers teaching in schools about the use of climbing walls in their gymnasiums. The results showed that 42% of teachers who responded to the questionnaire do not include the available climbing wall in their physical education classes. The most common reasons for not using it are inadequate training and lack of equipment. 53% of the surveyed teachers do not feel competent to teach climbing activities. The results also show that teachers have a lack of knowledge on the topic of sport climbing, with 59% of teachers expressing a desire for such education to be available. The final part presents examples of incorporating the climbing wall into year-round physical education classes and a set of lesson plans for teaching climbing in high schools
Teaching methodology of sport climbing technique in elementary school
No full textPlezanje je naravna oblika gibanja, ki lahko v veliki meri vpliva na razvoj različnih gibalnih sposobnosti. Športno plezanje od plezalca zahteva dobro usklajenost moči, koordinacije, natančnosti in gibljivosti. Trenutno predstavlja popularno športno panogo, s katero se rekreativno ukvarja vedno več ljudi. K priljubljenosti športa so pripomogli vedno boljša infrastruktura, uspehi slovenskih plezalcev in organizacija športnoplezalnih dogodkov. Šport je postal priljubljen pri odraslih, vedno več zanimanja pa je tudi pri otrocih. Otroci s plezanjem razvijajo moč, koordinacijo in gibljivost, kar je v obdobju njihovega razvoja zelo pomembno. V osnovni šoli so otroci izjemno dojemljivi in se hitro učijo, kar se kaže tudi v njihovem hitrem napredku pri plezanju. Prav zato je zelo pomembno, da se pravilne plezalne tehnike naučijo in jo utrjujejo že od samega začetka plezanja. Namen magistrske naloge je, da služi kot priročnik za športne pedagoge in ostale vpletene, ki se ukvarjajo s športnim plezanjem. V magistrski nalogi so predstavljene osnovne zgodovinske in razvojne informacije ter pogled v posamezne discipline, ki tudi manj veščim predstavi okvirno sliko dejavnosti. Opisi plezalnih tehnik in ostalih sestavnih delov plezanja pripomorejo k lažjemu razumevanju gibanja v vertikali. Prav tako je opisano, na kakšen način se športno plezanje lahko izvaja znotraj osnovnošolskega sistema. Razprava nam nudi oris glavnih napak, ki se pojavljajo med samo vadbo, za njihovo lažje odpravljanje pa so opisane tudi vaje za izboljšanje tehnike. Metodična postopka padca in osnovnega položaja predstavljata osnovo športnoplezalnega udejstvovanja, vaje za izboljšanje prepoznavanja plezalčevega težišča pa so temelj za učinkovito gibanje po steni. V magistrski nalogi je zbranih 15 učnih priprav za izvajanje teh vsebin v osnovni šoli. Priprave so ločene po starostnih kategorijah in namenjene pedagogom za lažjo in učinkovitejšo izvedboClimbing is a natural form of movement that significantly influences the development of various movement skills. Sport climbing requires a good balance of strength, coordination, precision, and mobility. It represents an increasingly popular sport, with progressively more people practicing it in a competitive and recreational manner. The sport is popular particularly, due to the availability of good local infrastructurethe success of Slovenian competition climbersand the frequency of organized sport climbing events. The sport is popular among all age groups, with increasing interest among children. Through climbing children develop strength, coordination, and flexibility, which are very important during their developmental period. In elementary school, children are highly perceptive and fast learners, as is also reflected in their rapid progress in climbing. Therefore, it is very important for them to learn correct climbing techniques as soon as they begin practicing this sport. The purpose of this master\u27s thesis is to serve as a guide for sport teachers, although it can also be used by sport climbers and coaches. The thesis provides basic historical and developmental informationalong with an overview of the sub-disciplines, providing novice individuals a general picture of the sport. It also includes descriptions of climbing techniques and other important aspects, with the intention of providing a better understanding of the movements in the vertical world. Importantly it also outlies strategies on how to successfully implement sport climbing within the primary school system. The discussion outlines the main mistakes that occur during climbing movement/practice, together with the appropriate descriptions of the technique-correcting exercises that facilitate the correction these mistakes. The master\u27s thesis includes the material and guidelines to prepare 15 lessons for primary school students. These lessons address methodical procedures for falling and basic positioning, which form the foundation of sport climbing activity. They also encompass exercises for improving the recognition of the climber\u27s center of gravity, since it representa a critical concept for movement on the climbing wall. The preparations are categorized by age groups and are aimed at facilitating implementation of this lessons for teachers and coaches
Exercise training of astronauts during space missions
Full text linkZačetek raziskovanja vesolja sega v leto 1957, ko je Sovjetska zveza v orbito izstrelila prvi satelit Sputnik 1. Štiri leta zatem so sovjeti v orbito uspešno poslali prvega človeka (J. Gagarin). Po tem letu so se začele vrstiti vesoljske misije, katerih vrhunec je predstavljala prva ameriška misija, ki je uspešno pristala na Luni (Apollo 11 (Neil Armstrong in Buzz Aldrin) leta 1969. Prvim vesoljskim presežkom je sledil še hitrejši vesoljski razvoj, povezan s številnimi novimi misijami in pričetkom bivanja ljudi v vesolju. Pred dvajsetimi leti so astronavti začeli z daljšimi bivanji na Mednarodni vesoljski postaji, kjer raziskovalci vrsto let izvajajo znanstvene raziskave in proučujejo učinek vesolja na človeški organizem ter vpliv različnih metod športne vadbe pri zmanjševanju teh učinkov.
