51 research outputs found
Excitation of the Brain Stem Pedunculopontine Tegmentum Cholinergic Cells Induces Wakefulness and REM Sleep
No full text Datta, Subimal and Donald F. Siwek. Excitation of the brain stem pedunculopontine tegmentum cholinergic cells induces wakefulness and REM sleep. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2975–2988, 1997. Considerable evidence suggests that brain stem pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPT) cholinergic cells are critically involved in the normal regulation of wakefulness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. However, much of this evidence comes from indirect studies. Thus, although involvement of PPT cholinergic neurons has been suggested by numerous investigations, the excitation of PPT cholinergic neurons causal to the behavioral state of wakefulness and REM sleep has never been directly demonstrated. In the present study we examined the effects of three different levels of activation of PPT cholinergic cells in wakefulness and sleep behavior. The effects of glutamate on the activity of PPT cholinergic cells were studied by microinjection of one of the three different doses of l-glutamate (0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 μg) or saline (vehicle control) into the PPT cholinergic cell compartment while quantifying the effects on wakefulness and sleep in free moving chronically instrumented cats. All microinjections were made during wakefulness and were followed by 4 h of recording. Polygraphic records were scored for wakefulness, slow-wave sleep states 1 and 2, slow-wave sleep with pontogeniculooccipital waves, and REM sleep. Dependent variables quantified after each microinjection included the percentage of recording time spent in each state, the latency to onset of REM sleep, the number of episodes per hour for REM sleep, and the duration of each REM sleep episode. A total of 48 microinjections was made into 12 PPT sites in six cats. Microinjection of 0.3- and 1.0-μg doses of l-glutamate into the cholinergic cell compartment of the PPT increased the total amount of REM sleep in a dose-dependent manner. Both doses of l-glutamate increased REM sleep at the expense of slow-wave sleep but not wakefulness. Microinjection of 3.0 μg l-glutamate kept animals awake for 2–3 h by eliminating slow-wave and REM sleep. The results show that the microinjection of the excitatory amino acid l-glutamate into the PPT cholinergic cell compartments can increase wakefulness and/or REM sleep depending on the l-glutamate dosage. These findings unambiguously confirm the hypothesis that the excitation of the PPT cholinergic cells is causal to the generation of wakefulness and REM sleep. </jats:p
Mysteries of pedunculopontine nucleus physiology: Towards a deeper understanding of arousal and neuropsychiatric disorders
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Subimal Mishra is an independent sailor on the anti-establishment path: In thought and language (Based on selected novelets)/ প্রতিষ্ঠান বিরোধিতার পথে স্বতন্ত্র নাবিক সুবিমল মিশ্র : ভাবে ও ভাষায় (নির্বাচিত নভেলেট অবলম্বনে)
No full textSubimal Mishra (June 20, 1943-February 8, 2023) whose name comes first in the list of anti-establishment literary practices. He was proficient in everything from literature, science, philosophy, mythology to history, his ability to coordinate in his writing is proof of this. Subimal Mishra wrote a critique of his own writing. His favorite author was Kamalkumar Mazumder. He was directly influenced by the aggressive language of Kamalkumar Majumder. According to him, the one who can attack the language keeps the language alive. His last advice was \u27don\u27t surrender\u27. He never surrendered himself. From the beginning to the end of his literary career, he wrote only in Little Magazine. Despite repeated invitations, he did not work with any established magazine or publishing house. He did not bow down to any powerful institution. Therefore, in the era of advertising, he did not get much recognition among the readers. He himself was the author, publisher, printer, shipper and bookseller of his books. He has done at least five-six papers in his whole life. Despite his immense love and devotion, he could not save a single one. Subimal Mishra\u27s seventh and last magazine was his own—\u27Patalgaddi\u27, each issue of which was the last issue. The ‘Pathak Samabaya\u27 was developed completely experimentally. He called his writings non-stories, anti-stories or anti-novels in the case of novels. His main point is that a piece of writing is not just a text, nor is a book just a reading object—it is a whole art. The main themes of his writings are sexuality and politics. His protest against sexual violence. Therefore, even in the protest, the terrible image of sexual violence has emerged. Some say he composed pornography. His writing is unreadable due to the use of vulgar words. If you want to understand Subimal Mishra, you have to leave the conservative mentality. As a special approach, the author has chosen a satirical ironic language. Several other important themes can be noted in his writings— scientific consciousness, love of nature, sense of duty of a conscious citizen, foresight about world politics etc. On the whole, his thinking, use of language and style of presentation have made him a star in Bengali literature. In this article, the uniqueness of his writing is realized by reviewing his two novelets or novela \u27Tejashkriya Abarjona\u27 (1980) and \u27Adyanta Manush\u27 (1992)
Avoidance Task Training Potentiates Phasic Pontine-Wave Density in the Rat: A Mechanism for Sleep-Dependent Plasticity
No full textBehavioral studies of learning and memory in both humans and animals support a role for sleep in the consolidation and integration of memories. The present study explored possible physiological mechanisms of sleep-dependent behavioral plasticity by examining the relationship between learning and state-dependent phasic signs of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Cortical electroencephalogram, electromyogram, eye movement, hippocampal θ-wave, and pontine-wave (P-wave) measures were recorded simultaneously in freely moving rats after a session of conditioned avoidance learning or a control session. After learning trials, rats spent 25.5% more time in REM sleep and 180.6% more time in a transitional state between slow-wave sleep and REM sleep (tS-R) compared with that in control trials. Both REM sleep and tS-R behavioral states are characterized by the presence of P-waves. P-wave density was significantly greater in the first four episodes of REM sleep after the learning session compared with the control session. Furthermore, the P-wave density change between the first and third REM sleep episodes was proportional to the improvement of task performance between the initial training session and the postsleep retest session. These findings show that the increase in P-wave density during the post-training REM sleep episodes is correlated with the effective consolidation and retention of avoidance task learning.</jats:p
Activation of Pedunculopontine Tegmental PKA Prevents GABAB Receptor Activation–Mediated Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Suppression in the Freely Moving Rat
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