597 research outputs found
"Wasteless Waters" and "Sheltered Truth" video presentations
No full textThese are videos for the Sherman Centre video wall, taken from Matthew Davis' Winter 2018 Humanities 2DH3 class
Two new Bent-toed Geckos of the Cyrtodactylus pulchellus complex from Peninsular Malaysia and multiple instances of convergent adaptation to limestone forest ecosystems
No full textGrismer, L. Lee, Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Grismer, Marta S., Quah, Evan S. H., Murdoch, Matthew L., Muin, Mohd Abdul, Davis, Hayden R., Aguilar, César, Klabacka, Randy, Cobos, Anthony J., Aowphol, Anchalee, Sites, Jack W. (2016): Two new Bent-toed Geckos of the Cyrtodactylus pulchellus complex from Peninsular Malaysia and multiple instances of convergent adaptation to limestone forest ecosystems. Zootaxa 4105 (5): 401-429, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4105.5.
Pseudocalotes flavigula Grismer, Quah, Wood, Anuar, Muin, Davis, Murdoch, Grismer, Cota & Cobos, 2016, sp. nov.
No full textVariation in Pseudocalotes flavigula Smith (1924) described Pseudocalotes flavigula from a single specimen collected from the mossy forest along Brinchang Trail in Cameron Highlands (Fig. 13). Smith’s (1924) description was rather brief but was significantly augmented by Grismer (2011) with the examination of another specimen collected from Brinchang Trail (ZRC 2.5162) reported by (Leong 2001) and an additional specimen from Tanah Rata (FMNH 143903). Meristic variation among five of the six known specimens is presented in Table 5. The color pattern in P. flavigula is quite variable (Fig. 12). The dark, dorsal bands range from brown to black and from to distinct and diffuse to barely visible. The light-colored upper lip, lateral throat and proximal section of the brachium can range from immaculate white to lime-green and it may or may not extend onto the anterior portion of the flanks. There is considerable variation in overall ground color that ranges from dull-white to lime-green which we attribute to substrate matching (Fig. 12). We obtained a series of close-up photographs of a juvenile male Pseudocalotes (THNHM 25890) collected at 1400 m in elevation from a montane region in the Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, Betong District, Yala Province, Thailand along the Thai-Malay border. This habitat is contiguous with the Banjaran Titiwangsa and the data taken from the photographs—most notably the color pattern and the enlarged, plate-like flank scales (Fig. 14)—clearly align this specimen with the flavigula-viserion clade but until the specimen can be examined it will be recognized here as Pseudocalotes sp. nov.Published as part of Grismer, L. Lee, Quah, Evan S. H., Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Muin, Abdul, Davis, Hayden R., Murdoch, Matthew L., Grismer, Jesse L., Cota, Michael & Cobos, Anthony J., 2016, Dragons in the mist: three new species of Pseudocalotes Fitzinger (Squamata: Agamidae) from the sky island archipelago of Peninsular Malaysia, pp. 461-490 in Zootaxa 4136 (3) on page 485, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/25675
FIGURE 2 in Dragons in the mist: three new species of Pseudocalotes Fitzinger (Squamata: Agamidae) from the sky island archipelago of Peninsular Malaysia
No full textFIGURE 2. Distribution of the species of Pseudocalotes on the Thai-Malay Peninsula. Starred circles are type localities. Pseudocalotes khaonanensis from Kaho Nan National Park, Nakkon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand. Pseudocalotes sp. nov. from the Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, Yala Province, Thailand. Pseudocalotes dringi from the type locality at Gunung Tahan, Pahang and Gunung Lawit, Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. Pseudocalotes larutensis from Bukit Larut, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Pseudocalotes rhaegal sp. nov. from Robinson Falls, Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. Pseudocalotes drogon sp. nov. from Fraser's Hill, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. Pseudocalotes flavigula from Gunung Brinchang, Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. Pseudocalotes viserion sp. nov. from Genting Highlands, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia.Published as part of Grismer, L. Lee, Quah, Evan S. H., Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Muin, Abdul, Davis, Hayden R., Murdoch, Matthew L., Grismer, Jesse L., Cota, Michael & Cobos, Anthony J., 2016, Dragons in the mist: three new species of Pseudocalotes Fitzinger (Squamata: Agamidae) from the sky island archipelago of Peninsular Malaysia, pp. 461-490 in Zootaxa 4136 (3) on page 465, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/25675
Pseudocalotes viserion Grismer, Quah, Wood, Anuar, Muin, Davis, Murdoch, Grismer, Cota & Cobos, 2016, sp. nov.
