4,625 research outputs found
Are the least included in the kingdom of heaven? The meaning of Matthew 5:19
No full textAccording to the normative interpretation of Matthew 5:19, this logion specifies that a stict hierarchy will exist in the consummated kingdom of God based upon observance of the Jewish law. The highest place in the kingdom is reserved for those Christians who uphold the law, while those who break or relax the law will find themselves at a lower level. Matthew 5:19 therefore makes the important point that even law-free or Pauline Chisians would not be rejected from the kingdom. This study challenges this interpretaion of Matthew 5:19 by arguing that it is appropiate neither for the Chistian Jews who created it nor for the evangelist. Both Matthew and his Chistian Jewish predecessors were highly citical cf Paul and his gospel, and they expected law-free Chisians to face eternal punishment. In the light of it is, Matthew 5:19 must be taken as a reference to the exclusion of these Chistians from the kingdom
The dissection of the wicked servant in Matthew 24:51
No full textThe dissection of the wicked servant in Mathew 24:51 is a difficult passage to interpret. Most scholars argue that Matthew could not have intended this particular motif to be taken literally, so they propose a metaphorical sense. There are good grounds, however, to question this view. Some neglected evidence suggests that the evangelist did indeed intend this gruesome reference to be taken literally. In Matthew’s eschatological schema, wicked church leaders would be punished by dissection at the hands of angelic tormenters in Gehenna
The magi: Gentiles or Jews?
No full textFrom the second century onwards the Chrisian tradition has almost without exception accepted that the magi in Matthew's infancy narrative were Gentiles, and this view also completely dominates modern Matthean studies. Yet this idenification of the magi as Gentiles is built upon a number of unconvincing arguments, which fail to stand up to closer scrutiny. A re-assessment of the evidence reveals that the evangelist did not sipulate the racial origins of the magi. They may have been Gentiles, but it is equally plausible that they were Jews
How many Jews became Christians in the first century? The failure of the Christian mission to the Jews
No full textThis study examines the early Christian mission(s) to the Jews, and attempts to determine, albeit speculatively, the number of Jews in the Christian movement in the first century. It is argued that the combined Christian mission was marked by a distinct lack of success. Neither the Law-observant gospel of the Jerusalem church nor the Law-free gospel of the Hellenists and Paul made much impression upon the people of Israel. Throughout the first century the total number of Jews in the Christian movement probably never exceeded 1 000 and by the end of the century the Christian church was largely Gentile
Contract, Consideration and Consistency
No full textThis article seeks to continue the debate on the proper role of consideration in the formation of executory contracts at common law. It first attempts to identity the place of consideration within the theoretical framework of contract by outlining the arguments that have been made regarding the possible functions of consideration and
how they correspond with the broad theories of contract. Two possible functions of consideration are identified. The first is that consideration is an indicator of an exchange. The second is that consideration is evidence that a promise or promises were made with due deliberation and with an intention that the promise or promises would be legally binding. The article then compares these two possible functions with the application of the doctrine of consideration and concludes that the evidential function is the only possible function that is consistent with the application. It then concludes by arguing that if consideration has an evidential function, alternative
forms of evidence should be accepted in substitution for consideration and that therefore consideration should not be an essential element of the formation of contract. It also argues that if consideration was seen in this way, most of the problems commonly associated with the doctrine would be resolved.UnpublishedP.S. Atiyah Essays on Contract (Clarendon Press, 1994)
H.G. Beale (Ed), Chitty on Contracts, (29th edition, Sweet & Maxwell, 2004) Jack Beatson “Reforming the Law of Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties, A second bite at the Cherry” (1992) 45 CLP 1 Peter Benson “The Unity of Contract Law” in Peter Benson Ed. The Theory of
Contract Law ; New Essays (Cambridge University Press, 2001)
John Burrows, Jeremy Finn and Stephen Todd, The Law of Contract in New Zealand ( 3rd edition, Lexis Nexis, 2007)
J.W.Carter. Elizabeth Peden and G.J. Tolhurst, Contract Law in Australia (5th edition, Lexis Nexus Butterworths, 2007)
J.W. Carter, Anrew Phang Jill Poole “Reaction to Williams v Roffey” (1995) 8 JCL 248 Mindy Chen-Wishart “Consideration: Practical Benefit and the Emperor’s New Clothes” in Jack Beatson and Daniel Friedman eds Good Faith and Fault in Contract Law (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1995) Brian Coote Consideration and Benefit: In Fact and In Law. (1990) 3 JCL 23 Brian Coote ‘Consideration and the Variation of Contracts” [2003] NZLRev 361 at 364 English Law Revision Committee (Cmd 5449), Sixth Interim Report, The Statute of
