18 research outputs found
Egypt\u27s Police State in the Work of Idris and Mahfouz
No full textIn his article Egypt\u27s Police State in the Work of Idris and Mahfouz David F. DiMeo examines how two leading twentieth-century authors of politically committed fiction addressed an angry generation\u27s confrontations with former members of the oppressive state police apparatus. Yusuf Idris\u27s The Black Policeman (1962) and Najib Mahfouz\u27s al-Karnak (1974) remain particularly relevant as today\u27s Egyptian activists confront the vestiges of the former regime\u27s security forces. Using Mikhail Bakhtin\u27s theory of the carnival as a paradigm for analysis, DiMeo examines how both texts present sharp contrasts between hollow quests for public revenge through purges and a genuine overturning of political and social situations
Mahfouz between Lukácsian and Brechtian Approaches to Realism
No full textIn his article Mahfouz between Lukácsian and Brechtian Approaches to Realism David F. DiMeo compares the interpretations of realism by the leading Arabic author of socially committed fiction to the theories of Bertolt Brecht and György Lukács. The early works of novelist Najib Mahfouz feature a Lukácsian approach, embracing critical realism to present a totalizing view of the social system, as experienced by credible, sympathetic characters. By the 1960s, disillusioned with this method, Mahfouz turned to a more Brechtian approach, seeking to highlight social injustices by alienating the audience from identification with the characters or particular situations through ambiguous narratives and unsympathetic characters. While Mahfouz did not overtly claim allegiance to these European Marxist theorists, the similarity in his experiments with realism stems from two possible, but opposing interpretations of realism, the same interpretations which had divided Lukács and Brecht
Predicting elite Scottish athletes’ attitudes towards doping: examining the contribution of achievement goals and motivational climate
No full textUnderstanding athletes' attitudes to doping continues to be of interest for its potential to contribute to an international anti-doping system. However, little is known about the relationship between elite athletes' attitudes to drug use and potential explanatory factors, including achievement goals and the motivational climate. In addition, despite specific World Anti-Doping Agency Code relating to team sport athletes, little is known about whether sport type (team or individual) is a risk or protective factor in relation to doping. Elite athletes from Scotland (N=177) completed a survey examining attitudes to performance-enhancing drug (PED) use, achievement goal orientations and perceived motivational climate. Athletes were generally against doping for performance enhancement. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that task and ego goals and mastery motivational climate were predictors of attitudes to PED use (F (4, 171)=15.81, P<.01). Compared with individual athletes, team athletes were significantly lower in attitude to PED use and ego orientation scores and significantly higher in perceptions of a mastery motivational climate (Wilks' lambda=.76, F=10.89 (5, 170), P<.01). The study provides insight into how individual and situational factors may act as protective and risk factors in doping in sport
Katherine Jones, Lady Ranelagh (1615-91): science and medicine in a seventeenth-century Englishwoman’s writing
No full textKatherine Jones, better known to scholars as Lady Ranelagh, was one of the most eminent, politically influential and intellectually respected women in seventeenth-century England. By the time of her death in 1691, she had the rare honour of having been esteemed by every ruler and his government from Cromwell to William and Mary. She was active in diverse intellectual networks across most of the seventeenth century, including the Great Tew Circle, the Hartlib Circle, and the ‘invisible college’, and was associated with many Fellows of the Royal Society during the first three decades of the Society’s existence. As pious as she was intellectually dexterous, Lady Ranelagh elicited respect and admiration from a group of contemporaries who were remarkably diverse in their political opinions, religious views and social status.
