291 research outputs found
Managing the effects of tax expenditures on the national budget
Get PDFTax expenditures, in the form of tax provisions, are government expenditures. They are conceptually and functionally distinct from those tax provisions whose purpose is to raise revenue. Tax expenditure programs are comparable to entitlement programs. Therefore, tax expenditures must be analyzed in spending terms and integrated into the budgetary process to ensure fiscal accountability. In addition, tax expenditures must be audited for performance and the information must be published (with comprehensive analysis) to ensure fiscal transparency. The author analyzes the concept and definition, size, and effects of tax expenditures, as well as the fiscal accountability and transparency of tax expenditure spending. In short, tax expenditures affect (1) the budget balance,(2) budget prioritization in allocation, (3) the effectiveness and efficiency of fiscal resources, and (4) the scope for abuse by taxpayers, government officials and legislators. While reviewing the current practices in tax expenditures against the requirements of fiscal accountability and transparency, she finds that this fiscal area must be strengthened. The author sketches four building blocks to strengthen tax expenditures toward fiscal accountability and transparency, based on the literature developed by Surry and McDaniel, the practices from industrial and developing countries, the Campos and Pradhan fiscal accountability model, and the International Monetary Fund's fiscal transparency code. The author argues that normative/benchmark tax structure, a revenue-raising component of the tax system, should be formalized. The normative/benchmark tax structure should be legally defined in the tax law and should be transparent. The tax receipts from this normative/benchmark tax structure should be quantified and published. Presently, many countries could publish imputed tax revenue from normative/benchmark tax structures because such data is available. Only if imputed tax revenue is published in the same way as the other budget components-tax revenue received, tax expenditures, direct expenditures, and fiscal balance-will a budget system be truly transparent in terms of revenue-raising activities and expenditure activities. In addition, when the tax revenue-raising activity is formalized, the inherent spending nature of tax expenditures is further exposed. Therefore, tax expenditures should be added to direct expenditures forming total government expenditures. Furthermore, the conventional concept of the size of government should be remedied by including both direct expenditures and tax expenditures.Public Sector Economics&Finance,Tax Law,Fiscal Adjustment,Public Sector Fiscal Adjustment,Economic Theory&Research
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First person – Roopali Pradhan
Get PDFABSTRACT First Person is a series of interviews with the first authors of a selection of papers published in Journal of Cell Science, helping early-career researchers promote themselves alongside their papers. Roopali Pradhan is first author on ‘Lamin A/C modulates spatial organization and function of the Hsp70 gene locus via nuclear myosin I’, published in JCS. Roopali conducted the research described in this article while an integrated MS-PhD student in Dr Kundan Sengupta's lab at Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pashan, Pune, India. She is now a postdoctoral research associate in the lab of Prof. Julie Ahringer at Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, UK, where she is interested in understanding chromatin organization across development and ageing, particularly the regulation imparted by nuclear landmarks and transcriptional activity in shaping local and global genome architecture
Anisotropic stars in 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity
No full textWe wish to thank the anonymous reviewer for comments and suggestions. The author T. T would like to thank the financial support from the Science Achievement Scholarship of Thailand (SAST) . A. Pradhan thanks to IUCCA, Pune, India for providing fa-cilities under associateship programmes. The author G. P. thanks the FundacAo para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT) , Portugal, for the financial support to the Center for Astrophysics and Gravitation-CENTRA, Chile, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lis-boa, Portugal, through the Project No. UIDB/00099/2020 and No. PTDC/FIS-AST/28920/2017
Out-of-Plane Behavior of URM Infill: Accuracy of Available Capacity Models
No full textThe aim of this paper is to check the accuracy of analytical capacity models available for the prediction of out-of-plane strength of unreinforced masonry (URM) infill walls. The accuracy of the available models is checked by detailed comparison with the existing experimental results. In doing so, both types of capacity models are evaluated: Type I for the prediction of the strength in the undamaged state, and Type II for the prediction of strength reduction in the in-plane damaged state. Results from the calculations are discussed, and the best among the available models are recommended. Furthermore, the influence of orthotropy of the infill masonry in the out-of-plane capacity predicted by the models is discussed. The paper also highlights the prospect of using the capacity models in the cases of infill-beam gap and infill with openings. In the paper, the best pairs of models (composed by a model for the prediction of the out-of-plane strength in the undamaged state and a model for the prediction of the reduction of the out-of-plane strength in the damaged state, not necessarily provided by the same author) for URM infill walls, are suggested for the first time
Marginalization and contemporaneous aggregation in multivariate GARCH processes
Get PDFTime Series;GARCH Models
ESTIMATION OF IMMUNOMODULATORY ACTIVITY OF LIMONIA ACIDISSIMA LINN
Get PDFObjective: Plant derived substances have recently become of great interest owing to their versatile applications. Attention has been drawn towards finding the in-vitro immunomodulatory activity of the methanolic pulp extract from Limonia acidissima Linn. Methods: The dried powdered pulp of Limonia acidissima Linn. extracted with methanol using Soxhlet apparatus. The in-vitro immunomodulatory activities were screened by different assays: in-vitro phagocytic assay, proliferation of splenocytes by inducing with mitogen, and cellular lysosomal enzyme activity assay.  Results: The methanolic extract of Limonia acidissima Linn. enhanced the NBT reduction at 0.01, 0.1 and 1mg/ml by 42percent (p < 0.01), 69percent (p < 0.01) and 88percent (p < 0.01), respectively, with an EC50 value of 0.04mg/ml. Lysosomal enzyme activity was also activated by the extract by 63percent at 0.1mg/ml and by 89percent (p < 0.05) at 1mg/ml with an EC50 of 0.38mg/ml. The plant extract (1mg/ml) enhanced the proliferation by 184percent (p < 0.01) compared to the control, in the absence of mitogen. Conclusion: Our results suggest that methanolic extract of pulp of Limonia acidissima Linn. possess significant immunomodulatory activity in-vitro. Pulp of Limonia acidissima Linn. therefore is a good source as an immunomodulator and a possible pharmaceutical supplement.   Keywords: Limonia acidissima Linn.; Immunomodulating activity; Phagocytosis; Proliferatio
A Level Set Approach for Segmentation of Intensity Inhomogeneous Image Based on Region Decomposition
No full textNovel combination therapy of osimertinib and Tupichinol E in triple-negative breast cancer: Targeting EGFR and CDK4/6 pathways
No full textTriple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is one of the most challenging form of breast cancer that lacks hormone receptors and HER2, limiting targeted treatment options. While a third-generation EGFR inhibitor, Osimertinib, has shown efficacy in various cancers, its role in TNBC is not well established. On the other hand, Tupichinol E, a novel compound, has shown promising anticancer potential in preclinical studies. This study investigates the combined effects of Osimertinib and Tupichinol E on TNBC cell lines, revealing a synergistic reduction in cell viability, increased apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest compared to individual treatments. Furthermore, cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6), important cell cycle regulators, are essential in transitioning cells from the G1 to S phase via retinoblastoma protein (RB) phosphorylation. Dysregulation of the CDK4/6-RB pathway is a hallmark in many cancers, including hormone receptor-positive breast cancers, and has become a focus of targeted therapies. Our findings not only emphasizes the therapeutic potential of combining Osimertinib with Tupichinol E in TNBC but also underscore the importance of CDK4/6 inhibitors in modulating cell cycle progression, offering a promising avenue for combination therapies in TNBC treatment
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