4,254 research outputs found
The effects of external factors on corporate social responsibility behaviors in healthcare organizations: Responses and outcomes
No full textTo understand corporate social responsibility behaviors and their management in healthcare organizations, the evidence-based research approach was utilized to identify the external factors that influence such behaviors to determine which behaviors are needed to respond most effectively to those factors and to analyze the outcomes of those behaviors. Review and analysis of the literature showed that external factors influencing healthcare organizations’ corporate social responsibility behaviors include government and industry regulation, community expectations, economic crisis, and media awareness. Research also showed that necessary responses by healthcare organizations to these influences include regulatory compliance, responsiveness to stakeholders, ethical practices, and effective communications. Finally, the findings showed that corporate social responsibility behaviors lead to success by healthcare organizations in establishing and maintaining needed partnerships, access to capital, positive recognition, and improved community relations. These benefits indicate that, for stakeholders in healthcare organizations, corporate social responsibility is both the “right thing” as well as the “smart thing” to do. Individual healthcare organizations can use the proposed research model, “Influence = Behaviors = Benefits”, to understand and manage their corporate social responsibility activities, build appropriate supporting programs, and achieve similarly successful outcomes.Running head: SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN HEALTHCARE 1
The Effects of External Factors on Corporate Social Responsibility Behaviors in Healthcare Organizations: Responses and Outcomes By: Faustina Dalaba-Roohi Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Management of the University of Maryland University College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Management Submitted to: Dr. G. David Andersen, Ed.D. and Dr. Eric Dent, Ph.D April 11, 2013SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN HEALTHCARE 2
Abstract
To understand corporate social responsibility behaviors and their management in healthcare organizations, the evidence-based research approach was utilized to identify the external factors that influence such behaviors to determine which behaviors are needed to respond most effectively to those factors and to analyze the outcomes of those behaviors. Review and analysis of the literature showed that external factors influencing healthcare organizations’ corporate social responsibility behaviors include government and industry regulation, community expectations, economic crisis, and media awareness. Research also showed that necessary responses by healthcare organizations to these influences include regulatory compliance, responsiveness to stakeholders, ethical practices, and effective communications. Finally, the findings showed that corporate social responsibility behaviors lead to success by healthcare organizations in establishing and maintaining needed partnerships, access to capital, positive recognition, and improved community relations. These benefits indicate that, for stakeholders in healthcare organizations, corporate social responsibility is both the “right thing” as well as the “smart thing” to do. Individual healthcare organizations can use the proposed research model, “Influence = Behaviors = Benefits”, to understand and manage their corporate social responsibility activities, build appropriate supporting programs, and achieve similarly successful outcomes. Keywords: corporate social responsibility, healthcare organizations, stakeholdersSOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN HEALTHCARE 3
Dedication
This dissertation is dedicated to my husband and best friend, Behzad Roohi for his unconditional love and support. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN HEALTHCARE 4
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to Dr. G. David Andersen, EdD and Dr. Eric Dent, PhD for their knowledge, commitment, and patience. Dr. G. David Andersen was the primary advisor to this researcher. He was a perfect fit for this role because he is the embodiment of the type of scholar that the University of Maryland University College (UMUC) Doctor of Management (DM) program is striving to develop— expert practitioner-scholars who are credible consumers and producers of management research. Dr. Andersen is an outstanding practitioner-scholar who has a wealth of experience in teaching and consulting at UMUC and at the learning center of the Government Accountability Office. Dr. Andersen’s guidance, prompt and constructive feedback has been priceless to this researcher. Special thanks to Dr. Robert Bromber; Dr. Subash Bijlani, Dr Leonard Vernick, Dr. Anthony Sterns, Dr. James Brown and Dr. John Sherlock for their patience, guidance, and for helping me develop my doctoral competences in preparation for this laudable achievement. I also want to thank Dr. Antonio Vives, Dr. Mark Addleson, and Dr. David Zoogah, who agreed to serve as Subject Matter Experts for my dissertation. Their insight and comments on the first two chapters helped to further direct the focus of the dissertation. Dr. Vives, Dr. Addleson , and Dr. Zoogah's contribution to the overall quality of the dissertation is invaluable. To members of my cohort: Mark De Jong, Jack Wayne Hawkins, Jeffrey Lewis Hillard, Edward Jenkins, Dayo Oyeleye, and William Rebarick, I say thank you for your support. We have accomplished something incredible and I am grateful to have had you with me through this journey.SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN HEALTHCARE 5
To my in-laws, Homa Roohi, Behnam Roohi, Becky Roohi, Behyar Roohi and Sita Roohi thank you for believing in me with your sincere kindness and generosity. I am most grateful. The final thanks go to Dr. Dominic Ayine for his kindness and being supportive of my studies. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN HEALTHCARE 6
Table of Contents
Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 2
Dedication...................................................................................................................................... 3
Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................ 4
Table of Contents........................................................................................................................... 6
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... 11
LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................ 11
CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................ 12
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 12
Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................................. 17
Statement and Significance of Problem.................................................................................... 18
Importance of the Study to Management and Academics .................................................... 22
Research Questions................................................................................................................... 23
Definition of Terms................................................................................................................... 23
Organization of the dissertation................................................................................................ 25
CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................ 26
LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................................. 26
Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 26
Historical Development of Corporate Social Responsibility.................................................... 26
The Pre-1950s ....................................................................................................................... 26
The 1960s to the 1980s ......................................................................................................... 29
The 1990s to Present............................................................................................................. 31
Defining Corporate Social Responsibility ................................................................................ 32
Theoretical Foundations............................................................................................................ 33 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN HEALTHCARE 7
Social Theory........................................................................................................................ 33
Stakeholder Theory............................................................................................................... 34
Ethical Theory....................................................................................................................... 34
Stewardship Theory .............................................................................................................. 35
Corporate Social Responsibility in Healthcare Organizations.................................................. 36
External Factors Influencing Corporate Social Responsibility Behaviors in Healthcare Organizations ............................................................................................................................ 38
Government and Industry Regulation................................................................................... 38
Economic Crisis .................................................................................................................... 42
Community Expectations...................................................................................................... 42
Media Awareness.................................................................................................................. 43
Responsive Corporate Social Responsibility Behaviors by Healthcare Organizations............ 44
Regulatory Compliance ........................................................................................................ 44
Ethical Practices.................................................................................................................... 46
Responsiveness to Stakeholders ........................................................................................... 47
Effective Communication ..................................................................................................... 49
Outcomes of Healthcare Organizations’ Responsive Corporate Social Responsibility Behaviors ................................................................................................................................. 51
Needed Partnerships.............................................................................................................. 51
Increased Access to Capital .................................................................................................. 53
Positive Recognition ............................................................................................................. 54
Improved Community Relations........................................................................................... 55
SUMMARY............................................................................................................................. 57
CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................................ 58
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK................................................................................................. 58 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN HEALTHCARE 8
Introduction to Conceptual Framework .................................................................................... 58
The Message in the Literature Review ..................................................................................... 58
The Conceptual Framework...................................................................................................... 61
External Factors Influencing CSR Behaviors in Healthcare..................................................... 61
Government and industry regulations................................................................................... 62
Economic crisis..................................................................................................................... 63
Community expectations. ..................................................................................................... 63