Over the past decade, there have been several brief surveys of Lady Ranelagh’s life and works; this, however, is the first doctoral thesis to focus exclusively on her. By drawing on over one hundred of her letters and three receipt books associated with her, together with references to her in the diaries of her contemporaries and extant letters written to her, this study contextualises her medical and scientific writings in contemporary religious and socio-political thought. By manipulating generic conventions and employing a rhetoric of modesty, Lady Ranelagh presented her intellectual contributions in a manner appropriate for a gentlewoman. Her extant manuscripts make Lady Ranelagh a representative case study of how women could participate in the radical medical and scientific advances of seventeenth-century England. This interdisciplinary approach creates an informed conversation between two subjects which rarely interact — history of science and medicine, and early modern women’s literature — to consider the material practice and social networks of a remarkably important, but hereunto almost ‘lost’, woman
The air we breathe
No full textAir pollution has been associated with respiratory ill health for centuries and in recent years much research effort has gone into quantifying the risks and elucidating the mechanisms. Respiratory disease, mostly of the airways is second only by a narrow margin, to cardiovascular disease as the commonest reason for admission to hospital. In this article the author describes the health risks associated with air pollution specifically with asthma as being the commonest respiratory disease in Malta.peer-reviewe
a qualitative and quantitative scientometric analysis
No full textDas Krankheitsbild der Arthrose hat es zu allen Zeiten gegeben. In den
Industrienationen ist die Arthrose eine der häufigsten Ursachen für physisches
Gebrechen und beeinträchtigter Lebensqualität beim älteren Menschen. Bedingt
durch die steigende Lebenserwartung und den immer größer werdenden Anteil
adipöser Menschen wird sich die Prävalenz der Erkrankung nach Einschätzung der
Wissenschaftler in den nächsten Jahren deutlich erhöhen. Bis jetzt gibt es
noch keine Therapieformen mit denen im Sinne einer Restitutio at integrum die
Arthrosen direkt und kurativ behandelt werden können. Zudem sind die
Entstehungsmechanismen der Erkrankung bis dato noch nicht ausreichend
entschlüsselt und erforscht. Das Hauptaugenmerk der Forschung sind vor allem
die molekularbiologischen Mechanismen, die zur Pathogenese beitragen. Das Ziel
dieser Arbeit ist die Analyse des Forschungsaufkommens zum Thema Artrose unter
Zuhilfenahme von szientometrischen und bibliometrischen Verfahren. Untersucht
werden Publikationen, die über den Zeitraum von 1900 – 2007 veröffentlicht
worden sind. Als Informationsquelle dienen die gespeicherten Einträge zur
Arthrose der Datenbank des „ISI Web of Science“. Die erhobenen Rohdaten werden
mit szientometrischen Verfahren weiter ausgewertet. Zur Auswertung gehört die
Gesamttrefferzahl, die Analyse der einzelnen Publikationsjahre, die Sprache,
die Publikationsformen, die Fachrichtungen, die Institute, die Journale, die
Autoren mit ihren Kooperationen und die Erscheinungsländer mit ihren
Kooperationen. Zusätzlich erfolgt eine genaue Untersuchung des
Zitationsverhaltens zu den Artikeln bezüglich der Jahre, der Länder, der
Journale, sowie den Autoren. In der Datenbank des „ISI Web of Science“ beläuft
sich die Trefferzahl im untersuchten Zeitraum (1900 – 2007) auf 24.266
Publikationen zum Thema Arthrose. Rund 92% der Veröffentlichungen sind in den
letzten zwanzig Jahren entstanden. Seit Anfang der 1990-er Jahre steigen die
jährlichen Publikationszahlen steil an. Dieser Trend hält bis auf das Jahr
2007 an. Der „Article“ ist, auch im Verlauf gesehen, die häufigste
Publikationsform. Über 93% der Veröffentlichungen sind in Englisch
geschrieben. Die Dominanz von Englisch zeigt sich auch bei den publizierenden
Ländern. Die Vereinigten Staaten haben mit 8.197 Artikeln das höchste
Forschungsaufkommen zur Arthrose. Es folgt mit deutlichem Abstand
Großbritannien und Deutschland. Auch bezüglich der Kooperation mit anderen
Ländern hat die USA eine Führungsrolle inne. Die Fachgebiete Rheumatologie,
Orthopädie und Chirurgie sind hauptsächlich an der wissenschaftlichen
Auseinandersetzung mit dem Krankheitsbild der Arthrose beteiligt. Die
führenden Institute haben ihren Sitz an der Harvard Universität und der
Universität Boston. Die Fachzeitschrift mit den meisten Publikationen zum
Thema ist „Arthritis and Rheumatism“ mit 2.531 Ergebnissen. Sie hat auch den
höchsten Impact-Faktor (7,68) unter den Journalen mit den meisten
Veröffentlichungen. Die Untersuchung der Zitationsrate ergibt, dass die
Artikel aus dem Jahr 1991 mit durchschnittlich über 35 Zitaten pro Artikel am