Frauds and the Doctrine of Consideration, as published in (1937) 15 CAN. B Rev. 585 Charles Fried Contract as Promise: A Theory of Contractual Obligation (Harvard
University Press, 1981) Lon L. Fuller Consideration and Form(1941) 41 Colum.L.Rev 799 David Ibbetson A Historical Introduction to the Law of Obligations (Oxford University Press, 2001) B Reiter, Courts, Consideration & Common Sense (1977) 27 U TLJ 439 Stephen A. Smith Contract Theory (Oxford University Press, 2004) S.J. Stoljar A history of Contract at Common Law (Australian National University
Press, Canberra, 1975) Kevin M. Teevan A history of the Anglo-American Law of Contract (Greenwood Press. 1990)
Department of Accountancy and Business Law, Working paper series no. 3 July 2009 G. Treitel “Consideration” in H.G. Beale General Editor Chitty on Contracts (29th edition, Sweet & Maxwell, 2004) at 221 Authorities Antons Trawling Company Ltd v Smith [2003] 2 NZLR 23 Attorney-General for England and Wales v R [2002] 2 NZLR 91 Central London Property Trust Ltd vHigh Trees House Ltd [1947] 1 KB 130
Machirus Properties Ltd v Power Sports World (1987) Ltd (1999) 4 NZConvC 193,066: Musumeci v Winadell Pty Ltd (1994)34 NSWLR The New Zealand Shipping Co. Ltd. v A.M. Satterthwaite & Co. Ltd [1974] 1 All ER 1015 (PC)
Pillans and Rose v Van Mierop and Hopkins 3 Burr. 1663 (1765) Pinnel’s Case (1602) 5 Rep 117a Pollway Ltd. and Anor v Abdullah [1974] 1 W.L.R. 493 (CA) Rann v Hughes 101 ENG REP 1014n. (H.L.1778) Shadwell v Shadwell (1860) 9 CB (N.S.) 159 Stilk v Myrick (1809) 2 Camp 317 Thomas v Thomas (1842) 2 QB 851 Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors) Limited [1991] 1 QB 1 (C
Contract, Consideration and Consistency
No full textThis article seeks to continue the debate on the proper role of consideration in the formation of executory contracts at common law. It first attempts to identity the place of consideration within the theoretical framework of contract by outlining the arguments that have been made regarding the possible functions of consideration and
how they correspond with the broad theories of contract. Two possible functions of consideration are identified. The first is that consideration is an indicator of an exchange. The second is that consideration is evidence that a promise or promises were made with due deliberation and with an intention that the promise or promises would be legally binding. The article then compares these two possible functions with the application of the doctrine of consideration and concludes that the evidential function is the only possible function that is consistent with the application. It then concludes by arguing that if consideration has an evidential function, alternative
forms of evidence should be accepted in substitution for consideration and that therefore consideration should not be an essential element of the formation of contract. It also argues that if consideration was seen in this way, most of the problems commonly associated with the doctrine would be resolved.UnpublishedP.S. Atiyah Essays on Contract (Clarendon Press, 1994)
H.G. Beale (Ed), Chitty on Contracts, (29th edition, Sweet & Maxwell, 2004) Jack Beatson “Reforming the Law of Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties, A second bite at the Cherry” (1992) 45 CLP 1 Peter Benson “The Unity of Contract Law” in Peter Benson Ed. The Theory of
Contract Law ; New Essays (Cambridge University Press, 2001)
John Burrows, Jeremy Finn and Stephen Todd, The Law of Contract in New Zealand ( 3rd edition, Lexis Nexis, 2007)
J.W.Carter. Elizabeth Peden and G.J. Tolhurst, Contract Law in Australia (5th edition, Lexis Nexus Butterworths, 2007)
J.W. Carter, Anrew Phang Jill Poole “Reaction to Williams v Roffey” (1995) 8 JCL 248 Mindy Chen-Wishart “Consideration: Practical Benefit and the Emperor’s New Clothes” in Jack Beatson and Daniel Friedman eds Good Faith and Fault in Contract Law (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1995) Brian Coote Consideration and Benefit: In Fact and In Law. (1990) 3 JCL 23 Brian Coote ‘Consideration and the Variation of Contracts” [2003] NZLRev 361 at 364 English Law Revision Committee (Cmd 5449), Sixth Interim Report, The Statute of
Frauds and the Doctrine of Consideration, as published in (1937) 15 CAN. B Rev. 585 Charles Fried Contract as Promise: A Theory of Contractual Obligation (Harvard
University Press, 1981) Lon L. Fuller Consideration and Form(1941) 41 Colum.L.Rev 799 David Ibbetson A Historical Introduction to the Law of Obligations (Oxford University Press, 2001) B Reiter, Courts, Consideration & Common Sense (1977) 27 U TLJ 439 Stephen A. Smith Contract Theory (Oxford University Press, 2004) S.J. Stoljar A history of Contract at Common Law (Australian National University
Press, Canberra, 1975) Kevin M. Teevan A history of the Anglo-American Law of Contract (Greenwood Press. 1990)
Department of Accountancy and Business Law, Working paper series no. 3 July 2009 G. Treitel “Consideration” in H.G. Beale General Editor Chitty on Contracts (29th edition, Sweet & Maxwell, 2004) at 221 Authorities Antons Trawling Company Ltd v Smith [2003] 2 NZLR 23 Attorney-General for England and Wales v R [2002] 2 NZLR 91 Central London Property Trust Ltd vHigh Trees House Ltd [1947] 1 KB 130