Media awareness................................................................................................................... 64
Needed and Effective CSR Behaviors ...................................................................................... 64
Compliance to regulations. ................................................................................................... 65
Responsiveness to stakeholders. ........................................................................................... 66
Effective communication. ..................................................................................................... 66
Ethical behavior. ................................................................................................................... 67
Outcomes of CSR Behavior in Healthcare ............................................................................... 68
Needed partnerships.............................................................................................................. 68
Increased access to capital. ................................................................................................... 69
Positive recognition. ............................................................................................................. 70
Improved community relations. ............................................................................................ 70
The Conceptual Framework...................................................................................................... 71
SUMMARY............................................................................................................................. 72
CHAPTER 4 ................................................................................................................................ 74
METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 74
Introduction to Methodology .................................................................................................... 74
Discussion of Evidence-Based Research and Methodology..................................................... 74 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN HEALTHCARE 9
Methodology Process................................................................................................................ 78
Personal Assessment Tool (PAT) ............................................................................................. 81
Subject Matter Experts Process and Selection.......................................................................... 84
Expert Panel Feedback.......................................................................................................... 85
Panel Members’ Contribution............................................................................................... 88
SUMMARY............................................................................................................................. 89
CHAPTER 5 ................................................................................................................................ 91
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS....................................................................... 91
Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 91
Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................................. 91
Presentation and Analysis of Findings...................................................................................... 92
Introduction: The Recap ....................................................................................................... 92
Research Question #1. Why does the HC industry embrace CSR in their community? .......... 93
Findings #1............................................................................................................................ 93
Findings # 2........................................................................................................................... 94
Findings # 3........................................................................................................................... 96
Findings # 4........................................................................................................................... 98
Research Question # 2. How do HC organizations successfully respond with CSR behaviors to serve the community? ............................................................................................................... 99
Findings # 1........................................................................................................................... 99
Findings # 2......................................................................................................................... 100
Finding # 3. ......................................................................................................................... 100
Findings # 4......................................................................................................................... 102
Research Question # 3. What are the outcomes of CSR behaviors in HC?............................ 103
Findings # 1......................................................................................................................... 103 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN HEALTHCARE 10
Findings # 2......................................................................................................................... 105
Findings # 3......................................................................................................................... 106
Findings # 4......................................................................................................................... 107
CONCLUSIONS.................................................................................................................... 108
ALTERNATIVE PERSPECTIVES........................................................................................ 112
SUMMARY........................................................................................................................... 114
CHAPTER 6 ............................................................................................................................... 115
CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH............................................................................................................................... 115
Introduction............................................................................................................................ 115
Overall Conclusions................................................................................................................ 116
CONCLUSION: Pressure from External Factors Compel the HC Industry to Embrace CSR117
CONCLUSION: The HC industry uses CSR to successfully respond to their communities. 119
CONCLUSION: There are several desired outcomes to engaging in CSR behaviors in HC. 120
Implications for Management ................................................................................................. 121
Implication of Trends.............................................................................................................. 123
Limitations of Study ............................................................................................................... 125
Areas for Future Research ...................................................................................................... 125
SUMMARY........................................................................................................................... 126
References.............................................................................................................................. 128
Appendices................................................................................................................................. 152
Appendix 1: Invitation to Participate on Expert Panel .......................................................... 152
Appendix 2: Email Template .................................................................................................. 154
Appendix 3: Detailed Feedback from Dr. Antonio Vives ...................................................... 155
Appendix 4: Detailed Feedback from Dr. Mark Addleson.................................................... 157 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN HEALTHCARE 11
Appendix 5: Detailed Feedback from Dr. David Zoogah.....................................................
Resilient overlay networks
No full textThesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (p. 82-86).by David G. Andersen.S.M
Healthcare reform: Innovative and other proven strategies for successfully managing and implementing organizational change
No full textThe purpose of this study was to provide innovative and other proven change strategies that assist the healthcare industry and healthcare organizations with implementing organizational change. Evidence shows that healthcare spending in the United States grew ten times the base rate in 1980 from 2.6 trillion in 2010 (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2012). Compounding this problem is the limited availability to patient care and the diminishing value of care. The U. S. healthcare industry cannot survive under these circumstances without changing the overall system. In order for healthcare organizations to survive, they must embrace innovative and other proven strategies to remain competitive.
Through examining healthcare trends, healthcare innovation, and organizational change theory, this dissertation found that various tools, best practices, and strategies exist that will aid U.S. healthcare organizations with the impending healthcare reform. By using an evRunning Head: HEALTHCARE REFORM: STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING CHANGE
Healthcare Reform: Innovative and Other Proven Strategies for Successfully Managing and Implementing Organizational Change
University of Maryland University College
Lisa M. Pinkney
A Thesis
Submitted to the
Graduate Faculty
of
University of Maryland University College
in Partial Fulfillment of
The Requirements for the Degree
of
Doctor of Management
G. David Andersen, Ed.D. Eric Dent, Ph.D.
Healthcare Reform: Strategies For Managing Change 2
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to provide innovative and other proven change strategies that assist the healthcare industry and healthcare organizations with implementing organizational change. Evidence shows that healthcare spending in the United States grew ten times the base rate in 1980 from 2.6 trillion in 2010 (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2012). Compounding this problem is the limited availability to patient care and the diminishing value of care. The U. S. healthcare industry cannot survive under these circumstances without changing the overall system. In order for healthcare organizations to survive, they must embrace innovative and other proven strategies to remain competitive.
Through examining healthcare trends, healthcare innovation, and organizational change theory, this dissertation found that various tools, best practices, and strategies exist that will aid U.S. healthcare organizations with the impending healthcare reform. By using an evidence-based research methodology approach, this study identified change strategies for healthcare organizations and the healthcare industry to use to adequately manage organizational change. The dissertation concluded with strategies such as information technology, use of incentives, and best practices. These proven strategies will assist healthcare organizations when undergoing organizational change and that may serve to lessen the burden of healthcare cost, increase accessibility to care, and provide better quality healthcare.
Key Words: healthcare reform, organizational change, innovation, healthcare change, healthcare management, innovative strategies, innovation and healthcare, and change strategiesHealthcare Reform: Strategies For Managing Change 3
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank my mother, Dorothea “Dottie” Neal Pinkney. Dottie has been my biggest cheerleader providing support and encouragement throughout this journey. My mother has been patient and very understanding when I have been absent from family functions. Second, I would like to thank my family especially my sister Denise Pinkney Wright who constantly provided moral support to me and encouraged me through this process. The professional, academic, and personal discussions were invaluable and always helped me see the forest through the trees. I love you sis!