No full textPseudocalotes viserion sp. nov. Viserion’s False Garden Lizard Figs. 3, 6, 10 Holotype. Adult female LSUHC 12227 collected on 26 March 2015 by Evan S. H. Quah at 1000 hrs crossing the radar tower road at Ulu Kali at Genting Highlands, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia (03° 26.166 N 101 ° 47.021 E; 1754 m in elevation). Paratype. Adult male LSUHC 12141 found dead on the radar tower road at Ulu Kali at Genting Highlands, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia (03° 26.12 N 101 ° 47.345 E; 1750 m in elevation) by L. Lee Grismer, Perry L. Wood, Jr., Hayden R. Davis, Matthew L. Murdoch, Brandon R. Burch, and Anthony J. Cobos. Diagnosis. Pseudocalotes viserion sp. nov. can be separated from all other species of Psuedocalotes by having a combination of three postrostrals; 10 circumorbitals; four or five canthals; 5–7 superciliaries; rostral and nasal in contact; supralabials contacting nasal; six or seven supralabials; seven or eight infralabials; two or three postmentals; three enlarged chinshields; 47 or 48 smooth, flat, gular scales; weak transverse gular and antehumeral folds; two enlarged scales between the ear and eye; an enlarged upper and lower posttemporal; an enlarged supratympanic; no enlarged postrictals; 7–9 nuchal crest scales lacking gaps and not extending beyond midbody; weakly keeled and plate-like scales on flanks; 35–38 scales around midbody; ventrals smaller than dorsals; 22 or 23 subdigital lamellae on fourth finger; 26 or 27 subdigital lamellae on fourth toe; preaxial scales on third not modified; subdigital lamellae not unicarinate; HW/HL 0.62; no white marking below the eye; dewlap in males yellow; and no elbow or knee patches. These characters or a subset of them are scored across all species in Table 3. Description of holotype. Adult female SVL 71 mm; head relatively large, triangular in lateral and dorsal profile; HW/HL 0.62; HL/SVL 0.30; interorbital and frontal regions flat; snout not elongate but convex, sloped anteriorly, canthus rostralis sharp, composed of four scales; supraorbital scales enlarged, keeled; single row of 10 enlarged, circumorbital scales bordering medial margins of supraorbital region, posteriormost of series enlarged and tuberculate; five, flat, imbricate superciliary scales; scales of orbit (surrounding eye) granular; three enlarged postorbital scales, posteriormost scale acuminate, keeled; dorsal, head scales weakly acuminate; rostral low, rectangular, bordered laterally by first supralabials, dorsolaterally by nasal scale, and posteriorly by three smaller scales; external nares in slightly elevated single, rectangular, large, nasal scale; three enlarged, acuminate, median scales in prefrontal region; parietal, occipital, and upper postorbital region covered with slightly enlarged, irregularly shaped, weakly acuminate scales; an enlarged, keeled parietal scale on right side of midline followed by a large, raised occipital scale; enlarged parietal on left side of midline broken up and adjacent occipital scale not as large or raised as the corresponding scale on right; interparietal small, bearing eyespot; temporal scales irregular in size; single enlarged, raised postorbital scale; two, raised, enlarged, keeled, posttemporal scale; tympanum naked, scales on dorsal margin not enlarged; six (R,L) supralabials; nine (R,L) postnasal-supraorbital scales; mental triangular; two large postmentals in medial point contact forming first in a series of three enlarged chinshields separated from infralabials by three anteriorly and 10 posteriorly rows of smaller scales; 7 (R), 8 (L) infralabials; gular scales smooth, flat, directed posteromedially, 47 at midline; dewlap small; transverse gular and antehumeral folds weak. Seven, large, lanceolate nuchal scales beginning on occiput, reaching maximum height on nape, tapering to a low, vertebral crest on body composed of a single row of keeled, slightly enlarged scales that extend onto base of tail where they are largest; body round in cross-section; dorsal body and flank scales weakly keeled, subimbricate, rectangular, arranged in indistinct, transverse rows; flank scales larger than dorsal body scales, plate-like; ventrals smaller than dorsals; scales of pectoral region, belly, and precloacal regions strongly keeled; limbs moderate in stature, covered dorsally with keeled scales; five digits on pes and manus; hind limbs larger, more robust than forelimbs; subdigital lamellae of toes I, II, IV, and V bicarinate; 22 lamellae beneath fourth finger; 27 lamellae beneath fourth toe; preaxial scales of third toe unmodified; tail laterally compressed, not swollen at base, covered with keeled scales, 1.68 times SVL. Coloration in life (Fig. 10). Dorsal ground color of body and tail dull yellow; labials, lateral regions of throat, proximal region of brachia and anterior portion of flanks white; ground color of top of head light-green, randomly mottled with small, irregularly shaped, dark markings; four very faint, wide, diffuse, dark vertebral patches between forelimb and hind limb insertions extending onto dorsal margins of flanks; ground color of forelimbs yellow-green, mottled with darkly edged scales; ground color of hind limbs dingy green, limbs faintly banded; wide, diffuse faint bands on anterior region of tail fading posteriorly; gular region beige, bearing a series of faint, diffuse, obliquely oriented, brown stripes in lateral margins; gular pouch yellow; subcaudal region gray; rest of venter beige, generally immaculate; bottoms of hands and feet slightly darker. Variation (Fig. 10). The male paratype (LSUHC 12141) resembles the female holotype (LSUHC 12227) in aspects of color pattern but the overall ground color is brown, not dull-yellow. It