häufigsten zitiert wurden. Die durchschnittliche Zitationsrate aller Artikel
liegt im Schnitt bei 14,23 Zitierungen. Bemessen an den Zitierungen nach
Zitationsjahr wurde im Jahr 2007 mit insgesamt 46.571 abgegebenen Zitaten am
meisten zitiert. Das Land mit der höchsten Zitationsrate, als
Bewertungskriterium für den wissenschaftlichen Stellenwert, ist Mexiko. Die
fünfzehn produktivsten Autoren sind an 10% der gesamten Publikationen zur
Arthrose beteiligt. Sie haben zwischen 273 und 102 Artikel veröffentlicht. Der
Anteil an Publikationen als Erst- und Seniorautor ist mit einem
durchschnittlichen Anteil von 63% hoch. Auffallend bei den meistzitierten
Autoren ist eine deutliche Differenz am Anteil der Selbstzitate, die bei allen
aber relativ hoch liegt. Die Untersuchung der gegenseitigen Zitierhäufigkeit
zeigt ein deutliches Interesse an den Arbeiten der Kollegen. Zudem kommt es
über viele Kooperationen zwischen den Autoren zu einem breiten Netzwerk
innerhalb der Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft. Die ausgewerteten Daten zum Thema
Arthrose über den Zeitraum von 1900 - 2007 zeigen ein stetiges Wachstum im
Forschungsaufkommen. Nicht nur der nordamerikanische Kontinent sondern mehr
und mehr auch Europa und Asien tragen zu dieser Entwicklung bei. Da nur ein
begrenzter Teil der weltweiten Publikationen zum Thema ausgewertet werden
konnten beschreibt diese Arbeit hier nur einen Trend. Anhand der Ergebnisse
kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass nach wie vor dieser Erkrankung ein großes
Interesse aus der Wissenschaft und Forschung entgegengebracht wird.The disease pattern of osteoarthritis has existed at all times. In industrial
nations osteoarthritis is one of the most frequent causes for physical
deficiencies and is detrimental to the quality of life of elderly people. Due
to the increase in life expectancy and the continually increasing rate of
adipose people the prevalence of the disease will clearly rise in the next few
years according to scientific estimation. Until now there are no forms of
therapy by which osteoarthritis can be treated directly and curatively in the
sense of a „restitutio ad integrum“. Moreover the mechanisms of the origin of
the disease have not been sufficiently decoded and investigated so far. The
main focus of research is primarily concentrated on all the molecular
biological mechanisms which contribute to the pathogenesis. The intention of
this essay is to analyze the quantity of research on the subject of
osteoarthritis with the aid of scientiometric and bibliometric methods. It
will include publications which were published in the period from 1900 to
2007. The registered entries on osteoarthritis at the data bank “ISI Web of
Science“ will act as the source of information. The collected data will be
further analyzed with scientiometric methods. The evaluation covers the total
score, the analysis of the individual year of publication, the language, the
form of publication, the subject area, the institutes, the journals, the
authors with their cooperation and the countries of publication with their
cooperation. In addition a precise analysis of the mode of citation of the
articles will be made regarding the years, the countries, the journals and the
authors. The number of entries during the analyzed period in the data bank
„ISI Web of Science“ (1900 – 2007) amounts to 24.266 publications on the
subject of osteoarthritis. About 92% of the publications were published in the
last twenty years. Since the beginning of the 1990s the annual number of
publications has risen enormously. This trend continued until the year 2007.
In the course of publications the “Article” is also the most frequent form of
publication. Over 93% of the publications were written in English. The
dominance of the English language can also be seen from the publishing
countries. The United States of America has with 8.197 articles the highest
amount of research on osteoarthritis. Great Britain and Germany are clearly
left behind. As to the cooperation with other countries the USA also plays a
leading role. The subjects of rheumatology, orthopaedics, and surgery
predominate in the scientific arguments on the disease pattern of
osteoarthritis. The leading institutes have their seat at the Harvard
University and at the University of Boston. The professional journal with the
most publications on the theme is „Arthritis and Rheumatism“ with 2.531
entries. This journal also has the highest impact-factor (7,68) among the
journals with the most publications. The examination of the citation rate
shows that the articles of the year 1991 were mostly quoted with an average of
35 citations. The average citation rate of all articles amounts to 14,23
citations. Measured by the citations depending on the year of citation the
year 2007 was most frequently quoted with a total number of 46.571 citations.