I would like to thank the University of Maryland University College for having a doctorate program that I was able to participate in while still working full time. It was truly a challenge, but at least I can sleep now. Thanks to my professors Dr. Michael Frank, Dr. Eric Dent, Dr. James Gelatt, Dr. Pearl Steinbuch, Dr. Laura Witz, Dr. Thomas Mierzwa, Dr. Subash Bijlani, and Dr. G. David Andersen for continuing to challenge me to strive for excellence. Special thanks to my former cohort peer Joanne Tritsch for your wittiness and humor throughout this journey. Thanks to my current cohort peer Denise Bailey Clark who is the ultimate professional who I truly admire, and Deborah Meadows who is the ultimate perfectionist. With cohort members like these, I could only soar! I would also like to thank Katherine “Kitty” Williams who always brought normality and humor to intense situations. Your help during this process was invaluable and I truly appreciate you.
Finally, I would like to thank GOD for providing me with the perseverance, fortitude, and strength to endure this rigorous program and for placing special people in my life that helped me thought this journey.Healthcare Reform: Strategies For Managing Change 4
Table of Contents
Abstract .....................................................................................................................................2
Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................3
Table of Contents.......................................................................................................................4
Chapter One: Introduction.....................................................................................................10
Background..............................................................................................................................11
Statement and Significance of the Problem................................................................................12
Purpose of the Study .................................................................................................................16
Research Questions ...................................................................................................................19
Research Assumptions ..............................................................................................................20
Research Proposition.................................................................................................................21
Definition of Terms...................................................................................................................21
Chapter Summary .....................................................................................................................22
Organization of Dissertation......................................................................................................23
Chapter Two: Literature Review ...........................................................................................25
Introduction to the Literature View ...........................................................................................25
The Healthcare Industry.........................................................................................................25
Literature Review Outline......................................................................................................26
Healthcare Industry Trends (Political, Cultural, and Economic) ................................................27
Political System.....................................................................................................................31
Enhancements in patient privacy.. ......................................................................................31
Advancement in achieving JCAHO compliance. ................................................................32
Culture .................................................................................................................................33
Improvement of workforce supply......................................................................................33
Improving staffing shortages..............................................................................................34
Economic System..................................................................................................................35
Electronic health records.. ..................................................................................................36
Telemedicine.....................................................................................................................36
Growth of healthcare sector................................................................................................36
Healthcare Innovation ...............................................................................................................38
Innovation Theory .................................................................................................................39Healthcare Reform: Strategies For Managing Change 5
Disruptive innovation.........................................................................................................39
Incremental innovation.......................................................................................................41
Architectural innovation.....................................................................................................42
Open innovation.................................................................................................................43
Compare-contrast innovations. ...........................................................................................44
Innovation as a Process..........................................................................................................45
Eight Promising Healthcare Innovations ................................................................................46
Checklists ..........................................................................................................................47
Payment innovations. .........................................................................................................47
Patient portals ....................................................................................................................47
Behavioral economics.. ......................................................................................................48
Surgical robots...................................................................................................................49
Genetic medicine. ..............................................................................................................49
Regenerative medicine. ......................................................................................................49
Accountable care organizations ..........................................................................................50
Information Technology in Healthcare...................................................................................50
Electronic Medical Records (EMR) .......................................................................................52
Automatic Tracking Software ................................................................................................52
Barriers.................................................................................................................................53
Costs.................................................................................................................................53
Culture change.. .................................................................................................................54
Patient privacy and trust.. ...................................................................................................55
Best Practices in Healthcare Innovation .................................................................................56
Healthcare innovation incentives........................................................................................56
National Best Practice Innovation..........................................................................................58
Organizational Change Theory..................................................................................................61
Planned Change Models ........................................................................................................64
Implementing Successful Change ..........................................................................................67
Propositions from the Literature Review ...................................................................................72
Summary of Literature Review..................................................................................................73
Chapter Three: Conceptual Framework................................................................................74Healthcare Reform: Strategies For Managing Change 6
Introduction to the Conceptual Framework................................................................................74
Message in the Literature Review..............................................................................................74
Literature review “lenses” – Integration of scholarship into the framework............................74
The System Lens ...................................................................................................................75
The Practical Lens .................................................................................................................76
The Theoretical Lens .............................................................................................................77
The Conceptual Framework ......................................................................................................78
Chapter Summary .....................................................................................................................80
Chapter Four: Methodology...................................................................................................81
Methodology Overview.............................................................................................................81
Evidence Based Research and Methodology..............................................................................81
Definition and Application to This Study...............................................................................81
Evidence Based Research in Theory and Practice ..................................................................82
Discussion of Relevant Scholarly Evidence...............................................................................85
Subject Matter Expert Panel......................................................................................................89
Subject Matter Expert’s Identification and Rationale for Selection.........................................90
The Feedback Process............................................................................................................91
Subject Matter Expert Feedback ............................................................................................92
Changes Resulting from the Feedback Results .......................................................................94
Chapter Summary .....................................................................................................................94
Chapter Five: Analysis and Discussion ..................................................................................96
Introduction ..............................................................................................................................96
Presentation and Summary of the Findings................................................................................96
Findings Research Question 1 ...................................................................................................97
Healthcare Innovation Findings .............................................................................................98
Innovation theory findings. ................................................................................................98
Promising healthcare innovation findings...........................................................................99
Information technology findings. .....................................................................................101
Organizational Change Findings ..........................................................................................105
Change theory findings ....................................................................................................105
Environmental change findings. .......................................................................................108Healthcare Reform: Strategies For Managing Change 7
Findings Research Question 2 .................................................................................................111
Healthcare Trends Findings .................................................................................................111
Enhancements in patient privacy ......................................................................................113
Advancement in achieving JCAHO compliance. ..............................................................113
Improvement of workforce supply....................................................................................113
Improving staffing shortages. ...........................................................................................114
Electronic health records. .................................................................................................114
Telemedicine. ..................................................................................................................115
Conclusions ............................................................................................................................115
Alternative Perspectives ..........................................................................................................116
Chapter Summary ...................................................................................................................117
Chapter Six: Conclusions, Implications, and Trends ..........................................................119
Introduction ............................................................................................................................119
Overall Conclusions ................................................................................................................119
Implication for Management ...................................................................................................121
Implications of Trends ............................................................................................................122
Global Trends in Healthcare....................................................................................................123
Limitations and Future Research .............................................................................................124
Summary................................................................................................................................125
References ..............................................................................................................................127
Appendix A Best Practices in Healthcare Innovation...............................................................148
Appendix B Public and Private Health Information Technology Initiatives .............................151
Appendix C Young’s Nine Change Literature Themes ............................................................152
Appendix D Kotter’s Eight Steps for Transforming an Organization .......................................154
Appendix E UMUC Executive Director’s Evaluation Form.....................................................155
Appendix F Dissertation Chapter Outline ................................................................................157
Appendix G Subject Matter Expert Evaluation & Feedback Form...........................................158
Appendix H Subject Matter Expert Evaluation & Feedback Form – Dr. Haley ........................159
Appendix I Subject Matter Expert Evaluation & Feedback Form – Dr. Young ........................162Healthcare Reform: Strategies For Managing Change 8
Figure 1 Social Process Framework...........................................................................................28
Figure 2 Diffusion of Health Information Technology...............................................................58
Figure 3 Literature Review Convergence ..................................................................................75
Figure 4 Conceptual Framework for Successfully Managing Healthcare Industry Change.........79
Figure 5 Hierarchy of Evidence.................................................................................................84
Figure 6 A Theoretical Model of the Dynamics of the Planned Change Model ........................109 Healthcare Reform: Strategies For Managing Change 9
Table 1 U.S. International Price Comparison of Specific Medical Products and Services...........16
Table 2 Social Process Framework- Trend Analysis Checklist...................................................29
Table 3 Database Search Combination – Word Search ..............................................................86
Table 4 Inclusion of Literature in this Study................