also has a greatly swollen tail base. Differences in scalation are presented in Table 5. Distribution. Pseudocalotes viserion sp. nov. is known only from the radar tower road at Ulu Kali at Genting Highlands, Pahang Peninsular Malaysia (Fig. 2). LSUHC LSUHC LSUHC LSUHC LSUHC ZRC FMNH Etymology. The specific epithet viserion refers to this species’ resemblance in form and color to the yellowish dragon, Viserion—one of three dragons born in the Dothraki Sea and commanded by Daenerys Targaryen—the Mother of Dragons—in George R. R. Martin’s fictional work Game of Thrones. Natural history. The holotype (LSUHC 12227) was collected during mid-morning at 1000 hrs under broken cloud cover as it was crossing the radar tower road at Ulu Kali at Genting Highlands. The paratype (LSUHC 12141) was found freshly killed on the same road at 1500 hrs. This short stretch of road runs along the crest of Ulu Kali and winds through a mossy cloud forest between 1,700 and 1,800 m in elevation (Fig. 11). The holotype was a gravid female that had just ovulated indicating that the reproductive season of this species extends through March. Comparisons. Pseudocalotes viserion sp. nov. is readily differentiated from all other species of Pseudocalotes except it sister species P. flavigula by having enlarged, plate-like scales on the flanks. It can be separated from P. flavigula by having larger, plate-like scales on the flanks (compare Figs. 10 and 12) as evidenced by having fewer midbody scale rows (35–38 versus 41–44); having more gular scales (47 or 48 versus 40–46); fewer subdigital lamellae on the fourth finger (22 or 23 versus 22–28); and fewer subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe (26 or 27 versus 26–30) (Table 5). There appears to be less yellow coloration in the gular region of P. f l a v i g ul a in that the yellow does not extend onto the region of the throat anterior to the forelimb insertions as it does in P. viserion sp. nov. and the skin between the scales is white in P. flavigula as opposed to being yellow in P. viserion sp. nov. (Figs. 10,12). Additionally, these two species share a 22 % uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence between them. Differences from other species are listed in Table 3.Published as part of Grismer, L. Lee, Quah, Evan S. H., Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Muin, Abdul, Davis, Hayden R., Murdoch, Matthew L., Grismer, Jesse L., Cota, Michael & Cobos, Anthony J., 2016, Dragons in the mist: three new species of Pseudocalotes Fitzinger (Squamata: Agamidae) from the sky island archipelago of Peninsular Malaysia, pp. 461-490 in Zootaxa 4136 (3) on pages 480-484, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/25675
Signal opacity and debt contracts in entrepreneurial ventures
No full textNew ventures that are unable to fund expansion using internal equity or that prefer to maintain complete firm ownership may supplement existing cash flow by accessing external funds in the form of debt contracts. To overcome liabilities of newness and/or smallness, these firms send signals to external stakeholders intended to represent a sufficient level of legitimacy and worthiness of investment. Stakeholders attempt to overcome information asymmetry by focusing primarily on costly signals from high-quality firms that represent honesty, credibility, and commitment. However, many new ventures are unable to send these signals because they do not possess them. In this study, I examine signal opacity as specific signals that capture stakeholders' attention by alleviating the imbalance of information asymmetry yet are difficult to fully verify due to distortion and a signaling environment of high information verification costs. I also examine the decision-making strategy of the debt financier who utilizes heuristics in the form of expertise to make a probability judgment of credit worthiness based on opaque information presented by the new venture. As an extension of institutional and signaling theory, I theorize that new venture signals that are opaque and exist in a signaling environment of high information verification costs will have a positive effect on stakeholders' perceptions of legitimacy. I also theorize that the effect of signal opacity and information verification costs is moderated by stakeholder expertise, which is comprised of industry experience.The findings of the qualitative portion were leveraged to validate the hypothesized variable composition of the signal opacity construct as well as to develop the survey instrument used in the quantitative analysis. The results of the main study are intriguing, finding that within environments of high signal opacity, stakeholders will perceive superior and poor new venture signals similarly when granting legitimacy judgments. Alternatively, the findings also show that within environments of low signal opacity, stakeholders will perceive superior and poor new venture signals differently when assessing legitimacy. Lastly, the findings do not support the notion that stakeholder experience is an important factor when making legitimacy perceptions based on these specific signals
The Apostelesse's Social Network: The Meaning of Mary Magdalene in Fifteenth-Century East Anglia
No full textThis dissertation examines how the construction of Saint Mary Magdalene as a symbol participated in a network of political, social, and religious practices in fifteenth- century England. That symbol both changed and was changed by shifting understandings of lay piety. In the second half of the fifteenth century the saint as a symbol became affiliated with the Yorkist side in the War of the Roses in ways that would have repercussions for her interpretation well into the early Tudor period.