The country with the highest citation rate as an evaluation criterion for
scientific significance is Mexico. The fifteen most productive authors
participate in 10% of the whole publications on osteoarthritis. They published
between 273 and 102 articles. The share in publications as a first author and
senior author is high with an average share of 63%. With most quoted authors
there is a remarkably clear difference to the share of self-citations, which
are relatively high with all authors. The analysis of the correlative
frequency of citations shows a clear concern in the publications of their
colleagues. Moreover this repeated cooperation among the authors leads to a
broad network within the community of science. The analyzed data on the
subject of osteoarthritis over the period from 1900 – 2007 show a continual
growth in the amount of research. Not only the North American continent but
also Europe and Asia contribute more and more to this development. As only a
limited part of the worldwide publications on the theme could be evaluated,
this publication only describes a trend. Based on these results you can
proceed to the assumption that this disease will be met with the same amount
of concern by science and research in the future as it was in the past
a scientometric analysis
No full textDas Bakterium B. burgdorferi zählt zur Familie der Spirochäten und ist
Verursacher der LB, einer durch Zecken übertragenen Erkrankung mit vielseitig
klinischem Erscheinungsbild. Entdeckt wurden die Bakterien 1981 durch den
Mikrobiologen Willy Burgdorfer und sie stehen bis heute im Fokus der
Öffentlichkeit. Bisher bestehen die herkömmlichen Behandlungsstrategien in der
Verabreichung von Antibiotika. Wirksame Impfstoffe konnten sich noch nicht
durchsetzen. Des Weiteren ergeben sich fortlaufend neue Fragestellungen
bezüglich der komplexen biochemischen Vorgänge bei der Umgehung des
Immunsystems des Menschen, sowie die Assoziation zu bestimmten Organen (Haut,
Gelenken, Herz, Gehirn etc.) und das Verweilen der Bakterien in den Geweben.
Die Verbreitung des Erregers nimmt bis zur heutigen Zeit stetig zu und
betrifft die meisten Länder in Europa, den USA und Teile von Asien. Ziel
dieser Arbeit war es daher, das weltweite Forschungsaufkommen bezüglich des
Bakteriums B. burgdorferi zu untersuchen. Dabei wurden alle Arbeiten, die zu
diesem Thema von 1983 bis 2008 publiziert und entsprechend Eingang in die
Listen der wissenschaftlichen Datenbanken gewonnen haben, einbezogen. Mit
Hilfe der Suchtermini „Borrelia burgdorferi“ und „Lyme Disease spirochete“
konnten im WoS 7001 Publikationen ermittelt werden. Diese wurden durch die
Funktionen „Analyze Results“ und „Citation Report“ des WoS hinsichtlich
verschiedener Schwerpunkte wie Publikationsjahre, Sprachzugehörigkeit,
Fachzeitschriften, Erscheinungsformen, Institutionen, Länder, Themenbereiche
sowie Zitationen und Autoren genauer analysiert. Zur graphischen
Veranschaulichung dienten zahlreiche Diagramme und Kartenanamorphoten. Der
erste gelistete Artikel im WoS wurde im Jahr 1983 veröffentlicht. Seither
zeigen sich positiv wachsende Trendentwicklungen hinsichtlich des
Publikationsverhältnisses. Mehr als 94% der identifizierten Arbeiten wurden
hierbei in englischer Sprache veröffentlicht, woraus sich der Trend der
wissenschaftlichen Sprache zum Englischen hin erkennen lässt. Die Gründe für
steigende Publikationszahlen sind vielseitig und umfassen wirtschaftliche,
technische, finanzielle als auch medizinische Aspekte. Die USA nehmen in Bezug
auf die Erforschung von B. burgdorferi eine dominierende Rolle ein. Sie
liefern den größten Umfang an Veröffentlichungen zu diesem Thema, wobei sich
3.793 Publikationen auf 980 Institutionen verteilen. Der Erreger wurde in den
Vereinigten Staaten entdeckt und stellt dort bis heute ein aktuelles
Gesundheitsproblem dar. Die USA, als großes Land mit einer hohen
Bevölkerungszahl (307 Mio.), sind eine Nation mit hohem traditionellem
wissenschaftlichem Output. Diese starke Präsenz zeigt sich auch in zahlreichen
anderen Forschungsgebieten. Neben den USA beteiligen sich zahlreiche
europäische Länder (besonders Deutschland, Frankreich, Österreich und Schweiz)
und vereinzelt Länder des fernöstlichen Raumes, z. B. Japan und China, an der
Forschung zum Thema B. burgdorferi. Die Publikationsbeteiligung spiegelt
gleichzeitig das Auftreten des Erregers wider, da vornehmlich aus betroffenen
Ländern Veröffentlichungen registriert werden können. Deutlich wird zudem eine