Inefficiencies in markets for intellectual property rights: experiences of academic and public research institutions
No full textThe formal use of such intellectual property rights (IPR) as patents and registered copyright by universities has increased steadily in the last two decades. Mainstream arguments, embedded in economic theory and policy, advocating the use of IPR to protect academic research results are based on the view that IPR marketplaces work well and allow universities to reap significant benefits. However, there is a lack of evidence-based research to justify or critically evaluate these claims. Building upon an original survey of 46 universities and public research organizations in the United Kingdom, this study analyses the quality of the institutions underpinning the markets for patents and copyright, investigating potential inefficiencies that could lead to underperformance of the IPR system. These include ‘IPR market failures’ with respect to search processes and transparency; price negotiation processes; uncertainties in the perception of the economic value of IRP and the relationship with R&D cost. Further sources of underperformance may include ‘institutional failures’ with respect to enforcement and regulation. Particular attention is paid to the role of governance forms (e.g. alternative types of licensing agreements) through which IPR exchanges take place. We find that a high share of universities report market failures in IPR transactions and that the choice of IPR governance forms matter for the obstacles that are encountered. Given the importance of widely disseminating university research outcomes to foster innovation and economic development, the presence of inefficiencies in IPR markets suggests that such objectives could best be achieved by encouraging open distribution of knowledge, rather than privatization of academic knowledge
sj-pdf-1-wso-10.1177_17474930231177204 – Supplemental material for Results of an international survey on the status of prehospital care
No full textSupplemental material, sj-pdf-1-wso-10.1177_17474930231177204 for Results of an international survey on the status of prehospital care by Anthony G Rudd, Jing Zhao, Gary Ford, Rita Melifonwu, Siju V Abraham, Marc Fisher, Grethe Andersen, David Waters, Dou Li and Renyu Liu in International Journal of Stroke</p
Architettura a confronto, a cura di Tino Franco, Alberto D'Amico, Claudio Locardi, proiezione cortometraggio "percorrendo il GRA in senso orario" 25' di A. Camiz e dibattito
No full textStudio Campo Boario – Piramide Channel
Programma:
venerdì 10 giugno
ore 17.00
Architettura e Utopia:
Il Centro di Comunicazione Mondiale di C. H. Andersen – Maria Sole Cardulli
Architettura e Filosofia:
Casa Stonborough di Ludwig Wittgenstein – Claudio Locardi
Architettura e Arte contemporanea:
Il Maxxi di Zaha Hadid – David Sabatello
ore 21.00
Architettura e Antropologia:
Appunti dal G. R A. di Giorgio de Finis – Stalker
Percorrendo il G.R.A. in senso orario di Alessandro Cami
Employee commitment and other factors that affect attraction and retention of employees in organizations: The examination of research and OPM practices
No full textIt has become increasingly more difficult for organizations to hire and retain qualified staff. In order to satisfy this need and meet the competition for talented staff, organizations will be required to develop effective employee attraction and retention strategies. The ability to compete for and retain talented staff will depend in part on the organizations ability to identify this need and successfully develop and implement a plan. Further intensifying this talent acquisition need is the current workforce demographics comprising a large number of baby boomers that are eligible to retire and will be leaving the workforce in the immediate future. Demand for talent will dramatically change the demographics of the workforce. This study identified and examined factors that positively influence the attraction and retention of quality staff for organizations. These factors include employee commitment, trust, communication, and support programs. Additionally, this study examined the practices of the Office of Personnel Management that provides guidance to the federal government agencies on talent acquisition and retention programs to determine the strategies they use to manage this staffing need crisis. This study identifies talent attraction and retention strategies organizations can develop to manage this talent sustainability issue. The findings of this study apply across organizations both public and private.Running head: EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT AND OTHER FACTORS 1
Employee Commitment and Other Factors That Affect Attraction and
Retention of Employees in Organizations: The Examination of Research and OPM Practices
by
Denise Bailey Clark
Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the
University of Maryland University College
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of
Doctor of Management
January 14, 2013
Dissertation Committee
Eric B. Dent, Ph.D.
G. David Andersen, Ed.D.Running head: EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT AND OTHER FACTORS II
Abstract
It has become increasingly more difficult for organizations to hire and retain qualified staff. In order to satisfy this need and meet the competition for talented staff, organizations will be required to develop effective employee attraction and retention strategies. The ability to compete for and retain talented staff will depend in part on the organizations ability to identify this need and successfully develop and implement a plan. Further intensifying this talent acquisition need is the current workforce demographics comprising a large number of baby boomers that are eligible to retire and will be leaving the workforce in the immediate future. Demand for talent will dramatically change the demographics of the workforce. This study identified and examined factors that positively influence the attraction and retention of quality staff for organizations. These factors include employee commitment, trust, communication, and support programs. Additionally, this study examined the practices of the Office of Personnel Management that provides guidance to the federal government agencies on talent acquisition and retention programs to determine the strategies they use to manage this staffing need crisis. This study identifies talent attraction and retention strategies organizations can develop to manage this talent sustainability issue. The findings of this study apply across organizations both public and private.
Keywords: Talented Staff Acquisition, Employee Retention, Employee Commitment, Talent Sustainability, and Employee Turnover.