Rooted in an analysis of relationships among medieval artifacts and the cultures of their production, my argument employs a synthesis of Actor-Network Theory and Peircian semiotics. This theoretical approach enables my analysis of a network of relationships among individuals, objects, and concepts through which Mary Magdalene travels as a semiotic ���packet��� of linguistic, visual, and conceptual signs. Only part of this packet���s intended information is transferred while it travels through the network, however. This process of change, stemming from differing emphases regarding the saint, allows new ideas to be deliberately added to the packet over time. The author or authors��� immediate needs regarding the saint are always reflected, but elements of previous interpretations of Mary Magdalene���s symbolism remain.
I trace uses of the Middle English term apostelesse throughout the dissertation as a means to follow fifteenth-century ideas regarding Mary Magdalene as they evolve. I begin my analysis of the status of the saint is by considering the interactions of Julian of Norwich���s Revelations of Divine Love, The Book of Margery Kempe, and Nicholas Love���s Mirror of the Blessed Life of Christ. Next, I examine the transplantation of the word into a contemporary, politicized context in Osbern Bokenham���s mid-century Lyf of Marye Mawdelyn. I then turn to the Digby Mary Magdalene play to discuss Mary Magdalene as an apostelesse due to her personal authority and evangelical mission to Marseilles. Finally, the dissertation concludes by noting how the specific changes analyzed in each chapter reflect the changing role of the saint over the course of the fifteenth century and by looking briefly ahead to her symbolism in two early modern works: the Life and Repentaunce of Marie Magdalene and An harborowe for faithful and trewe subiectes
the churches of lalibela: erosion and encrustation as transformative musical processes
No full textThis thesis outlines a new compositional grammar for my recent compositional practice as demonstrated by the collection of original musical work supplied in the accompanying folio of compositions, itself collectively titled the churches of lalibela. The grammar here outlined and explored presents developments in compositional procedure resulting from re-considering acts of musical transformation in terms of erosion and encrustation. Within the terminologies of this thesis, erosion and encrustation are understood as classes of compositional action (applied to musical materials) defined by operations of erasure/removal and addition/accrual respectively. Using examples from the visual arts as a mechanism for discussion, the thesis develops a wider conceptual understanding of these terms, allowing them to be considered no
longer as opposites but as intertwined mechanisms mutually achieving a state of material distortion. A compositional scenario is thus derived in which the sonic surface of a given instance of a composition can be understood as being comprised of the debris resulting from such processes. To develop an understanding of this scenario, the thesis further explores ideas concerning ambiguity of material definition and the role such ambiguity can play in relation to material comparison within the experience of a musical discourse. As such, the grammar here derived can be said to exposit a preoccupation with comparison of material debris of different classes and/or degrees of distortion within the listening experience. The thesis also explores the nature and function of material consistency with regard to definition, illustrating the difference between two terms with a notion of consistency achieved through inconsistency
Pseudocalotes drogon Grismer, Quah, Wood, Anuar, Muin, Davis, Murdoch, Grismer, Cota & Cobos, 2016, sp. nov.
No full textPseudocalotes drogon sp. nov. Drogon’s False Garden Lizard Figs. 5, 6, 7 Holotype. Adult male LSUHC 12223 collected on 24 March 2015 by L. Lee Grismer, Evan S. H. Quah, Perry L. Wood, Jr., Hayden R. Davis, Matthew L. Murdoch, Brando R. Burch, and Anthony J. Cobos at 2030 hrs 1 km south of Air Terjun Jeriau, Fraser’s Hill, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia (3 ° 43.283 N 101 ° 43.035 E; 1066 m in elevation). Diagnosis. Pseudocalotes drogon sp. nov. is differentiated from all other Psuedocalotes by having the combination of a flat rostrum; seven postrostrals; an interparietal; 11 circumorbitals; five canthals; 7–10 superciliaries; one scale between the rostral and nasal; nine supralabials; eight infralabials; 10 postnasal-suborbital scales; four postmentals; five or six sublabials; five or six chinshields; 47 smooth, wide, gular scales; weak transverse gular and antehumeral folds; two