Zunahme internationaler Zusammenarbeiten zwischen den einzelnen Ländern und
Institutionen. Die Zahl der Kooperationsartikel steigern sich von eins (1983)
auf 83 (2008). Diese Kooperationen sind weit verzweigt und besonders prägnant
zwischen und ausgehend von den Nationen USA und Deutschland. Die
Zitationsanalysen verdeutlichen eine starke Resonanz der Publikationen aus den
USA. Dieses zeigt sich anhand höchster Werte bei den Gesamtzitationen
(105.986) und der Zitationsrate (27,9). Deutschland folgt an zweiter Stelle
und repräsentiert das stärkste europäische Land bezüglich der
Borrelienforschung (958 Publikationen, 390 Institutionen, 20.342
Gesamtzitate). Die Fachzeitschriften „Infection and Immunity“ sowie „Journal
of Clinical Microbiology“ erlangen die größte Bedeutung hinsichtlich der Summe
an Publikationen (551; 361) und Anzahl der Zitate (18.388; 14.359). Wird
hingegen die wissenschaftliche Resonanz mit Hilfe der Zitationsrate gedeutet,
so stehen das „Journal of Immunology“ (42,8) und „Journal of Infectious
Diseases“ (41,3) im Vordergrund. Der produktivste Autor zum Thema B.
burgdorferi ist der amerikanische Professor Erol Fikrig mit 156 Publikationen
und 5.501 Zitaten, sein H-Index liegt bei 42 und die Zitationsrate bei 35. Der
Rheumatologe Allen Steere hingegen liefert nur 129 Veröffentlichungen, wird
allerdings häufiger zitiert (6.813) und präsentiert neben einer höheren
Zitationsrate (53) auch einen höheren H-Index (46). Seine Arbeiten haben
demnach ein höheres wissenschaftliches Ansehen und somit kann er als
bedeutendster Autor angesehen werden.The bacterium B. burgdorferi ranks among the family of spirochetes and causes
LB, a disease with various symptoms passed on by ticks. It was Willy
Burgdorfer who found the disease causing bacterium in 1981 and it has been in
the focus of research since. Until now the usual treatment strategy has been
the use of antibiotics. Vaccines have not been able to prevail so far.
Furthermore there are steadily new questions arising concerning the complex
biochemical processes that happen when the bacteria bypass the human immune
system as well as concerning the preference of certain organs (skin, joints,
heart, brain etc.) and the persistence of the bacteria in the tissue. The germ
has been spreading continuously to date, especially in most of the European
countries, the USA and parts of Asia. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to
analyze the worldwide research on the bacterium B. burgdorferi. In this
process all publications on this topic from 1983 to 2008 that are listed in
scientific data bases were incorporated. Using the search keys “Borrelia
burgdorferi” and “Lyme Disease spirochete” 7001 publications could be found in
the WoS. These publications were analyzed more precisely with the help of the
WoS functions “Analyze Results“ and “Citation Report“ with regard to various
emphases such as year of publication, language, professional journals, forms
of appearance, institutions, countries, topics as well as citation and
authors. The first article listed in the WoS was published in 1983. Since
then, developments have shown positive growth trend with regard to the
publication ratio. Over 94% of the identified papers were published in
English, which demonstrates that scientific language shows a tendency to
English. The reasons for rising number of publications are varied and include
economic, technical, financial and medical aspects. The U.S. is taking in
relation to the investigation of B. burgdorferi a dominant role. They provide
the largest amount of publications on this topic, with 3.793 publications are
distributed to 980 institutions. The pathogen was discovered in the United
States and there is still a current health problem. The U.S., as a large
country with a large population (307 million), are a nation with high
traditional scientific output. This strong presence is also evident in many
other fields of research. Besides the U.S., a number of other European
countries (especially Germany, France, United Kingdom and Austria) and some
Far Eastern countries like Japan and China show active publication
participation with regard to the pathogen B. burgdorferi. This participation
reflects also the spreading of the pathogen. Significantly is also an increase
in international collaboration between countries and institutions. The number
of items increased cooperation from one (1983) to 83 (2008). International co-
operations are widely ramified, primarily between and initiated by the U.S.