Running head: EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT AND OTHER FACTORS III
Copyright 2013, Denise Bailey Clark © 2013, Denise Bailey ClarkRunning head: EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT AND OTHER FACTORS IV
Dedication
This dissertation is dedicated to my sons, Antonio and Marcus, in whom I hope I have instilled not only the value of education but also the philosophy that education is the key that allows a person to explore the infinite opportunities of life. In addition, this dissertation is dedicated to my granddaughter Ayrianna, who through my journey, will hopefully understand the importance of education as well as the concept that success is achievable when you believe in yourself. Preparing yourself through education, dedication, and hard work are the keys to success. Running head: EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT AND OTHER FACTORS V
Acknowledgements
First, I am thankful to God for whom all is possible. In addition, several people assisted me on this journey for which I will be forever grateful. Thank you to my family and friends who have been supportive of me throughout this dissertation process. A very special thank you to my husband, Major L. Clark, III, for his love, guidance, patience, and support. Thank you to my parents, Esther and Robert Bailey, who have always been my lifelong cheerleaders and supporters. Thank you to UMUC Graduate Professors Dr. Nicholas Allen, Dr. Subash Bijlani, Dr. Michael Frank, Dr. James Gelatt, and Dr. Thomas Mierzwa, for their excellence in teaching. Thank you to my Expert Panel members Dr. William Welch, Dr. Brenda Williams, and Dr. Paul Light for their professional opinions and recommendations. Thank you to my UMUC Dissertation Professors Dr. Andersen and Dr. Dent for their guidance during this process. Thank you to my UMUC DMGT Cohort members Lisa Pinkney, William Goodwin, and Wendy McLlwain, who are a wonderfully supportive group of scholars. Running head: EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT AND OTHER FACTORS VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................................ II
DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................................................... IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................................... V
TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................................................... VI
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................. IX
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................ X
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1
BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
ATTRACTION AND RETENTION ..................................................................................................................................... 2
TALENT ACQUISITION .................................................................................................................................................. 2
RETENTION .................................................................................................................................................................. 3
EMPLOYEE TURNOVER: A PREDICTIVE PICTURE ........................................................................................................... 3
THE NEED FOR AND SHORTAGE OF TALENTED STAFF .................................................................................................. 4
THE OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (OPM): INFLUENCE AND CONTRIBUTION ................................................. 4
OPMTALENT ACQUISITION AND EMPLOYEE RETENTION MISSION .............................................................................. 5
EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT AND OTHER FACTORS .......................................................................................................... 6
TALENT SUSTAINABILITY ............................................................................................................................................ 7
CURRENT STATE OF HIRING IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT........................................................................................ 8
CURRENT STATE OF OPMEMPLOYEE RETIREMENT ELIGIBILITY ................................................................................. 9
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM .................................................................................................................... 10
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROBLEM ................................................................................................................ 10
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................................ 11
RESEARCH QUESTIONS .................................................................................................................................. 11
DEFINITION OF TERMS ................................................................................................................................... 12
DEFINITIONS .............................................................................................................................................................. 12
Employee Commitment ...................................................................................................................................................... 12
Employer of Choice. .......................................................................................................................................................... 12
Employment Engagement. .................................................................................................................................................. 12
Human Capital. .................................................................................................................................................................. 13
Talent Acquisition. ............................................................................................................................................................. 13
Talent Sustainability. ......................................................................................................................................................... 13
Turnover. ........................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Trust. .................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
ORGANIZATION OF THE DISSERTATION .................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................. 16
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 16
SIGNIFICANT ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES AFFECTING THE ATTRACTING AND RETAINING OF STAFF .................................................................................................................................................................. 16
TALENT ACQUISITION ................................................................................................................................................ 16
TALENT SUSTAINABILITY .......................................................................................................................................... 18
OPMAND TALENT SUSTAINABILITY .......................................................................................................................... 19 Running head: EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT AND OTHER FACTORS VII
REDUCING EMPLOYEE TURNOVER AND INCREASING RETENTION ............................................................................... 20
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ATTRACTION AND RETENTION OF STAFF .............................................. 23
EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT .......................................................................................................................................... 23
COMMUNICATION ...................................................................................................................................................... 26
TRUST ........................................................................................................................................................................ 30
EMPLOYEE SUPPORT PROGRAMS ............................................................................................................................... 32
OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (OPM): THE GOVERNMENT’S MESSAGE FOR ATTRACTION AND RETENTION ..................................................................................................................... 36
ATTRACTING AND RETAINING EMPLOYEES ................................................................................................................ 36
UNIQUE EMPLOYMENT CHALLENGE ........................................................................................................................... 37
EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT......................................................................................... 38
ACCESSING EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT AT OPM ......................................................................................................... 38
MEASURING EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT AT OPM ........................................................................................................ 39
COMPONENTS/FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE TALENT ACQUISITION AND EMPLOYEE RETENTION ................................. 40
SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................................... 42
CHAPTER 3: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK .................................................................................................. 44
INTRODUCTION TO THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................... 44
RESTATEMENT OF PROBLEM ........................................................................................................................ 44
THE MESSAGE IN THE LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................... 45
TALENT ACQUISITION ................................................................................................................................................ 45
COMMUNICATION ...................................................................................................................................................... 46
TRUST ........................................................................................................................................................................ 46
EMPLOYEE PERCEPTION AND SUPPORT PROGRAMS .................................................................................................... 47
EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT .......................................................................................................................................... 48
EMPLOYEE RETENTION .............................................................................................................................................. 49
THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................................. 50
COMPONENT 1: THE PROBLEM ................................................................................................................................... 51
COMPONENT 2: THE PROCESS .................................................................................................................................... 51
COMPONENT 3: THE RESULTS .................................................................................................................................... 52
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK COMPONENTS ................................................................................................................. 52
SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................................... 54
CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................ 56
INTRODUCTION TO METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 56
DISCUSSION OF EVIDENCE-BASED RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY ................................................ 57
DISCUSSION OF RELEVANT SCHOLARLY EVIDENCE .............................................................................. 58
PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF THE EXPERT PANEL ................................................................... 62
THE EXPERT PANEL MEMBERS .................................................................................................................................. 63
COMMENTS FROM THE EXPERT PANEL ....................................................................................................................... 64
IMPACT OF EXPERT PANEL COMMENTS ON DISSERTATION ......................................................................................... 67
SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................................... 67
CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................... 69
STUDY REVIEW ................................................................................................................................................. 69 Running head: EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT AND OTHER FACTORS VIII
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS........................................................................................... 72
RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND FINDINGS ........................................................................................................................ 72
TALENT ACQUISITION AND RETENTION STRATEGIES ................................................................................................... 78
COMMUNICATION ...................................................................................................................................................... 82
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES .................................................................................................................................. 83
TRUST STRATEGIES .................................................................................................................................................... 85
EMPLOYEE SUPPORT STRATEGIES............................................................................................................................... 86
TALENT ACQUISITION AND RETENTION MODEL: A PROPOSED FOUR-STEP PROCESS ................. 87
CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................................... 95
ALTERNATIVE PERSPECTIVES ...................................................................................................................... 96
JOB SATISFACTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 96
PERCEIVED ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT ..................................................................................................................... 97
SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................................... 98
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY ... 99
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 99
OVERALL CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................... 99
TALENT ACQUISITION .............................................................................................................................................. 100
EMPLOYEE RETENTION ............................................................................................................................................ 100
COMMUNICATION .................................................................................................................................................... 101
TRUST ...................................................................................................................................................................... 101
EMPLOYEE SUPPORT PROGRAMS .............................................................................................................................. 101
EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT ........................................................................................................................................ 102
EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT EFFECTS ON TALENT ACQUISITION AND EMPLOYEE RETENTION ............