Machirus Properties Ltd v Power Sports World (1987) Ltd (1999) 4 NZConvC 193,066: Musumeci v Winadell Pty Ltd (1994)34 NSWLR The New Zealand Shipping Co. Ltd. v A.M. Satterthwaite & Co. Ltd [1974] 1 All ER 1015 (PC)
Pillans and Rose v Van Mierop and Hopkins 3 Burr. 1663 (1765) Pinnel’s Case (1602) 5 Rep 117a Pollway Ltd. and Anor v Abdullah [1974] 1 W.L.R. 493 (CA) Rann v Hughes 101 ENG REP 1014n. (H.L.1778) Shadwell v Shadwell (1860) 9 CB (N.S.) 159 Stilk v Myrick (1809) 2 Camp 317 Thomas v Thomas (1842) 2 QB 851 Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors) Limited [1991] 1 QB 1 (C
Old Brisbane Botanic Gardens: Conservation Plan Review 2005, Report of Stage 1 Heritage Significance and Conservation Policies
No full textReport for City Design, for Environment and Parks, within the Brisbane City Council.\ud
\ud
Context of this Project\ud
\ud
A Conservation Study for the Old Brisbane Botanic Gardens,\ud
formerly called the Brisbane City Botanic Gardens, was finalised in\ud
1995 and prepared by Jeannie Sim for the Landscape Section of\ud
Brisbane City Council, the same author of the present report. This\ud
unpublished report was the first conservation plan prepared for the\ud
place and it was recommended that it be reviewed in five years\ud
time. That time has arrived finally with the preparation of the 2005\ud
Review. The present project was commissioned by City Design on\ud
behalf of Environment and Parks Section of Brisbane City Council.\ud
\ud
The author has purposely chosen to call the study site the 'Old\ud
Brisbane Botanic Gardens' (OBBG) to differentiate it from the\ud
Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mt. Coot-tha (BBG-MC), and to\ud
maintain the claim for this original garden to remain as a botanic\ud
garden for Brisbane. This name immediately brings to mind an\ud
association with history, as in the precedent set by the naming of\ud
the nearby 'Old Government House' at Gardens Point
A simple disc wind model for broad absorption line quasars
No full textApproximately 20 per cent of quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) exhibit broad, blue-shifted absorption lines in their ultraviolet spectra. Such features provide clear evidence for significant outflows from these systems, most likely in the form of accretion disc winds. These winds may represent the ‘quasar’ mode of feedback that is often invoked in galaxy formation/evolution models, and they are also key to unification scenarios for active galactic nuclei (AGN) and QSOs. To test these ideas, we construct a simple benchmark model of an equatorial, biconical accretion disc wind in a QSO and use a Monte Carlo ionization/radiative transfer code to calculate the ultraviolet spectra as a function of viewing angle. We find that for plausible outflow parameters, sightlines looking directly into the wind cone do produce broad, blue-shifted absorption features in the transitions typically seen in broad absorption line (BAL) QSOs. However, our benchmark model is intrinsically X-ray weak in order to prevent overionization of the outflow, and the wind does not yet produce collisionally excited line emission at the level observed in non-BAL QSOs. As a first step towards addressing these shortcomings, we discuss the sensitivity of our results to changes in the assumed X-ray luminosity and mass-loss rate, Ṁwind. In the context of our adopted geometry, Ṁwind ∼ Ṁacc is required in order to produce significant BAL features. The kinetic luminosity and momentum carried by such outflows would be sufficient to provide significant feedback
Sim
No full textWe describe the design and implementation of a program called sim to measure similarity between two C computer programs. It is useful for detecting plagiarism among a large set of homework programs. This software is part of a project to construct tools to assist the teaching of computer science
RAPID v1.1.0
No full text<p><strong>General</strong></p>
<p>The Routing Application for Parallel computatIon of Discharge (RAPID) is a river network routing model. Given surface and groundwater inflow to rivers, this model can compute flow and volume of water everywhere in river networks made out of many thousands of reaches.</p>
<p>For further information on RAPID including peer-reviewed publications, a manual,sample input/output data, sample processing scripts and animations of model results, please go to: http://www.geo.utexas.edu/scientist/david/rapid.htm.</p>
<p><strong>Associated publications</strong></p>
<p>The initial peer-reviewed paper in which RAPID was presented is:</p>
<ul>
<li>David, Cédric H., David R. Maidment, Guo-Yue Niu, Zong-Liang Yang, Florence Habets and Victor Eijkhout (2011), River Network Routing on the NHDPlus Dataset, Journal of Hydrometeorology, 12(5), 913-934. DOI: 10.1175/2011JHM1345.1. </li>
</ul>
<p>This version v1.1.0 was used to produce the simulations that supported the writing of:</p>
<ul>
<li>David, Cédric H., Florence Habets, David R. Maidment, and Zong-Liang Yang, and Victor Eijkhout (2011), RAPID applied to the SIM-France model, Hydrological Processes,<strong> </strong>25, 3412–3425, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.8070.</li>
</ul>
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