Namen magistrskega dela je predstaviti dosedanja znanstvena dognanja o okoljskih in fizioloških učinkih bivanja v vesolju, s poudarkom na predstavitvi športne vadbe in diagnostike, ki je namenjena ohranjanju zdravja in zmanjševanju negativnih vplivov bivanja v vesolju z glavnim ciljem ohranjanja operativne sposobnosti astronavtov.
V ta namen je bil izveden pregled izvirnih znanstvenih raziskav in ostalih relevantnih virov v sledečih spletnih bazah: Pubmed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Embase, SportDiscus, Google Scholar in Cobiss. Uporabljene so bile sledeče ključne besede: microgravity, muscle, exercise, space, flight, biology, NASA, iRED, bed rest, neuro-cognitive, bone, strength, endurance, TVIST, flight, medicine in cardiorespiratory. Ugotovitve raziskav, izvedenih v vesolju, in tistih na Zemlji (bed rest ipd.) so pokazale, da astronavti zaradi mikrogravitacije v največji meri izgubljajo predvsem mišično maso v tistih mišicah, ki skrbijo za pokončno držo, in mišicah spodnjih okončin. Prav tako pride do izrazite redistribucije telesnih tekočin iz spodnjega dela telesa v zgornjega. Zmanjšata se tudi volumen krvne plazme in srčna mišica, ki je vsaj delno manj obremenjena zaradi omenjene redistribucije tekočin in odsotnosti gravitacijskega vektorja. Zaradi teh negativnih fizioloških in morfoloških učinkov se posledično zmanjšata tudi moč in vzdržljivost mišic predvsem spodnjega dela telesa, zmanjša se tudi aerobna kapaciteta in poslabšata se ravnotežje ter koordinacija.
Športna vadba je eno najboljših sredstev za minimiziranje škodljivih učinkov bivanja v vesolju. Vadbeni pristopi astronavtov se začnejo s sistematično vadbo na Zemlji, kjer je poudarek na hipertrofiji mišic in aerobni vzdržljivosti, nadaljujejo se na mednarodni vesoljski postaji z vadbo moči in vzdržljivosti, zaključijo pa s ponovnim pridobivanjem izgubljene mišične in kostne mase ob povratku na Zemljo. Na mednarodni vesoljski postaji imajo astronavti na voljo kolesarski ergometer in tekalno stezo za izvajanje aerobne vadbe kot preventive za dekondicijo srčno-žilnega sistema ter inercijsko napravo za vadbo moči, ki služi kot preventiva proti nastanku mišične atrofije.