Organizational innovation management practices and globalization implications for strategic planning
No full textThe body of knowledge from empirical research and case studies show that many American and Western European-originated practices in academic research have been adopted over time into the processes of business or commercial organizations. However, over the last few decades, the landscape of global business has continued to change. New economic powers are rising in the world and there are economic changes that have been connected to so-called global macro forces, including wealth transfer to growing new economic powers. These resultant rises in new economic powers’ knowledge capital, and the introduction of new technologies, can influence the ability to innovate in the global market. The imperative for this study arose from the quickening pace of research completed on innovation practices during this new economic paradigm that the recent accelerated globalization of commercial markets presented. For example, in the year leading up to the recent millennium milestone, a doubling of innovation scholarship publications was seen representing a near exponentially broadening body ofknowledge for this field. Thus, a meaningful exploration of the fragmented set of studies was believed warranted. This dissertation was a study of organizational innovation practices and global implications. Undertaken as a systematic review of twenty-five published peer-reviewed works, each of which having a specific focus on innovation practices, the dissertation’s purpose was to identify and analyze the key practices of innovation at the organizational level and that serve as determinants for innovation practices in global markets, especially emerging markets. It is intended that this study’s conclusions support future, successful organizational innovation in a changing world marketplace having both foreign and domestic entities. This systematic review identified 225 innovation practice findings and reconciled the collective content into overall study conclusions within a strategic planning-aligned conceptual framework of 22 key overall factor themes for innovation practices as follows: creativity, environment, firm culture, implementation, innovation type, investment, leadership, market culture, marketing, metrics, networking, orientation, organization structure, ownership, process, project, regulatory, resource management, speed to market, strategy, team, and technology level.Running Head: INNOVATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND GLOBALIZATION i
ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND
GLOBALIZATION IMPLICATIONS FOR STRATEGIC PLANNING
Richard Carroll Staten
A DISSERTATION
in
Strategic Business Management
Presented to the Faculties of the University of Maryland
Global Campus (formerly University College)
in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Degree of Doctor of Management
2015
Supervisor of Dissertation Co-Supervisor of Dissertation
G. David Andersen, Ed.D. Eric B. Dent, Ph.D.
Professor of Management Professor of Management
INNOVATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND GLOBALIZATION ii
Abstract
The body of knowledge from empirical research and case studies show that many American and Western European-originated practices in academic research have been adopted over time into the processes of business or commercial organizations. However, over the last few decades, the landscape of global business has continued to change. New economic powers are rising in the world and there are economic changes that have been connected to so-called global macro forces, including wealth transfer to growing new economic powers. These resultant rises in new economic powers’ knowledge capital, and the introduction of new technologies, can influence the ability to innovate in the global market. The imperative for this study arose from the quickening pace of research completed on innovation practices during this new economic paradigm that the recent accelerated globalization of commercial markets presented. For example, in the year leading up to the recent millennium milestone, a doubling of innovation scholarship publications was seen representing a near exponentially broadening body of knowledge for this field. Thus, a meaningful exploration of the fragmented set of studies was believed warranted. This dissertation was a study of organizational innovation practices and global implications. Undertaken as a systematic review of twenty-five published peer-reviewed works, each of which having a specific focus on innovation practices, the dissertation’s purpose was to identify and analyze the key practices of innovation at the organizational level and that serve as determinants for innovation practices in global markets, especially emerging markets. It is intended that this study’s conclusions support future, successful organizational innovation in a changing world marketplace having both foreign and domestic entities. This systematic review identified 225 innovation practice findings and reconciled the collective content into overall study conclusions within a strategic planning-aligned conceptual framework of 22 key overall INNOVATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND GLOBALIZATION iii
factor themes for innovation practices as follows: creativity, environment, firm culture, implementation, innovation type, investment, leadership, market culture, marketing, metrics, networking, orientation, organization structure, ownership, process, project, regulatory, resource management, speed to market, strategy, team, and technology level.
Keywords: creativity, environment, firm, firm culture, implementation, innovation, innovation type, investment, leadership, management, market culture, marketing, metrics, networking, orientation, organization, organization structure, ownership, practices, process, project, regulatory, resource management, speed to market, strategy, team, technology level
INNOVATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND GLOBALIZATION iv
Acknowledgements
This dissertation, while involving untold hours of my time, also took many of the same from my committee members, Dr. G. David Andersen and Dr. Eric B. Dent. I sincerely thank them for this from the bottom of my heart. Dr. Andersen is especially highlighted with grateful thanks for his endless coaching and redirection of my often fading energies to keep going. This continued support towards progressing and moving on towards my ultimate goal sustained me during this journey. His time spent reading and offering edits to improve my work was hugely significant on his part. I want to extend a heartfelt thanks for this role as my coach in the Doctor of Management program. An additional very special thanks goes to Dr. Dent for his positive support, encouragement, and calming wisdom during a long and challenging journey across the years of my doctoral studies at the University of Maryland University College. I want to also thank Dr. Bryan Booth for his additional support of my time and efforts in the program. Another member of the faculty I would like to recognize is Dr. Jay Liebowitz. Early on, Jay and I established a relationship which led to my later authoring a case for his 2012 book on knowledge management. This was an appreciated opportunity to contribute as a practitioner and become a published author in this field of study. There are many other members of the faculty that I would like to recognize, including Dr. John Sherlock, Dr. Thomas Mierzwa, Dr. Wanda Wagner, Dr. Diana Watts, Dr. Bob Krell, Dr. Jim Gelatt, Dr. Kathleen Edwards, Dr. Leonard Vernick, Dr. Bernard Brookes, and Dr. Subash Bijlani.
I am very grateful to my expert panel members from academia and industry. Having both an academic leader in the field of innovation (Dr. Esin Yoruk, Research Fellow at School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London) and an amazing practitioner who is forward thinking (Dr. Tony Bell, Director of Supply Chain for Johnson and Johnson) INNOVATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND GLOBALIZATION v
honors my dissertation. Their efforts made this dissertation so much better as a final product. Another outside recognitions go to those involved with my paper completed as part of my course of studies for this doctoral degree. Dr. Aaron Glassman, Assistant Professor, College of Business & Program Chair, Master of Science in Management at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, for his help with my most recent paper. On my earlier paper submitted for completion of degree requirements, Dr. Detelin Elenkov, Professor Norris Family Endowed Chair in International Business at Angelo State University and Dr. Arnold Schneider, Professor & Area Coordinator for Accounting at the Georgia Institute of Technology for leading the Academic Organization for Advancement of Strategic and International Studies and chairing the conference respectively where this was presented and published are thanked.
