3,548 research outputs found
Introduction: The Politics of Resilience and Recovery in Mental Health Care
No full textThe articles included in this special issue engage these themes across a number of national settings, institutional spaces, and empirical sites, from universities to mental health commissions, to national policy in an international context. They focus, especially, on Canada, Ireland and the United Kingdom, where recent and significant changes in mental health governance have relied heavily on the notions of recovery and resilience, often to questionable effect. They deal, as we have said, with some of the most central themes in social justice studies. As a collection, the articles help us think through some of the pressing political questions about social justice that have arisen with the adoption of the mantras of resilience and recovery in mental health governance
Negotiating the Culture of Resistance: A Critical Assessment of Protest Politics
No full textBoth for those within the movement and the public at large, the anti-globalization movement has become increasingly defined by large-scale protests such as those opposing the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) in Quebec City. Such events successfully render visible the strength of the movement, expose an emerging global elite, politicize neoliberal restructuring, and capture the media and public's attention. Yet the privileging of large-scale protest for advancing anti-globalist politics is increasingly being questioned both by those involved in the movement and by the Left in general.Peer reviewe
Institutional failure and the American worker: The collapse of low-skill wages
No full textDavid R. Howell argues that the collapse of low-skill wages in the United States cannot be explained by a skill mismatch resulting from a technology-driven decline in the demand for low-skill labor. He presents evidence refuting the prevailing belief that a substantial shift in demand away from low-skill work characterized the 1980s. Howell asserts that a more compelling explanation for the growing wage gap can be found in fundamental changes in the institutions, practices, and norms that determine labor market outcomes - a return to a confrontational attitude toward labor by management, a shift to a laissez-faire approach to regulatory and redistributive functions by government, and management's adoption of low-road strategies to cut labor costs in response to competitive pressures
Firm R&D, innovation and easing financial constraints in China: Does corporate tax reform matter?
No full textThis paper studies the relationship between firms' innovation activities, financial constraints and corporate tax reform in China. A firm-level proxy for financial constraints is derived using cash-flow analysis and subsequently linked to various innovation activities of the firm. As an identification strategy, difference in-differences with exact matching is employed to study whether a reduction in the corporate tax burden via China's 2004 value-added tax (VAT) reform influences firms' innovation activities given they face increasing financial constraints. The results reveal that low access to liquidity in the private sector has a persistent negative effect on firms' innovation activities and reduces the innovation success for more R&D intensive firms. Given increasing financial constraints, a reduction in private-sector firms' corporate tax burden spurs new product and process sales despite failing to affect either their decision to pursue R&D or the amount to invest. The findings suggest that easing financial constraints alone cannot correct the market failure caused by underinvestment in China's private sector. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Natural Science Foundation of China [71603009]; School of Economics at Peking [email protected]
"Institutional Failure and the American Worker, The Collapse of Low-Skill Wages"
No full textHowell argues that the collapse of low-skill wages in the United States cannot be explained by a skill mismatch resulting from a technology-driven decline in the for low-skill labor. He presents evidence refuting the prevailing belief that a substantial shift in demand away from low-skill work characterized the 1980s. He asserts that a more compelling explanation for the growing wage gap can be found in fundamental changes in the institutions, practices, and norms that determine labor market outcomes--a return to a confrontational attitude toward labor by management, a shift to a laissez-faire approach to regulatory and redistributive functions by government, and management's adoption of low-road strategies to cut labor costs in response to competitive pressures.
Do Surges in Less-Skilled Immigration Have Important Wage Effects? A Review of the U.S. Evidence
No full textThis paper reviews a small part of a vast professional literature on the labor market effects of new immigrants. It focuses on recent studies that have employed econometric techniques to estimate wage effects of less-skilled immigrants during the two great American immigration surges (roughly 1870-1914 and 1980 to the present). � The literature is fairly consistent in finding that large long-term immigrant surges have at least small negative wage effects for less-advantaged members of the labor force, and that these are likely to be largest for foreign-born workers and less-educated African-Americans in major immigrant-receiving regions. While this is consistent with the simple textbook prediction in a largely deregulated labor market, we might have expected more robust negative effects. The explanation may be that these effects are inherently difficult to isolate, especially given the quality of the data. Many less-skilled new immigrants are undocumented workers who are employed by individuals or small family businesses under-the-table and are either not counted or counted poorly. � The paper concludes that, while all consumers and many employers (both as households and as firms) have undoubtedly benefited substantially from the surge in undocumented low-skilled workers since the early 1980s, there are also some losers, and there is consequently a need for policy interventions designed to ensure that socially-acceptable wage levels, employment opportunities, and working conditions are maintained for our least advantaged workers, native- and foreign-born alike.�� David Howell is�a professor at Milano The New School for Management & Urban Policy. He is the editor of Fighting Unemployment: The Limits of Free Market Orthodoxy.immigration, wages, labor markets, labor supply
The Collapse of Low-Skill Male Earnings in the 1980s: Skill Mismatch or Shifting Wage Norms?