enlarged scales between the ear and eye; enlarged upper and lower posttemporals; a single enlarged supratympanic; no enlarged postrictals; three large scales bordering the dorsal margin of the ear opening; large pretympanic scales; eight scales in the nuchal crest not separated by a gap; enlarged vertebral scales extending to the tip of the tail; keeled and non-plate-like scales on flanks; 51 midbody scales; midventrals smaller than dorsals; 19 subdigital scales on the fourth finger; 23 subdigital scales on the fourth toe; preaxial scales on third toe enlarged and spinose; subdigital scales not unicarinate; HW/HL 0.52; HL/SVL 0.31; no elbow or knee patches; and a male dewlap color of lime-green bearing a central yellow spot. These characters or a subset of them are scored across all species in Table 3. Description of holotype. Adult male SVL 91.4 mm; head relatively large with a somewhat elongate flat snout, subtriangular in lateral and dorsal profile; HW/HL 0.52; HL/SVL 0.31; interorbital region flat; rostrum sloped anteriorly, canthus rostralis sharp, composed of five large canthal scales; supraorbital scales slightly enlarged, keeled; a single scale separating rostral and nasal scale; single row of 11 enlarged, circumorbital scales bordering medial margins of supraorbital region, scales largest posteriorly; eight, flat, imbricate superciliary scales; scales of orbit (surrounding eye) granular; short series of two enlarged, acuminate, postorbital scales extending to above anterior margin of tympanum; dorsal, head scales acuminate; rostral low, rectangular, bordered laterally by first supralabials, posteriorly by seven smaller scales; external nares set in slightly elevated single, rectangular, large, nasal scale; five enlarged, acuminate, median scales in prefrontal region forming a Y-shaped series with two larger, keeled scales on each side of midline; parietal, occipital, and upper postorbital region covered with slightly enlarged, elevated, acuminate to keeled scales; an enlarged parietal scale on each side of midline bordered by a clump of four, contiguous, enlarged, acuminate, occipital scales; interparietal small, lacking eyespot; temporal scales unequal with small scales intermixed with enlarged, weakly keeled scales; single, raised, enlarged, keeled scale in temporal region followed by a single, enlarged, spinose, posttemporal scale; tympanum naked; auditory meatus bodered dorsally by three large supratympanic scales; nine (R,L) supralabials; 10 postnasal-suborbital scales; mental triangular, larger than adjacent infralabials; two larger postmentals, separated medially and forming first of a series of five(R) or six(L) enlarged chinshields that are separated from infralabials by one anteriorly and two posteriorly rows of smaller scales; eight (R,L) infralabials; gular scales flat, wide, directed posteromedially, 47 at midline; dewlap small; and transverse gular and antehumeral folds weak; nuchal crest composed of eight, large, contiguous, lanceolate scales beginning on occiput, reaching maximum height on nape, tapering to a low, vertebral crest on body composing a single row of slightly enlarged keeled scales extending to base of tail; body laterally compressed; dorsal body and flank scales weakly keeled, subimbricate, rectangular, arranged in indistinct, transverse, and posteroventrally oriented rows; flank scales larger than dorsal body scales; ventrals same size as dorsals; 51 scales around midbody; scales of pectoral region, belly, and precloacal regions strongly keeled; limbs slender, covered dorsally with keeled scales; five digits on pes and manus; hind limbs larger, slightly more robust than forelimbs; subdigital lamellae of toes I, II, IV, and V bicarinate; preaxial lamellae on toe III enlarged and spinose (Fig. 5); 19 lamellae beneath fourth finger; 23 lamellae beneath fourth toe; tail laterally compressed, slightly swollen at base, covered with keeled scales, vertebral row forming a serrate, dorsal ridge, 1.89 times SVL. Coloration in life (Fig. 7). Dark phase— Dorsal ground color of head, body, limbs, and tail very dark-grey; labials cyan; row of white scales between supralabials and orbit; scattered white spots on anterior portion of flanks and sides of neck; four wide, diffuse, darker, transverse, dorsal bands between limb insertions extending to ventral edge of flanks; one band in pelvic region; nine bands on tail; limbs generally immaculate, dark-grey; groups of white scales in lateral margins of gular region; anterior gular region dull-white bearing dark-brown oblique lines; dewlap dingy lime-green with a dingy yellow center; ventral surfaces, beige, immaculate. Light phase— Dorsal body pattern same as dark phase but ground color a much