I would certainly like to thank the classmates that I have had over the years. While I long ago fell out of the cycle of my cohort, I want to point out that you were all critical to my progress along this journey. A few that deserve extra recognition for extra and very much needed support over the years include Dr. Tony Bell, Dr. Holly Cicconi-Eggleston, and Dr. Wanda Wagner. One final recognition goes to Steve Fritts who is also on the final stage of his doctoral journey. Congratulations Steve!
INNOVATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND GLOBALIZATION vi
Dedication
This dissertation is completely dedicated to my family. In turn, I want to recognize my parents, my family, my children, and my wife. All have played a role in this long journey across the years to this milestone.
First, I dedicate this to my parents. Thank you, Major (U.S. Air Force Retired) Carroll Milton Staten and Mrs. Loleda Griffith Staten. Your support of my education and learning from the start put me on this path, and your love gave me the confidence to pursue anything in life. Dad, you serving as Assistant Professor at Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) certainly played a role, as did your Master of Business Administration degree from the University of Utah. Mom’s support and belief in me never wavers and I know this has mattered more than any pushing could ever have.
Second, I dedicate this to my extended family and in-laws. I know that the support and understanding was always there from my mother-in-law Ms. Irene Donovan Reimer, who also completed graduate studies of her own at Tulane University for a Master of Social Work. Another influence to be thanked is Dr. Troy Jerry Cox. Completing his Ph. D. at Lousiana State University while my wife was mere toddler had to have been challenging. If he were here, I know he would celebrate this achievement with us. I also dedicate this to my aunts and uncles, both living and deceased. They also have provided great support over the years and served as role models with their own advanced degrees.
Third, I dedicate this dissertation to my children. My daughters are young and need my time attention which this program required of me. I love and thank you for your patience, Hannah McKenzie Staten and Emma Elizabeth Staten while I was busy researching and writing. While it may have seemed an ordeal from your perspective, there was an important goal that I INNOVATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND GLOBALIZATION vii
know you witnessed a dedicated pursuit of. One day, I will witness many of yours during your lives’ journeys. Thank you for being patient with Daddy as he pursued one of his life’s goals for intellectual development and contributions to knowledge.
Last, but not at all least, I dedicate this dissertation to my wife, Mrs. Lee Pennington Staten. You have seen the sacrifice firsthand that this degree involved, and despite the duration of the program, kept your support coming. The time commitment was huge and I know it did impact trips, weekends, weeknights, and many more occasions. Your love made this possible, and I stand ready to support any academic goals that may be on your mind. Thank you for your love and support these last 6 years.
INNOVATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND GLOBALIZATION viii
Contents
Abstract ..………………………………………………………………………………………... ii
Acknowledgements ...…………………………………………………………………………… iv
Dedication ...…………………………………………………………………………………….. vi
CHAPTER 1 ...…………………………………………………………………………………… 1
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE ..………………… 1
Introduction ...……………………………………………………………………………………. 1
Background ...……………………………………………………………………………………. 1
Historical Review Context of Innovation Scholarship ...………………………....……………… 3
Study-defined Periods of Innovation Literature…….……………………………………………. 3
Foundational period (1939–1979) ...………………………………………....................... 5
Evolutionary period (1980–1999) ...……………………………………………………... 7
Emergent period (2000–Present) ...……………………………………………………... 10
Survey of Scholarship on Global Macro Trends Relative to Innovation ..……………………… 11
Rising economic powers: Broader sharing of wealth and power ...…………………….. 12
Knowledge capital: Additional global higher learning centers ..……………………….. 13
Technologies: Accelerating and expanding innovation ..………………………………. 14
Statement and Significance of the Problem …………………………………………………….. 15
Purpose of the Study ……………………………………………………………………………. 16
Importance to Management …………………………………………………………………….. 17
Research Questions ……………………………………………………………………………... 17
Definitions of Terms ……………………………………………………………………………. 17
Research Propositions …………………………………………………………………………... 19 INNOVATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND GLOBALIZATION ix
Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
Organization of the Study ………………………………………………………………………. 19
CHAPTER 2 ……………………………………………………………………………………..21
METHODOLOGY …………………………………………………………………...………… 21
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………..……… 21
Discussion of Evidence-Based Research and Methodology ……………………………………. 21
Systematic Review Approach ……………………………………………………..…… 23
Discussion of Scholarly Research Evidence Tools ………………………………………..…… 25
Evidence Evaluation and Quality ………………………………………………………………. 29
Presentation and Discussion of Expert Panel ………………………………………………..…. 29
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………..… 29
Panel Members ………………………………………………………………………..... 30
Comments of Panel Members ………………………………………………………….. 31
Impact of Panel Members ………………………………………………………………. 33
Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………..… 33
Content of Chapter Three ……………………………………………………………………….. 33
CHAPTER 3 …………………………………………………………………………………..... 35
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ………………………………………….... 35
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………….. 35
Purpose and Rationale ………………………………………………………………………….. 35
Research Questions ……………………………………………………………………………... 36
Structure of the Systematic Review Chapter ………………………………………………….... 36
Application of Evidential Management to Innovation ……………………………………….… 36 INNOVATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND GLOBALIZATION x
Identification and Discussion of the Theoretical Lenses ………………………………………. 38
Critical Review and Evaluation of the Literature …………………………………………….... 39
Studies of Innovation Practices Inclusive of a Country Context ………………………………. 40
Balachandra and Friar (1997) ………………………………………………………….. 40
Crossan and Apaydin (2010) …………………………………………………………... 42
Damanpour (1991) …………………………………………………………………...… 44
Veryzer (1998) …………………………………………………………………………. 46
Tsai (2001) ………………………………………………………………………...…… 48
Grinstein (2008) ……………………………………………………………………...… 51
Studies of Innovation Practices Inclusive of a Country Context ………………………………..52
Cooper and Kleinschmidt (1986) ……………………………………………………..... 52
Deshpandé, Farley, and Webster (1993) ……………………………………………….. 55
Montoya-Weiss and Calantone (1994) …………………………...……………………. 58
Song and Parry (1997) …………………………………………………………….…… 63
Henard and Szymanski (2001) …………………………………………………………. 65
Ernst (2002) ……………………………………………………………………………. 67
Pittaway, Robertson, Munir, Denyer, & Neely (2004) ……………….………………... 69
Leseure, Bauer, Birdi, Neely, & Denyer (2004) …..………………………………….... 70
Becheikh et al. (2006) ………………………………………………………………….. 71
Palacios, Gil, and Garrigos (2009) …………………………………………………...… 73
Story, Hart, and O’Malley (2009) …………………………………………………..….. 75
Chen et al. (2010) ………………………………………………………………….…… 77
Kleinschmidt, de Brentani, and Salomo (2010) ………………………………………... 79 INNOVATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND GLOBALIZATION xi
Moenaert, Robben, Antioco, De Schamphelaere, and Rokst (2010) ………………..….. 81