No full textThe most-often stated reason the decline in average real weekly wages among production workers has been that technological advancements have resulted in increased demand for skilled workers, leaving less-skilled workers with fewer job opportunities. In this paper, David R. Howell examines this possibility and concludes that while supply-side changes explain the gains experienced among educated workers, the hypothesis does not prove adequate in explaining the decline in wages experienced among less-educated workers. He also finds that while the demand for jobs requiring problem solving skills rose during the 1980s, the increase was not radically different from changes in the demand for these workers in past decades. Instead, the shift appears to have been not so much a decline in demand for low-skill workers as a rise in the share of low-wage jobs across the skills spectrum. In addition, Howell explains wage restructuring as linked to labor relations factors (such as changes in the terms of trade and declining union strength) rather than a function of production technology. This "shift in wage norms" hypothesis has two main parts: (1) lower wage offers to the same or similar workers for the same or similar work and (2) displacement of higher wage workers.
Technological Change and the Demand for Skills in the 1980s: Does Skill Mismatch Explain the Growth of Low Earnings?
No full textThe sharp decline in real wages and the drop in relative earnings among low–skilled workers generally is attributed to structural shifts in the labor force induced by technological change that has limited the demand for workers with low skill levels. While the claim that the cause of reduced earnings is a decline in the demand for low–skilled workers is common, the statistical evidence backing this assertion has not established such a link. In attempting to explain the reasons underlying the 15–year decline in earnings, David R. Howell asserts that, in fact, the skill mismatch does not adequately explain the problems faced by low–skill workers: If technological change did indeed reduce the demand for lower skilled workers, there should have been a corresponding decline in the employment share of these workers as well as a steadily rising rate of joblessness among them. Instead, dramatic growth in the demand for low–wage workers took place during the past 15 years, while their wages continued on a downward path. In an examination of employment trends among the nonsupervisory workforce, Howell finds that there was a rise in low–wage jobs in both goods and service industries. In fact, "the last decade and a half has made it abundantly clear that the choice concerning the nonsupervisory workforce is not limited to high skills or low wages," but instead "toward gradually higher skills with dramatically lower wages." The case study literature indicates that technological change did not alter the skill distribution among jobs, but that changes in job opportunities and skill level requirements varied by firm, industry, and occupation.
sj-pdf-1-ajs-10.1177_03635465221104685 – Supplemental material for Association Between Collision Sport Career Duration and Gait Performance in Male Collegiate Student-Athletes
No full textSupplemental material, sj-pdf-1-ajs-10.1177_03635465221104685 for Association Between Collision Sport Career Duration and Gait Performance in Male Collegiate Student-Athletes by Jessie R. Oldham, Corey J. Lanois, Jaclyn B. Caccese, Jeremy R. Crenshaw, Christopher A. Knight, Brant Berkstresser, Francis Wang, David R. Howell, William P. Meehan and Thomas A. Buckley in The American Journal of Sports Medicine</p
Impacts of Migration and Remittances on Ethnic Income Inequality in Rural China
No full textMigration is often viewed as the best option for poor rural households to exit out of poverty, although the distributional effects of migrants' remittances tend to be ambiguous in the literature. Given that increasing income inequality is a major concern and policy issue, this paper examines the impacts of migration and migrants' remittances on income inequality in China's rural minority areas using recent proprietary household data. Treating migrants' remittances as a potential substitute for income, the results reveal that migration significantly boosts income for all ethnic groups, although the returns to ethnic minority households tend to be less than for Han households. Decomposition analyses further reveal that migration increases inequality between ethnic groups despite reducing spatial inequality. These countervailing effects imply that the continual transfer of rural urban migrants will likely lead to spatial convergence despite reinforcing ethnic inequalities in rural minority areas. Importantly, the percentage contribution of ethnic inequality to total inequality is larger than that of spatial inequality across sampled rural locations, thus highlighting the fact that the ethnic dimension is an important, yet often overlooked component of inequality in China. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.School of Economics at Peking UniversitySSCIARTICLE,SI200-2119
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