lighter grey; dark dorsal bands prominent against dullwhite interspace; cyan labials faded; gular region whitish bearing light-brown, oblique lines; dewlap lime-green with yellow center, dewlap scales bearing brownish centers; venter whitish, immaculate. Distribution. Pseudocalotes drogon sp. nov. is known only from the type locality 1 km south of Air Terjun Jeriau, Fraser’s Hill, Pahang Peninsular Malaysia (Fig. 2). It is expected however to be found further south to at least Genting Highlands. Etymology. The specific epithet drogon refers to this species’ resemblance in form and color to the dark dragon, Drogon—one of three dragons born in the Dothraki Sea and commanded by Daenerys Targaryen—the Mother of Dragons—in George R. R. Martin’s fictional work Game of Thrones. Natural history. Pseudocalotes drogon sp. nov. was collected at night at 2000 hrs while sleeping on a thin, horizontal branch of small tree in the vicinity of a small stream in hill dipterocarp forest (Fig. 7). The adult male was in the light color phase at the time of collection but became much darker during the day (Fig. 7). Comparisons. Pseudocalotes drogon sp. nov. can be differentiated from all other species of Pseudocalotes by having a lime-green dewlap with a yellow center and the unique combination of numerous other characteristics (Table 3). With the exception of Pseudocalotes flavigula and P. viserion sp. nov., P. drogon sp. nov. most closely resembles the other geographically proximate Thai-Malay Peninsula species P. khaononensis, P. larutensis, P. rhaegal sp. nov., and P. dr i ng i. Pseudocalotes drogon sp. nov. can be differentiated from the former two species by a number of characteristics (Table 3), the most notable of which is the lack of enlarged, plate-like scales on the flanks (compare Fig. 7 with Figs. 10,12). From P. khaononensis, P. drogon sp. nov. can be differentiated by having a maximum SVL of 91.4 mm versus 104.5 mm; five as opposed to six canthals; eight as opposed to nine infralabials; smooth as opposed to acuminate gular scales; 51 as opposed to 72–75 scales around midbody; ventral scales being smaller as opposed to being larger than dorsal scales; 23 as opposed to 27 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe; having as opposed to lacking enlarged, spinose, preaxial lamellae on the third toe; and males having a lime-green dewlap with a yellow center versus a purple dewlap (Fig. 8). From P. larutensis, P. drogon sp. nov. can be differentiated by having a maximum SVL of 91.4 mm versus 81.0 mm; 11 versus 11–14 circumorbitals; smooth as opposed to weakly keeled gular scales; males having a lime-green dewlap with a yellow center versus a yellow dewlap with a purple, horizontal, centrally positioned marking (Fig. 8). From P. dringi, P. drogon sp. nov. is separated by having a maximum SVL of 91.4 mm versus 70.3 mm; seven versus five postrostrals; the rostral and nasal scale not contacting as opposed to contacting; four as opposed to two postmentals; a weak, antehumeral fold as opposed to lacking a fold; having as opposed to lacking enlarged, spinose, preaxial lamellae on the third toe; and males having a lime-green dewlap with a yellow center versus a purple dewlap (Fig. 8). From P. rhaegal, P. drogon sp. nov. can be differentiated by having 11 as opposed nine or 10 circumorbitals; 10 as opposed to 11 or 12 postnasal-suborbitals; 47 as opposed to 40–45 gular scales; a row of two versus three or four enlarged scales between the ear and eye; large as opposed to small pretympanic scales; a flat versus a convex rostrum; having as opposed to lacking enlarged vertebral scales on the tail; and 51 versus 52–58 midbody scales; enlarged, spinose, preaxial scales on the third toe as opposed to enlarged, rounded preaxial scales on the third toe; longer head (HL/ SVL = 0.31 versus 0.28–0.30); and a row of white scales extending from the nasal scale to just beyond the posterior border of the orbit as opposed to a suborbital white patch (Table 4). Differences from other species are listed in Table 3. P. drogon sp. nov. P. rhaegal sp. nov. ......continued on the next page P. drogon sp. nov. P. rhaegal sp. nov.Published as part of Grismer, L. Lee, Quah, Evan S. H., Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Muin, Abdul, Davis, Hayden R., Murdoch, Matthew L., Grismer, Jesse L., Cota, Michael & Cobos, Anthony J., 2016, Dragons in the mist: three new species of Pseudocalotes Fitzinger (Squamata: Agamidae) from the sky island archipelago of Peninsular Malaysia, pp. 461-490 in Zootaxa 4136 (3) on pages 472-475, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/25675
Pseudocalotes rhaegal Grismer, Quah, Wood, Anuar, Muin, Davis, Murdoch, Grismer, Cota & Cobos, 2016, sp. nov.