and Germany. The citation analysis demonstrates the significant scientific
response of the American publications. This is shown by the highest values for
total citations (105.986) and the citation rate (27,9). Germany ranks second
and represents the strongest European country with regard to the Borrelia
Research (958 publications, 390 institutions, 20.342 total citations). The
journals “Infection and Immunity“ and “Journal of Clinical Microbiology“ are
the most important ones regarding number of articles (551; 361) and citations
(18.388; 14.359). However, analyzing scientific response with the help of the
citation rate the “Journal of Immunology“ (42,8) and “Journal of Infectious
Diseases“ (41,3) are the most prominent. The most productive author on the
topic B. burgdorferi is the American professor Erol Fikrig with 156
publications and 5.501 citations. His H-index amounts to 42 and his citation
rate to 35. The rheumatologist Allen Steere, on the contrary, only has 129
publications but is cited more often (6.813) and shows in addition to a higher
citation rate (53) also a higher H-index (46). Therefore, his studies have a
higher scientific reputation and he can be seen as the most significant author
in this field
Creativity and Songwriting
No full textThis study tested a number of theories of creativity in an experiment where a song was written and recorded every day for over 170 days using various techniques and ideas. 15 have been reworked, finalised, and released on an audio CD, attached as Appendix 1. The finished CD contains material from a number of styles and is intended to showcase the gradual progression of the songwriting process and the change in style over time, and explores the question of whether songwriting and creativity in general can be improved through regular practice. It also demonstrates a wide array of skill and fluency in songwriting and creativity gained from a large amount of practice, whilst also exhibiting examples of the material that was written in the daily songwriting practice routine.
The audio CD (Appendix 1) is accompanied by a data CD containing 100 recorded demos of songs written over the course of the experiment (Appendix 2) and a thesis explaining the creative process behind selected tracks, complete with a literature review of research into the current understanding of creativity. This is explored from both a psychological viewpoint and a more subjective viewpoint, relating specifically to songwriting. The thesis also attempts to find common ground between psychological practices aimed at improving general creativity, and more specific songwriting techniques, intended to explore how songwriters can produce a higher quality or quantity of work. It addresses such issues as writer’s block, songwriting as a routine, and also the relationship between the number of songs written and the quality of those songs, whilst also autoethnographically detailing the writing process of the songs written over the 170 day period, and the experience of the artist of the effects of the practice routine.
The project aimed to determine whether creativity could be improved by following a regimented practice routine over the course of a set period of time (in this case, roughly half a year). Both quantitative and qualitative data have been collected from this experiment and analysed from an autoethnographical perspective, and it has been determined that in this case, the artist’s perceived skill in songwriting has grown due to the amount of time specifically dedicated to it, the regular practice enabling a larger volume of higher quality work to be produced. Secondary research also showed that creativity in general was improved from the exercise, and that this enhanced creativity can be applied more generally than simply to songwriting
COST SAVINGS FROM CONSOLIDATING NORTH DAKOTA'S COUNTIES
No full textConsolidation of county government services is often proposed as a way to reduce costs. A bill was proposed in the 1993 North Dakota Legislative Assembly to merge North Dakota's 53 counties into 15 "super counties." This study estimates county expenditure functions for four categories of services: (1) general government, (2) public safety, (3) roads and highways, and (4) health and welfare. The statistical results were used to estimate expenditures for the 15 consolidated counties and a 26-county alternative. The results indicate that the 15-county proposal would have achieved cost savings of 4.9 percent for the four service categories. Costs of road and highway, general government, and health and welfare services could be reduced 3, 10, and 15 percent, respectively, under the 15-county proposal, but public safety expenditures would increase 25 percent. The 26-county alternative would provide less total cost savings, but also fewer cases of cost increases. Consolidation of some, but not all, county government services provides the greatest cost savings. Note: Figures are not included in the machine readable copy--contact the Department for more information.Community/Rural/Urban Development,