Rosing, Frese, and Bausch (2011) …………………………………………………..….. 84
Behrens (2012) …………………………………………………………………………. 85
Evanschitzky, Eisend, Calantone, & Jiang (2012) ………………...…………………..... 88
Keupp, Palmié, and Gassmann (2012) ………………………………………………….. 90
Radosevic and York (2012) ……………………………………………………….….… 91
Review of the Research Propositions …………………………………………………………... 94
Summary of the Systematic Review ………………………………………………………...….. 95
Content of Chapter Four ………………………………………………………………………… 97
CHAPTER 4 …………………………………………………………………………………..... 98
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………………………………..….. 98
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………..… 98
Purpose of the Study ………………………………………………………………………….… 98
Presentation, Summary, and Analysis of the Findings: The Research Questions ………….....… 99
Analysis of Research Question 1 Findings …………………………………………………....… 99
Findings for Research Question 1 ………………………………………………………..….… 100
Discussion of Findings for Research Question 1 ………………………………………….....… 102
Recurrent factors …………………………………………………………………………….… 102
Firm culture …………………………………………………………………………… 102
Implementation ………………………………………………………………………... 103
Leadership …………………………………………………………………………….. 104
Marketing ……………………………………………………………………………... 104
Networking …………………………………………………………...……………….. 105 INNOVATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND GLOBALIZATION xii
Organization structure ……………………………………………………..………….. 106
Process …………………………………………………………………………….….. 107
Project ………………………………………………………………………………… 109
Resource management ……………………………………………………..…………. 110
Strategies ………………………………………………………………………..….…. 111
Team …………………………………………………………………………….……. 112
Technology level ……………………………………………………………………… 113
Enabling factors ……………………………………………………………………………..… 114
Creativity ………………………………………………………………………….…... 114
Environment ……………………………………………………………………….….. 114
Innovation type ………………………………………………………………………... 115
Investment …………………………………………………………………………..… 115
Market culture …………………………………………………………………………. 116
Metrics ……………………………………………………………………………...…. 116
Orientation ……………………………………………………………………..……… 117
Ownership …………………………………………………………………….………. 117
Regulatory …………………………………………………………………………….. 118
Speed to market ……………………………………………….…………………….…. 118
Analysis of Research Question 2 …………………………………………………………….… 118
Findings for Research Question 2 ………………………………………………………..….… 119
Discussion of Findings for Research Question 2 ………………………………………….....… 121
Recurrent factors …………………………………………………………………………….… 122
Environment ……………………………………………………………………….….. 122 INNOVATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND GLOBALIZATION xiii
Firm culture …………………………………………………………………………… 123
Implementation ………………………………………………………………………... 123
Innovation type …………………………………………………….………………….. 124
Leadership ………………………………………………………………………..…… 125
Market culture …………………………………………………………………………. 126
Marketing ……………………………………………………………………………... 126
Networking …………………………………………………………...……………….. 128
Organization structure ……………………………………………………..………….. 129
Process ………………………………………………………………….………….….. 130
Project ………………………………………………………………….……………… 131
Resource management ………………………………………………….…..…………. 132
Speed to market ………………………………………………………….………….…. 133
Strategies ………………………………………………………………………..….…. 134
Team …………………………………………………………………….……….……. 135
Technology level ……………………………………………………………………… 136
Enabling factors ……………………………………………………………………………..… 137
Creativity ………………………………………………………………………….…... 137
Investment …………………………………………………………………………..… 138
Metrics ……………………………………………………………………………...…. 138
Orientation ……………………………………………………………………..……… 139
Ownership …………………………………………………………………….………. 139
Regulatory …………………………………………………………………………….. 140
INNOVATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND GLOBALIZATION xiv
Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………………...……. 140
Introduction …………………………………………….…...……………………..………….. 140
Firm-level Innovation Practice Factors – All Studies ……………………………………….…. 141
Recurrent factors – all studies ……………………….………………………………… 141
Enabling factors – all studies ……………………………………………...……………141
Firm-level Innovation Practice Factors – Studies inclusive of Country Context ……...…….…. 142
Recurrent factors – studies inclusive of country context ………………….........……… 143
Enabling factors – studies inclusive of county context ………………………...………. 143
Alternative Perspectives ……………………………………………………………………..... 144
Summary …………………………………………………………………………………...…. 144
Content of Chapter Five ……………………………………………………………….………. 145
CHAPTER 5 ………………………………………………………………………….……….. 146
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK …………………………………………………….……….. 146
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………….... 146
Interpreted Messages from Systematic Review in a Context of Strategic Management ……... 146
Conceptual Framework …………………………………………………………………….….. 149
Summary ………………………………………………………………………...……………. 153
Content of Chapter Six ……………………………………………………………………..….. 154
CHAPTER 6 ……………………………………………………………………………….….. 155
CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND TRENDS ………………………………….….…. 155
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………….... 155
Overall Conclusions …………………………………………………………………….…….. 156
Implications for Management/Practitioner …………………………………………..…….….. 158 INNOVATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND GLOBALIZATION xv
Implications of Emerging Trends …………………………………………………………..… 160
Limitations and Areas for Future Research ……………………………………………...…… 161
Implications for Future Research ……………………………………………………………... 162
Summary …………………………………………………………………………………….... 163
References ……………………………
Enhancing bioaerosol sampling by Andersen impactors using mineral-oil-spread agar plate.
No full textAs a bioaerosol sampling standard, Andersen type impactor is widely used since its invention in 1950s, including the investigation of the anthrax attacks in the United States in 2001. However, its related problems such as impaction and desiccation stress as well as particle bounce have not been solved. Here, we improved its biological collection efficiencies by plating a mineral oil layer (100 µL) onto the agar plate. An Andersen six-stage sampler and a BioStage impactor were tested with mineral-oil-spread agar plates in collecting indoor and outdoor bacterial and fungal aerosols. The effects of sampling times (5, 10 and 20 min) were also studied using the BioStage impactor when sampling environmental bioaerosols as well as aerosolized Bacillus subtilis (G+) and Escherichia coli (G-). In addition, particle bounce reduction by mineral-oil-plate was also investigated using an optical particle counter (OPC). Experimental results revealed that use of mineral-oil-spread agar plate can substantially enhance culturable bioaerosol recoveries by Andersen type impactors (p-values<0.05). The recovery enhancement was shown to depend on bioaerosol size, type, sampling time and environment. In general, more enhancements (extra 20%) were observed for last stage of the Andersen six-stage samplers compared to the BioStage impactor for 10 min sampling. When sampling aerosolized B. subtilis, E. coli and environmental aerosols, the enhancement was shown to increase with increasing sampling time, ranging from 50% increase at 5 min to ∼100% at 20 min. OPC results indicated that use of mineral oil can effectively reduce the particle bounce with an average of 66% for 10 min sampling. Our work suggests that enhancements for fungal aerosols were primarily attributed to the reduced impaction stress, while for bacterial aerosols reduced impaction, desiccation and particle bounce played major roles. The developed technology can readily enhance the agar-based techniques including those high volume portable samplers for bioaerosol monitoring
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