No full textPseudocalotes rhaegal sp. nov. Rhaegal’s False Garden Lizard Figs. 5, 6, 8, 9 Holotype. Adult female LSUHC 12178 collected on 18 March 2015 by L. Lee Grismer, Evan S. H. Quah, Shahrul Anuar, Mohd A. Muin, Perry L. Wood, Jr., Hayden R. Davis, Matthew L. Murdoch, Brandon R. Burch, and Anthony J. Cobos at 2030 hrs at Robinson Falls, Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia (04° 43.283 N 101 ° 23.129 E; 1411 m in elevation). Paratypes. Adult female LSUHC 12179 bears the same locality collecting data as the holotype. Adult female LSUHC 12000 bears the same collecting locality and collectors but was collected on 4 September 2014. Diagnosis. Pseudocalotes rhaegal sp. nov. is differentiated from all other Psuedocalotes by having the combination of a convex rostrum; 6–8 postrostrals; an interparietal; nine or 10 circumorbitals; five canthals; 7–10 superciliaries; one or two scales between the rostral and nasal scales; eight or nine supralabials; seven or eight infralabials; 11 or 12 postnasal-suborbital scales; four postmentals; 4–6 chinshields; 40–45 smooth, wide, gular scales; no transverse gular fold; weak antehumeral fold; three or four enlarged scales between the ear and eye; an enlarged upper and lower posttemporal; an enlarged supratympanic; no enlarged postrictals; no large scales bordering the upper margin of the ear opening or in the pretympanic region; 6–8 enlarged nuchal crest scales not separated by a gap; enlarged vertebral scales extending to base of tail; weakly keeled, non-plate-like scales on flanks; 52–58 scales around midbody; midventrals smaller than dorsals; 19–21 subdigital lamellae on fourth finger; 22–26 subdigital lamellae on fourth toe; preaxial scales on third toe enlarged and rounded; subdigital lamellae not unicarinate; HW/HL 0.50–0.54; HL/SVL 0.28–0.30; no elbow or knee patches; and female dewlap bearing a purple base. These characters or a subset of them are scored across all species in Table 3. Description of holotype. Adult female SVL 83.7 mm; head relatively large subtriangular in lateral and dorsal profile; HW/HL 0.54; HL/SVL 0.30; interorbital region flat; rostrum convex, sloped anteriorly, canthus rostralis sharp, composed of five large canthal scales; supraorbital scales slightly enlarged, keeled; single row of nine or 10 enlarged, circumorbital scales bordering medial margins of supraorbital region; eight flat, imbricate to subimbrictae, superciliary scales; scales of orbit (surrounding eye) granular; short row of three (R) four (L) enlarged, acuminate, postorbital scales extend to above anterior margin of tympanum; dorsal, head scales acuminate; rostral low, rectangular, bordered laterally by first supralabials, posteriorly by eight smaller scales; external nares in slightly elevated, rectangular, large, nasal scale; seven enlarged, acuminate, median scales in prefrontal region forming a Y-shaped series; parietal and occipital regions covered with enlarged, elevated, acuminate to keeled scales; an enlarged parietal scale on each side of midline; interparietals small, irregularly shaped, centralmost bearing a small eyespot; temporal scales unequal with small scales intermixed with enlarged, weakly keeled scales; one, enlarged, keeled, scale in temporal region followed by a single, enlarged, spinose, posttemporal scale; tympanum naked, not bordered dorsally by large supratympanic scales; nine (R,L) supralabials; 12 (R), 11 (L) large, postnasal-suborbital scales; mental triangular, larger than adjacent infralabials; four larger postmentals, separated medially by two small scales and forming first of a series of five (R) four (L) enlarged chinshields separated from infralabials by one anteriorly and two posteriorly rows of smaller scales; seven (R,L) infralabials; gular scales wide, smooth, directed posteromedially, 40 at midline; dewlap small; transverse gular and antehumeral folds weak. Nuchal crest composed of six, large, contiguous, lanceolate scales beginning on occiput, reaching maximum height on nape, tapering to a low, vertebral crest on body composing a single row of slightly enlarged, keeled vertebral scales extending to base of tail; body laterally compressed; dorsal body and flank scales weakly keeled, subimbricate, rectangular, arranged in indistinct, transverse, and posteroventrally oriented rows; flank scales larger than dorsal body scales; ventrals same size as dorsals; 52 scales around midbody; scales of pectoral region, belly, and precloacal regions strongly keeled; limbs slender, covered dorsally with keeled scales; five digits on pes and manus; hind limbs larger, slightly more robust than forelimbs; subdigital lamellae of toes I, II, IV, and V bicarinate; preaxial lamellae on toe III enlarged and rounded (Fig. 5); 20 lamellae beneath fourth finger; 25 lamellae beneath fourth toe; and tail laterally compressed, slightly swollen at base, covered with keeled scales but lacking an enlarged vertebral row, 1.67 times SVL. Coloration in life (Fig. 9). Dorsal ground color of head, body, and limbs, brown, mottled with shades of slightly darker brown; linear patch of light-colored suborbital scales beneath eye; four very faint, diffuse, dark bands between forelimb and hind limb insertions not extending to base of flanks; lighter interspace between bands mottled; scattered greenish scales in postorbital, temporal, lower flank, and pelvic regions; scales of forearms greenish with dark bands; seven dark caudal bands anteriorly separated by dull-green interspaces, dark bands fade on posterior one-third of tail; gular region beige with