V prihodnosti se načrtujejo nove, dolgotrajne in zahtevne vesoljske misije (Mars), zato je ključnega pomena, da se med bivanjem v vesolju izvaja učinkovita vadba, ki lahko zagotovi celostno ohranjanje zdravja in operativne sposobnosti astronavtov.The beginning of space exploration dates back to 1957, when the Soviet Union launched its first satellite, Sputnik 1, into orbit. Four years later, the Soviets successfully sent the first man (J. Gagarin) into orbit. Afterwards, a series of space missions culmulated, all of which the first American mission to successfully land on the moon (Apollo 11 (Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin) in 1969). This was followed by an even faster space development, linked to a number of new missions and the beginning of human beings living in space. Twenty years ago, astronauts began longer space residence on the International Space Station, wherein researchers have been conducting scientific research for years - also studying the effect of space on the human physiology and the impact of different methods of sports exercise in reducing these detrimental effects.
The aim of this master\u27s thesis is to present the up-to-date scientific findings on the environmental and physiological effects of living in space (i.e. microgravity), with an emphasis on the presentation of sports training/conditioning and diagnostics, that aims to maintain health and reduce the negative impacts of living in space with the main objective of maintaining astronauts operational capacity. To this end, an overview of original scientific research and other relevant sources was conducted in the following web databases - Pubmed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Embase, SportDiscus, Google Scholar and Cobiss. The following keywords were used - Microgravity, Muscle, Exercise, Space, Flight, Biology, NASA, iRED, bed rest, neuro-cognitive, bone, strength, endurance, TVIST, flight, medicine and cardiorespiratory.
The findings of up-to date studies carried out both, in space and those on earth (bed rest, etc.) have shown that astronauts, due to microgravity, mostly lose muscle mass predominantly in the muscles that provide upright posture and those of the lower limb muscles. There is also a marked redistribution of bodily fluids from the lower part of the body to the upper body. The volume of blood plasma is, at least acutely, reduced, as is the heart muscle volume, mostly due to the heart pump unloading due to the aforementioned fluid redistribution. As a result of these negative physiological and morphological effects, the strength and endurance of the muscles, especially of the lower part of the body, aerobic capacity are reduced and balance as well as coordination compromised.
Exercise is one of the best strategies to minimize the harmful effects of space flight. The astronaut`s training begins with systematic exercise on Earth, where the focus is predominantly on the muscle hypertrophy and aerobic endurance, then continues on the International Space Station with strength and endurance training, and finishes with regaining lost muscle and bone mass upon their return to Earth. From an exercise training device perspective, the International Space Station, currently features cycling ergometer and a treadmill to perform aerobic exercise as a prevention of cardiovascular degeneration and an inertia power training device that serves as a prevention of muscle atrophy.
New, long-duration and technically challenging space missions (Mars) are planned in the future, so it is vital that effective exercise is carried out during the space flight, which can ensure the overall preservation of health and operational capability of astronauts
Ski touring and ski mountaineering in Western Julian Alps
No full textTurno smučanje je zvrst smučanja, pri kateri se peš ali s smučmi povzpnemo po neurejenih pobočjih in se nato po njih spustimo. Ta zimska dejavnost postaja iz leta v leto vse bolj priljubljena. Zahodne Julijske Alpe so del Julijskih Alp in obsegajo skupine Montaža, Viša in Kanina. Zaradi svojih geografskih značilnosti omogočajo veliko število različnih turnih smukov. Magistrska naloga v prvem delu zajema poglavja, ki se nanašajo na teoretične pojme turnega smučanja in njegove zgodovine v svetu, Sloveniji in Zahodnih Julijskih Alpah. Nadalje delo predstavlja opremo, ki jo potrebujemo pri turnem in alpinističnem smučanju, ter nevarnosti, ki se v zimskem gorskem svetu lahko pojavijo. Sledi teoretična predstavitev izvedbe turnega smuka z vidikov priprave na turo, spremljanja vremenskih razmer in izbire ture ter nazadnje, same izvedbe vzpona in spusta. V nadaljevanju delo predstavlja možnost implementacije turnega smučanja v zimsko šolo v naravi in športni dan. V drugem delu se