75 research outputs found
Implementation of a vector-based river network routing scheme in the community WRF-Hydro modeling framework for flood discharge simulation
No full textThis work is supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant number 41375088, and in part by the Microsoft Research and the Jackson School of Geoscience, UT-Austin. Cedric H. David is supported by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. David Gochis and Wei Yu are supported by the National Science Foundation through its cooperative funding of the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Additional support for Gochis and Yu were provided by NSF EarthCube Grant #1343811. Kevin Sampson (NCAR) is acknowledged in providing GIS support. P.L., Z.-L.Y., D.J.G., D.R.M., and C.H.D. proposed the implementation of a vector-based river network model in the WRF-Hydro framework, P.L. worked on the code development with contributions from W.Y., M.A.S.-V., and C.H.D., P.L. conducted the modeling experiments with inputs from Z.-L.Y. and D.J.G.Este trabajo está financiado en parte por la National Natural Science Foundation of China bajo la subvención número 41375088, y en parte por Microsoft Research y la Jackson School of Geoscience, UT-Austin. Cedric H. David cuenta con el apoyo del Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, bajo un contrato con la National Aeronautics and Space Administration. David Gochis y Wei Yu cuentan con el apoyo de la National Science Foundation a través de su financiación cooperativa del National Center for Atmospheric Research. Gochis y Yu recibieron apoyo adicional de la subvención NSF EarthCube n.º 1343811. Se agradece a Kevin Sampson (NCAR) por proporcionar apoyo SIG. P.L., Z.-L.Y., D.J.G., D.R.M. y C.H.D. propusieron la implementación de un modelo de red fluvial basado en vectores en el marco WRF-Hydro, P.L. trabajó en el desarrollo del código con contribuciones de W.Y., M.A.S.-V. y C.H.D., P.L. Realizó los experimentos de modelado con aportaciones de Z.-L.Y. y D.J.G.This work is supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant number 41375088, and in part by the Microsoft Research and the Jackson School of Geoscience, UT-Austin. Cedric H. David is supported by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. David Gochis and Wei Yu are supported by the National Science Foundation through its cooperative funding of the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Additional support for Gochis and Yu were provided by NSF EarthCube Grant1343811. Kevin Sampson (NCAR) is acknowledged in providing GIS support. P.L., Z.-L.Y., D.J.G., D.R.M., and C.H.D. proposed the implementation of a vector-based river network model in the WRF-Hydro framework, P.L. worked on the code development with contributions from W.Y., M.A.S.-V., and C.H.D., P.L. conducted the modeling experiments with inputs from Z.-L.Y. and D.J.G
Modeling the Hydrologic Influence of Subsurface Tile Drainage Using the National Water Model
No full textSubsurface tile drainage (TD) is a dominant agriculture water management practice in the United States (US) to enhance crop production in poorly drained soils. Assessments of field-level or watershed-level (105 km2) impacts of TD on hydrology. The National Water Model (NWM) is a distributed 1-km resolution hydrological model designed to provide accurate streamflow forecasts at 2.7 million reaches across the US. The current NWM lacks TD representation which adds considerable uncertainty to streamflow forecasts in heavily tile-drained areas. In this study, we quantify the performance of the NWM with a newly incorporated tile-drainage scheme over the heavily tile-drained Midwestern US. Employing a TD scheme enhanced the uncalibrated NWM performance by about 20–50% of the fully calibrated NWM (Calib). The calibrated NWM with tile drainage (CalibTD) showed enhanced accuracy with higher event hit rates and lower false alarm rates than Calib. CalibTD showed better performance in high-flow estimations as TD increased streamflow peaks (14%), volume (2.3%), and baseflow (11%). Regional water balance analysis indicated that TD significantly reduced surface runoff (−7% to −29%), groundwater recharge (−43% to −50%), evapotranspiration (−7% to −13%), and soil moisture content (−2% to −3%). However, TD significantly increased soil profile lateral flow (27.7%) along with infiltration and soil water storage potential. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of incorporating the TD process into the operational configuration of the NWM.This aritcle is published as Valayamkunnath, Prasanth, David J. Gochis, Fei Chen, Michael Barlage, and Kristie J. Franz. "Modeling the hydrologic influence of subsurface tile drainage using the National Water Model." Water Resources Research 58, no. 4 (2022): e2021WR031242. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR031242. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
A unified approach for process-based hydrologic modeling: 1. Modeling concept