irregularly shaped, brown, thin, submandibular bands; gular pouch small, base of pouch cyan with purple center. Variation (Fig. 9). LSUHC 12179 very closely approximates the holotype in overall body coloration and pattern, except for being lighter overall. LSUHC 12000 bears the same general color pattern as the holotype and LSUHC 12178 but differs greatly from them in being overall more green in coloration and having four dark, diffuse, dorsal bands between the forelimb and hind limb insertions that are more prominent. Additionally, the tail is distinctly banded for nearly its entire length. Variation in squamation is presented in Table 4. Distribution. Pseudocalotes rhaegal sp. nov. is known only from Robinson Falls, Cameron Highlands, Pahang Peninsular Malaysia (Fig. 2) but is expected to range more widely along the Banjaran Titiwangsa. Etymology. The specific epithet rhaegal refers to this species’ resemblance in form and color to the greenish dragon, Rhaegal—one of three dragons born in the Dothraki Sea and commanded by Daenerys Targaryen—the Mother of Dragons—in George R. R. Martin’s fictional work Game of Thrones. Natural history. All Pseudocalotes rhaegal sp. nov. were collected at night between at 2000 and 2300 hrs while sleeping on thin, horizontal branches of small trees in the vicinity of a river flowing through the hill dipterocarp forest at Robinson Falls (Fig. 9). All were gravid females collected during mid-March or mid- September, indicating that this species may breed year-round. Comparisons. Pseudocalotes rhaegal sp. nov. can be differentiated from all other species of Pseudocalotes by having a cyan dewlap with a purple center (females) and the unique combination of numerous other characteristics (Table 3). With the exception of Pseudocalotes flavigula and P. viserion sp. nov., P. rhaegal sp. nov. most closely resembles the other geographically proximate Thai-Malay Peninsula species P. khaononensis, P. larutensis, P. drogon sp. nov., and P. dringi. Pseudocalotes rhaegal sp. nov. can be differentiated from P. flavigula and P. viserion sp. nov., by several characteristics the most notable of which is the lack of enlarged, plate-like scales on the flanks (Figs. 9,10). From Pseudocalotes khaononensis, P. rhaegal sp. nov. can be differentiated by having a maximum SVL of 85.2 mm versus 104.5 mm; five as opposed to six canthals; seven or eight as opposed to nine infralabials; smooth as opposed to acuminate gular scales; three or four versus one enlarged scale between the eye and the ear; enlarged vertebral scales extending beyond midbody as opposed to not extending beyond midbody; 52–58 as opposed to 72–75 scales around midbody; ventral scales being smaller as opposed to being larger than dorsal scales; 22–26 as opposed to 27 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe; having as opposed to lacking enlarged, rounded, preaxial lamellae on the third toe; and having a cyan dewlap with a purple center (female) versus a purple dewlap in males (Fig. 8). From P. larutensis, P. rhaegal sp. nov. can be differentiated by having nine or 10 versus 11–14 circumorbitals; 40–45 versus 55–69 gulars; smooth as opposed to weakly keeled gular scales; enlarged vertebral scales extending beyond midbody as opposed to not extending beyond midbody; preaxial scales on third toe bearing enlarged, rounded, scales versus being unmodified; having a cyan dewlap with a purple tip (females) versus a yellow dewlap with a purple, horizontal, centrally positioned marking (Fig. 8). From P. dringi, P. rhaegal sp. nov. is separated by having a maximum SVL of 85.2 mm versus 70.3 mm; 6–8 versus five postrostrals; four as opposed to two postmentals; a weak, antehumeral fold as opposed to lacking a fold; having three or four versus two enlarged scales between eye and ear; enlarged vertebral scales extend beyond midbody as opposed to not extending beyond midbody; having as opposed to lacking enlarged, spinose, preaxial lamellae on the third toe; 52–58 scales around midbody versus 48–52; 23 versus 26 fourth toe subdigital lamellae; and having a cyan dewlap with a purple tip (females) versus a purple dewlap in males (Fig. 8). From P. drogon sp. nov., P. rhaegal sp. nov. can be differentiated by having nine or 10 as opposed to 11 circumorbitals; 11 or 12 as opposed to 10 postnasalsuborbitals; 40–45 as opposed to 47 gular scales; a row of three or four versus two enlarged scales between the ear and eye; lacking as opposed to having three large supratympanic scales; pretympanic scales small as opposed to large; a convex versus a flat rostrum; lacking versus having enlarged vertebral scales on the tail; 52–58 versus 51 midbody scales; having enlarged, rounded, preaxial scales on the third toe as opposed to enlarged preaxial scales on the third toe being spinose; shorter snout (HL/SVL = 0.28–0.30 versus 0.31); and having a white patch of suborbital scales as opposed to lacking a white patch of suborbital scales (Table 4). Differences from other species are listed in Table 3.Published as part of Grismer, L. Lee, Quah, Evan S. H., Wood, Perry L., Anuar, Shahrul, Muin, Abdul, Davis, Hayden R., Murdoch, Matthew L., Grismer, Jesse L., Cota, Michael & Cobos, Anthony J., 2016, Dragons in the mist: three new species of Pseudocalotes Fitzinger (Squamata: Agamidae) from the sky island archipelago of Peninsular Malaysia, pp. 461-490 in Zootaxa 4136 (3) on pages 477-479, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4136.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/25675
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