naloga osredotoča na Zahodne Julijske Alpe z njihovimi geografskimi značilnostmi in posebnostmi, ki omogočajo veliko število različnih turnosmučarskih ciljev, s posebnostjo imenoslovja in turnosmučarskim vodnikom, ki zajema skupine Montaža in Viša ter severno stran Kaninskega pogorja do mejnega prehoda Predel. Naloga s poglavji o opremi, nevarnostih, pripravi na turo ter izvedbi vzpona in spusta predstavlja uporabno vrednost z vidika izvedbe turnega smuka uporabnika, ki lahko cilje poišče tudi znotraj tur, ki so opisane v turnosmučarskem vodniku.Ski touring is a genre of skiing, where we ascent on foot or with skis and we ski down unmarked backcountry areas. This kind of a activity is becoming increasingly popular every year. Western Julian Alps are a Julian Alps subrange and they consist of Montaž, Viš and Kanin mountain groups. Due to their geographic characteristics, they allow several different ski mountaineering tours. In the first part, Master thesis covers the chapters which refer to theoretical concepts of ski touring genre and it\u27s history in Slovenia, Western Julian Alps and globally. Furthermore, it presents the equipment we need for ski touring and ski mountaineering and it also presents the dangers that can appear in the mountains in winter. The work later presents a theoretical execution of a tour in terms of preparation for the tour, weather forecast and snow conditions observation, tour selection and lastly the tactical and technical execution of ascent and descent. In the following, the work presents the possibility of ski touring implementation in school winter camp or school\u27s sports day. In the second part, the thesis focuses on Western Julian Alps with their geographic characteristics and features that allow a large number of different ski touring goals, and it also focuses on special terminology. Lastly the work presents the ski touring guidebook which includes Montaž, Viš and north side of Kanin mountain groups. With the equipment, danger, tour preparation and execution chapters, the work represents utility value in terms of user\u27s tour execution, who can find his goals amongst the tours, described in the guidebook
Acute effects of caffeine on fatigue in normobaric hypoxia
No full textV magistrski nalogi smo preučevali potencialne učinke kofeina med kolesarjenjem na cikloergometru na simulirani višini 3500 m (normobarična hipoksijaO2 = 13,5 %) z namenom ugotoviti morebiten pozitiven učinek kofeina na športno sposobnost v hipoksiji. Obenem smo preučevali tudi vprašanje, ali je učinek kofeina drugačen pri moških kot pri ženskah in morebitne ostale razlike med spoloma.
V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 26 zdravih odraslih udeležencev (13 moških, 13 žensk). V glavnem delu raziskave je bila izvedena randomizirana navzkrižna študija štirih vadbenih testiranj oz. eksperimentalnih pogojevnormoksija (normalno okolje) v primerjavi s hipoksijo (delež vdihanega kisika = 13,5 %) in placebo (20 g maltodekstrina) v primerjavi s kofeinom (20 g maltodekstrina + 6 mg/kg telesne mase kofeina). Vsako testiranje je vključevalo meritve med submaksimalnim naporom v obliki 10-minutnega kolesarjenja na 40 % VO2max, za tem pa je sledil stopnjevani obremenitveni test. V času vseh testiranj so bile merjene naslednje spremenljivke: privzem kisika (VO2), ventilacija, frekvenca srca, saturacija (SpO2), koncentracija laktata, ocena napora in maksimalna sposobnost.
Pri submaksimalnem naporu v normobarični hipoksiji so nastale statistično značilne razlike ob dodajanju kofeina pri saturaciji kisika krvi (81 ± 5,6 % vs. 78 ± 5,5), oceni napora (12 vs.13) in koncentraciji laktata (4,4 ± 1,1 mmol/l vs. 3,7 ± 1 mmol/l). Pri maksimalnem naporu se je učinek kofeina kazal v višji maksimalni doseženi moči (277 ± 56W vs. 267 ± 55W), privzemu kisika (48 ± 8,9 ml/kg/min vs. 44 ± 9,1 ml/kg/min), maksimalni frekvenci srca (182 ± 12 utripov/min vs. 179 ± 9 utripov/min) in koncentraciji laktata (10,9 ± 2,8 mmol/l vs. 9,6 ± 2,6 mmol/l).
Na podlagi rezultatov smo ugotovili, da kofein v pogojih hipoksije izboljša določene vidike športne zmogljivosti, zlasti pri naporih do odpovedi, medtem ko je njegov vpliv na posamezne fiziološke spremenljivke med submaksimalno vadbo manj izrazit. Prav tako se je izkazalo, da kofein vpliva na zaznavanje intenzivnosti napora. Statistično značilnih razlik v odzivu na kofein med spoloma nismo zaznali.The present master thesis aimed to examine the effect of caffeine during cycling on a cycle ergometer at a simulated altitude of 3500 m with the key aim to measure and determine the effect of caffeine in hypoxia on athletic performance. We also wanted to investigate whether the effect of caffeine differs between men and women and in other gender-related differences.