No full textThis work advances a unified approach to process-based hydrologic modeling to enable con- trolled and systematic evaluation of multiple model representations (hypotheses) of hydrologic processes and scaling behavior. Our approach, which we term the Structure for Unifying Multiple Modeling Alternatives (SUMMA), formulates a general set of conservation equations, providing the flexibility to experiment with different spatial representations, different flux parameterizations, different model parameter values, and different time stepping schemes. In this paper, we introduce the general approach used in SUMMA, detailing the spatial organization and model simplifications, and how different representations of multiple physical processes can be combined within a single modeling framework. We discuss how SUMMA can be used to systematically pursue the method of multiple working hypotheses in hydrology. In particular, we discuss how SUMMA can help tackle major hydrologic modeling challenges, including defining the appropriate complexity of a model, selecting among competing flux parameterizations, representing spatial variability across a hierarchy of scales, identifying potential improvements in computational efficiency and numerical accuracy as part of the numerical solver, and improving understanding of the various sources of model uncertainty.Martyn P. Clark, Bart Nijssen, Jessica D. Lundquist, Dmitri Kavetski, David E. Rupp, Ross A. Woods, Jim E. Freer, Ethan D. Gutmann, Andrew W. Wood, Levi D. Brekke, Jeffrey R. Arnold, David J. Gochis and Roy M. Rasmusse
Landscape Controls on Water‐Energy‐Carbon Fluxes Across Different Ecosystems During the North American Monsoon
No full textThe dependence of arid and semiarid ecosystems on seasonal rainfall is not well understood when sites have access to groundwater. Gradients in terrain conditions in northwest México can help explore this dependence as different ecosystems experience rainfall during the North American monsoon (NAM), but can have variations in groundwater access as well as in soil and microclimatic conditions that depend on elevation. In this study, we analyze water-energy-carbon fluxes from eddy covariance (EC) systems deployed at three sites: a subtropical scrubland, a riparian mesquite woodland, and a mountain oak savanna to identify the relative roles of soil and microclimatic conditions and groundwater access. We place datasets during the NAM season of 2017 into a wider context using previous EC measurements, nearby rainfall data, and remotely-sensed products. We then characterize differences in soil, vegetation, and meteorological variables; latent and sensible heat fluxes; and carbon budget components. We find that lower elevation ecosystems exhibited an intense and short greening period leading to a net carbon release, while the high elevation ecosystem showed an extensive water use strategy with delayed greening of longer duration leading to net carbon uptake during the NAM. Access to groundwater appears to reduce the dependence of deep-rooted riparian trees at low elevation and mountain trees on seasonal rainfall, allowing for a lower water use efficiency as compared to subtropical scrublands sustained by water in shallow soils. Thus, a transition from intensive to extensive water use strategies can be expected where there is reliable access to groundwater
Towards Real-Time Continental Scale Streamflow Simulation in Continuous and Discrete Space
No full textThis study was supported by the National Science Foundation through the National Weather Service and Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. C. H. David is supported by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The authors sincerely thank the National Center for Atmospheric Research, the Texas Advanced Computing Center, ESRI, Microsoft Research and Kisters for supporting this project. The authors personally thank Chief Harry Evans of the Austin Fire Department for providing inspiration for this work.Este estudio fue financiado por la Fundación Nacional de Ciencias a través del Servicio Meteorológico Nacional y el Consorcio de Universidades para el Avance de la Ciencia Hidrológica, Inc. C. H. David cuenta con el apoyo del Laboratorio de Propulsión a Chorro del Instituto Tecnológico de California, en virtud de un contrato con la Administración Nacional de Aeronáutica y del Espacio (NASA). Los autores agradecen sinceramente al Centro Nacional de Investigación Atmosférica, al Centro de Computación Avanzada de Texas, a ESRI, a Microsoft Research y a Kisters por su apoyo a este proyecto. Los autores agradecen personalmente al Jefe Harry Evans del Departamento de Bomberos de Austin por inspirar este trabajo
A unified approach for process-based hydrologic modeling: 2. Model implementation and case studies
No full textThis work advances a unified approach to process-based hydrologic modeling, which we term the ‘‘Structure for Unifying Multiple Modeling Alternatives (SUMMA).’’ The modeling framework, introduced in the companion paper, uses a general set of conservation equations with flexibility in the choice of process parameterizations (closure relationships) and spatial architecture. This second paper specifies the model equations and their spatial approximations, describes the hydrologic and biophysical process parameterizations currently supported within the framework, and illustrates how the framework can be used in conjunction with multivariate observations to identify model improvements and future research and data needs. The case studies illustrate the use of SUMMA to select among competing modeling approaches based on both observed data and theoretical considerations. Specific examples of preferable modeling approaches include the use of physiological methods to estimate stomatal resistance, careful specification of the shape of the within-canopy and below-canopy wind profile, explicitly accounting for dust concentrations within the snowpack, and explicitly representing distributed lateral flow processes. Results also demonstrate that changes in parameter values can make as much or more difference to the model predictions than changes in the process representation. This emphasizes that improvements in model fidelity require a sagacious choice of both process parameterizations and model parameters. In conclusion, we envisage that SUMMA can facilitate ongoing model development efforts, the diagnosis and correction of model structural errors, and improved characterization of model uncertainty.Martyn P. Clark, Bart Nijssen, Jessica D. Lundquist, Dmitri Kavetski, David E. Rupp, Ross A. Woods, Jim E. Freer, Ethan D. Gutmann, Andrew W. Wood, David J. Gochis, Roy M. Rasmussen, David G. Tarboton, Vinod Mahat, Gerald N. Flerchinger and Danny G. Mark
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Coupled Hydrologic and Biogeochemical Response to Insect-Induced Forest Disturbance
No full textForest disturbance is expanding in rate and extent and is affecting many montane catchments critical to water resources. Western North America is experiencing an epidemic of mountain pine beetle (MPB) that has affected 20 million hectares of forest in Canada and the United states. This epidemic may have long-lasting consequences for coupled cycles of water, energy, and biogeochemicals. While impacts of forest disturbance by fire and harvest have been studied for more than a half-century, insect-driven mortality differs from these events in the timing and accompanying biophysical impacts. In this work, we quantified catchment hydrologic and hydrochemical response to severe MPB infestation in a lodgepole pine ecosystem. Observations were organized laterally in a nested fashion from soil observations to nested headwater catchments. Vertical observations encompassed what is often termed the critical zone, from atmospheric interactions at the top of the forest through the ground surface and the rooting zone to the interface with groundwater. We quantified responses manifest in snowpack, the primary hydrologic input to this montane ecosystem, in water partitioning between vapor flux and streamflow, and in biogeochemical patterns across the landscape. Key findings of this study include 1) Loss of shelter from the atmosphere caused compensatory sublimation of snowpack to offset decreased interception losses after MPB-driven canopy loss; 2) Vaporization at multiple scales increased over time and in comparison to control forest, reducing water available for streamflow; 3) Nitrogen (N) concentrations were elevated in hillslope groundwater, but attenuation in the riparian zone protected streams from major N influx; and 4) headwater streams rapidly attenuated dissolved carbon (C) and N inputs. Collectively these results demonstrate compensatory negative feedbacks which help explain the lack of strong response to streamflow and stream chemistry observed in the recent MPB epidemic.Release 05-Dec-201
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Reply to comment by Keith J. Beven and Hannah L. Cloke on "Hyperresolution global land surface modeling: meeting a grand challenge for monitoring Earth’s terrestrial water"
No full textMonitoring Earth's terrestrial water conditions is critically important to many hydrological applications such as global food production; assessing water resources sustainability; and flood, drought, and climate change prediction. These needs have motivated the development of pilot monitoring and prediction systems for terrestrial hydrologic and vegetative states, but to date only at the rather coarse spatial resolutions (∼10–100 km) over continental to global domains. Adequately addressing critical water cycle science questions and applications requires systems that are implemented globally at much higher resolutions, on the order of 1 km, resolutions referred to as hyperresolution in the context of global land surface models. This opinion paper sets forth the needs and benefits for a system that would monitor and predict the Earth's terrestrial water, energy, and biogeochemical cycles. We discuss six major challenges in developing a system: improved representation of surface-subsurface interactions due to fine-scale topography and vegetation; improved representation of land-atmospheric interactions and resulting spatial information on soil moisture and evapotranspiration; inclusion of water quality as part of the biogeochemical cycle; representation of human impacts from water management; utilizing massively parallel computer systems and recent computational advances in solving hyperresolution models that will have up to 109 unknowns; and developing the required in situ and remote sensing global data sets. We deem the development of a global hyperresolution model for monitoring the terrestrial water, energy, and biogeochemical cycles a “grand challenge” to the community, and we call upon the international hydrologic community and the hydrological science support infrastructure to endorse the effort
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Estimated plant water use and crop coefficients for drip-irrigated hybrid polars
No full textEstimations of plant water use can provide great assistance to growers, irrigators,
engineers and water resource planners. This is especially true concerning the introduction
of a new crop into irrigated agriculture. Growing hybrid poplar trees for wood chip stock
and veneer production under agronomic practices is currently being explored as an
alternative to traditional forestry practices. To this author's knowledge, no water use
estimates or crop coefficients, the ratio of a specified crop evapotranspiration to a
reference crop evapotranspiration, have been verified for hybrid poplars grown under drip
irrigation.