For this purpose, 26 healthy adult participants (13 men, 13 women) iwere recruited for the present study. The main part of the project was conducted as a randomized crossover study with four experimental conditions: normoxia (ambient air) versus hypoxia (inspired oxygen fraction = 0.135), and placebo (20 g maltodextrin) versus caffeine (20 g maltodextrin + 6 mg/kg body weight caffeine). Each trial included a submaximal exercise test consisting of 10 minutes of cycling at 40% VO₂max, followed by an incremental test to exhaustion. The continuously measured variables included oxygen uptake (VO₂), ventilation, heart rate, oxygen saturation (SpO₂), lactate concentration, rating of perceived exertion, and maximal power output.
During submaximal exercise in normobaric hypoxia, statistically significant differences were observed with caffeine ingestion in blood oxygen saturation (81 ± 5.6% vs. 78 ± 5.5%), perceived exertion (12 vs. 13), and blood lactate concentration (4.4 ± 1.1 mmol/L vs. 3.7 ± 1.0 mmol/L). Under maximal effort, the effect of caffeine was reflected in a higher peak power output (277 ± 56 W vs. 267 ± 55 W), oxygen uptake (48 ± 8.9 ml/kg/min vs. 44 ± 9.1 ml/kg/min), maximal heart rate (182 ± 12 bpm vs. 179 ± 9 bpm), and blood lactate concentration (10.9 ± 2.8 mmol/L vs. 9.6 ± 2.6 mmol/L).
Based on the results, we concluded that caffeine enhances certain aspects of athletic performance in hypoxia, particularly at maximal effort, whereas its effect on some physiological variables during submaximal exercise is less pronounced or inconsistent. It was also found to influence the perception of exertion. However, no significant differences were observed between men and women in their response to caffeine
Using mountaineering for cross-curriculum approaches in primary school
No full textMedpredmetno povezovanje omogoča učinkovitejše učenje ter pridobivanje trajnejšega in bolj uporabnega znanja. Planinstvo oz. pohodništvo predstavlja dejavnost, ki posega na številna področja, zato je smiselno, da njegove vsebine povežemo z ostalimi predmeti. Namen magistrske naloge je bil prikazati primere medpredmetnega povezovanja v osnovni šoli, kjer cilje in vsebine različnih predmetov povežemo s predmetom šport, vsebina pohodništvo. S pohodništvom smo povezali predmete: spoznavanje okolja (1., 2. in 3. razred), naravoslovje in tehnika (4. in 5. razred), naravoslovje (6. in 7. razred) in biologija (8. in 9. razred). Pri tem smo uporabili tudi medpodročno povezovanje z okoljsko vzgojo in vzgojo za zdravje. Predstavili smo predloge medpredmetnega povezovanja in izdelali učna gradiva. Pregledali smo, katere vsebine se povezujejo s pohodništvom v tujih vzgojno-izobraževalnih sistemih, poiskali raziskave na področju medpredmetnega povezovanja pohodništva v Sloveniji in analizirali že obstoječa učna gradiva, povezana s pohodništvom.
Primeri medpredmetnega povezovanja in pripravljeni učni lističi so namenjeni športnim pedagogom, razrednim učiteljem in učiteljem, ki poučujejo naravoslovje in biologijo za lažje posredovanje in implementacijo izbranih vsebin. Predstavljene primere medpredmetnega povezovanja lahko uporabimo tako pri klasičnem pouku v šoli kot tudi v okviru šolskih športnih dni in šol v naravi.Cross-curriculum approaches are known to facilitate learning which results in a more sustainable and applied students’ knowledge. Given that mountaineering is connected to many learning areas/topics, it is reasonable to connect its content to other subjects/courses and learning objectives. The purpose of the present master’s thesis was to outline examples of cross-curriculum approaches in Physical education with an emphasis on the mountaineering content. For this purpose, we combined various mountaineering topics with the following subjects: environment education (1st, 2nd and 3rd grades), science and technology (4th and 5th grades), natural sciences (6th and 7th grades) and biology (8th and 9th grades). In addition, we also harnessed the cross-sectoral integration of mountaineering with environment and health education courses. Based on the above noted cross-curricular links we prepared novel teaching materials. In addition, we reviewed the available foreign education systems contents that are linked to mountaineering. We also summarized up-to-date Slovenian studies and research work from the field of cross-curriculum approaches to mountaineering and analyzed the already available teaching materials.