Four years of weekly, neutron probe measured, soil water data were analyzed to
determine averaged daily, monthly and seasonal plant water use, or crop
evapotranspiration. The plantation studied was located near Boardman, Oregon on the
arid Columbia River Plateau of North-Central Oregon. Water was applied by periodic
applications via drip irrigation. Irrigation application data, weekly recorded rainfall and
changes in soil water content permitted the construction of a soil water balance model to
calculate weekly hybrid poplar water use. Drainage was estimated by calculating a
potential soil water flux from the lower soil profile. Sites with significant estimated
potential drainage were removed from the analysis so that all sites used in the development
coefficients were calculated using reference evapotranspiration estimates obtained from a
nearby AGRIMET weather station. Mean crop coefficients were estimated using a 2nd
order polynomial with 95% confidence intervals. Plant water use estimates and crop
curves are presented for one, two and three year old hybrid poplars.
Numerical simulation of irrigation practices was attempted using weekly soil water content and soil physical characterization data. Parameter optimization and numerical simulations were attempted using the HYDRUS-2D Soil Water and Solute Transport model. Parameter optimization and numerical simulations were largely unsuccessful due to lack of adequate soil physical and root zone system representation and dimensional differences between drip irrigation processes and the model design used in this study
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ENABLING HYDROLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF MONTHLY TO SEASONAL PRECIPITATION FORECASTS IN THE CORE NORTH AMERICAN MONSOON REGION
No full textThe aim of the research undertaken in this dissertation was to use medium-range to seasonal precipitation forecasts for hydrologic applications for catchments in the core North American Monsoon (NAM) region. To this end, it was necessary to develop a better understanding of the physical and statistical relationships between runoff processes and the temporal statistics of rainfall. To achieve this goal, development of statistically downscaled estimates of warm season precipitation over the core region of the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) were developed. Currently, NAM precipitation is poorly predicted on local and regional scales by Global Circulation Models (GCMs). The downscaling technique used here, the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) model, combines information from retrospective GCM forecasts with simultaneous historical observations to infer statistical relationships between the low-resolution GCM fields and the locally-observed precipitation records. The stochastic nature of monsoon rainfall presents significant challenges for downscaling efforts and, therefore, necessitate a regionalization and an ensemble or probabilistic-based approach to quantitative precipitation forecasting. It was found that regionalization of the precipitation climatology prior to downscaling using KNN offered significant advantages in terms of improved skill scores.Selected output variables from retrospective ensemble runs of the National Centers for Environmental Predictions medium-range forecast (MRF) model were fed into the KNN downscaling model. The quality of the downscaled precipitation forecasts was evaluated in terms of a standard suite of ensemble verification metrics. This study represents the first time the KNN model has been successfully applied within a warm season convective climate regime and shown to produce skillful and reliable ensemble forecasts of daily precipitation out to a lead time of four to six days, depending on the forecast month.Knowledge of the behavior of the regional hydrologic systems in NAM was transferred into a modeling framework aimed at improving intra-seasonal hydrologic predictions. To this end, a robust lumped-parameter computational model of intermediate conceptual complexity was calibrated and applied to generate streamflow in three unregulated test basins in the core region of the NAM. The modeled response to different time-accumulated KNN-generated precipitation forcing was investigated. Although the model had some difficulty in accurately simulating hydrologic fluxes on the basis of Hortonian runoff principles only, the preliminary results achieved from this study are encouraging. The primary and most novel finding from this study is an improved predictability of the NAM system using state-of-the-art ensemble forecasting systems. Additionally, this research significantly enhanced the utility of the MRF ensemble forecasts and made them reliable for regional hydrologic applications. Finally, monthly streamflow simulations (from an ensemble-based approach) have been demonstrated. Estimated ensemble forecasts provide quantitative estimates of uncertainty associated with our model forecasts
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