Examples of cross-curriculum approaches and developed teaching materials are intended for physical educators and other general teachers to facilitate the delivery of the content. They can be used either in class, outdoor activities and during sports days in nature
The example of implementing an outdoor learning school with mountaineering content in the Bohinj mountains
No full textŠola v naravi je vzgojno-izobraževalna oblika, pri kateri učenci šolsko okolje za več dni zamenjajo za naravno okolje izven šole in kraja stalnega prebivališča (npr. ob morju, v gorah …). Tam učenci prisostvujejo drugačnemu pedagoškemu procesu ter pridobivajo novo in utrjujejo staro znanje o teoretičnih in praktičnih vsebinah. Prav tako se urijo tudi v vsebinah, ki so pomembne za oblikovanje njihove osebnosti. Planinstvo je dandanes ena izmed najbolj množičnih športnih dejavnosti, s katero se ukvarjajo prebivalci Slovenije. S povečevanjem popularnosti pa se nam ponuja tudi odlična priložnost za povečanje števila šol v naravi, v katerih bi prevladovale vsebine planinstva. Hoja v gore ima veliko pozitivnih vplivov na človeka, saj z njo lahko izboljšamo svoje fizično, psihično in socialno stanje. Eden izmed lepših kotičkov Slovenije, ki omogočajo hojo v gore, je tudi Bohinj z okoliškimi gorami, med katere sodi tudi najvišji vrh Slovenije, Triglav. Glavni cilj magistrske naloge je bil izdelati natančen primer izvedbe šole v naravi s planinsko vsebino v bohinjskih gorah. V prvem delu magistrske naloge smo predstavili šolo v naravi kot vzgojno-izobraževalno obliko z vidika njenih osnovnih značilnosti, ciljev, ki jih učenci lahko dosežejo, in vsebin, ki jih lahko ponudimo učencem. Orisali smo zgodovinski razvoj šole v naravi in opisali planinstvo, osnove planinstva in zgodovino planinstva na naših tleh ter opisali Bohinj in bohinjske gore. V drugem delu smo predstavili natančen program petdnevne šole v naravi s planinsko vsebino za učence tretjega triletja osnovne šole v bohinjskih gorah, ki omogoča lažjo izvedbo vsem športnim pedagogom in drugim pedagoškim delavcem, ki bodo za svoje učence pripravljali šolo v naravi s planinsko vsebino na tem področju. Program pa lahko z nekaj manjšimi spremembami uporabijo tudi na drugih področjih Slovenije.The school in nature is an educational concept whereby pupils exchange regular school environment for an outdoor natural environment usually outside of the region of their permanent residence (for example, by the sea, in the mountains...). Pupils participate in a different pedagogical process, acquire new knowledge, and reinforce old knowledge about various theoretical and practical topics. They also engage in activities that contribute to the formation of their personality. Mountaineering nowadays represents one of the most popular sport activities practiced by the residents of Slovenia. This increasing popularity of mountaineering also lends an excellent opportunity for increasing the number of schools in nature, with mountaineering-related content. Hiking in the mountains can have a positive impact on both the physical and mental health of individuals. One of the most beautiful areas of Slovenia that allows hiking is Bohinj, with its mountains, including Slovenia\u27s highest peak, Triglav. The main goal of the present master thesis was to develop a precise example of implementing a school in nature with mountaineering content in the Bohinj mountain region. In the first part, we presented the school in nature as an educational form from the perspective of its basic characteristics, goals that students achieve, the content that can be offered to students, its historical development, and described mountaineering, the basics of mountaineering, the history of mountaineering in our region, and described Bohinj and the Bohinj mountains. In the second part, we presented a detailed example of a five-day program with mountaineering content for pupils of the third triad of the primary school in the Bohinj mountains, which enables easier implementation of schools in nature with mountaineering content for all the physical education teachers and other pedagogical workers who will be preparing schools in nature with mountaineering content for their students in Bohinj and the Bohinj mountains or with some minor program modifications in any other location in Slovenia
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