103,572 research outputs found
Environmental economics and the Murray-Darling river system
No full textMuch concern about the negative environmental consequences of agricultural development in Australia, including salinisation, waterlogging and algal blooms, has focused on the problems of the Murray–Darling Basin. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the environmental problems of the Murray–Darling Basin from an economic perspective, and a selective survey of the relevant economic literature, including theoretical analysis, modelling and contributions to the development of water policy. In attempting to understand the complex problems of the Murray–Darling Basin, an eclectic approach drawing on externality, sustainability and property rights perspectives seems most appropriate.Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,
Options for salinity mitigation in the Murray-Darling Basin
No full textThe Murray-Darling Basin faces increasing pressure on water quantity and quality. In 2006-07, salt interception schemes implemented as part of the Murray–Darling Basin Salinity Management strategy removed over 470,000 tonnes of salt from the water supply, reducing the salinity of water flowing to Adelaide by about 200 EC units. However, the costs of salinity mitigation schemes are increasing. With possible continuing declines in average inflows, costs of salinity and salinity mitigation are expected to increase even further in the future. In this paper, a state-contingent model of land and water allocation is used to compare alternative options for salinity mitigation.salinity, drought, water
A Case-study of the Murray-Darling Basin
No full textConsultancy report for the International Water Management Institute. This case study was commissioned by the International Water Management Institute as part of an Asian Development Bank supported regional study on water management institutions. This case study is one of three case studies of advanced river basins (Murray-Darling Basin in Australia, Omonogawa in Japan and Brantas in Indonesia), and five other river basin studies in North China, West Sumatra of Indonesia, Philippines, Nepal and Sri Lanka.Australia;river;natural resource management;Murray-Darling
Climate change and climate uncertainty in the Murray-Darling Basin
No full textIt is likely that climate change will be associated with reductions in inflows of water to the Murray–Darling Basin In this paper, we analyse the effects of climate change in the Murray–Darling Basin, using a simulation model that incorporates a state-contingent representation of uncertainty. The severity of the impact depends, in large measure, on the extent to which climate change is manifested as an increase in the frequency of drought conditions. Adaptation will partially offset the adverse impact of climate change.climate change, Murray-Darling Basin, uncertainty, water
Climate change and climate uncertainty in the Murray-Darling Basin
No full textHuman activity has modified the environment at all scales from the smallest ecosystems to the global climate systems. In the analysis of the Murray-Darling Basin, it is necessary to take account of effects of human activity ranging from local changes in water tables and soil structure through basin-level effects of the expansion of irrigation to changes in precipitation pattern arising from the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In this paper, we analyse the impact of, and adjustments to, climate change in the Murray-Darling Basin, using a simulation model that incorporates a state-contingent representation of uncertainty.Environmental Economics and Policy,
Climate Change, Irrigation and Pests: Examining Heliothis in the Murray Darling Basin
No full textHelicoverpa spp. (heliothis) are a major insect pest of cotton, grains and horticulture in the Murray‐ Darling Basin. Climate change is likely to make conditions more favourable for heliothis. This could cause regional comparative advantages in irrigation systems to change as management costs increase and yields decrease. Irrigation in the Murray Darling Basin produces 12 percent of Australia’s total gross value of agricultural production. If producers fail to consider climate change impacts on heliothis they may misallocate resources.Adamson et al. (2007 and 2009) have used a state contingent approach to risk and uncertainty to illustrate how producers could allocate irrigation resources based on climate change impacts on water resources. This is achieved by separating environmental risks and uncertainties into defined states of nature to which the decision makers have a set of defined responses. This approach assumes that the decision makers can achieve optimal allocation of resources as they have perfect knowledge in how they should respond to each state of nature (i.e. producers know how to manage heliothis now). Climate change brings a set of new conditions for which existing state parameters (mean and variance) will alter. Consequently a decision maker will have incomplete information about the state description; and the relationship between state allocable inputs and the associated state dependent output, until they have experienced all possible outcomes. Therefore if producers ignore climate changes to heliothis they may lock in resources that may prove to be unprofitable in the long run. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a framework that could be used for determining climate change impacts of heliothis (i.e. density), illustrate that management costs rise as density increases and how a stochastic function could deal with incomplete knowledge in a state contingent framework.Murray Darling Basin, Heliothis, Irrigation
Relational values of the Murray Darling Basin: A literature review
No full textThis report presents a review of literature on ‘relational values’ in the Murray Darling Basin (MDB). Relational values represent the principles, preferences, and virtues associated with individual and collective relationships to nature (Chan et al. 2016). Relational values encompass, rather than separate, value categories that are typically referred to as social or cultural. Importantly, proponents of the concept see relational values as derivative of relationships and responsibilities that shape how people engage with, and care about, nature. Profiling relational values enables the conversation about why people care about the MDB to move beyond the binary economic versus environmental values discourse, that dominates debates about water policy and marginalises some of the ways that people value the Basin. Principle Observations Our review finds that the MDB is valued in diverse ways, by a growing diversity of people who live in or have interests in the region. The literature reviewed here highlights wide ranging ways in which people relate to the Basin’s rivers and waterways and the benefits they derive from connections to nature and to each other. The dualistic economic vs environmental values discourse supports a zero-sum mentality that fails to recognise inter-related values reported here and their complex dependencies on water and healthy ecosystems. We distilled six key themes that recurred across the literature: (i) Connectivity (ii) Reciprocity (iii) Scale (iv) Agrarian sentiment (v) Conflict, and (vi) Climate Change. The first three of these themes are highly interdependent, illustrating the deeply rooted connections to waterways and community of both First Nations and non-Indigenous residents in the Basin. Such connections generate a strong sense of local attachment, despite reported perceptions that community voices, particularly those of First Nations, are marginalised in broader governance of the Basin. In part, this unequal position was attributed to the perceived dominance of agrarian sentiment and interests in influencing decision-making and wider structural forces. Agricultural interests remain prominent particularly those of the irrigation sector, despite evidence to suggest that a transition to multi-functional landscapes is underway with other land and water uses and associated social constituencies slowly growing in importance. Water reform processes were seen to have exacerbated real or perceived conflict across communities of place, identity, or interest, while also fostering a sense of mistrust in Basin governance. Finally, there is a growing body of literature considering climate change (the risks, impacts and adaptation strategies), with studies on the varied impacts of drought, alongside critiques of how climate change has been handled within the current governance regime being most prominent within this literature. A number of gaps in the literature were identified, both in terms of populations and topics to be considered. We suggest there is a need to expand the focus from agricultural/rural landholders to consider the relationships maintained by a greater diversity of people living in the Basin: migrant communities, youth, women, urban residents. There are very few studies of groundwater, and demographic transitions, with more work to be done on the hydro-social implications of the land-use transitions underway. It was too soon for COVID19, and its implications for migration, community relations and demands on services to feature in the literature. Finally, the focus of climate change literature needs to expand beyond drought and water scarcity issues to further consider heatwaves, floods and the uneven social impacts of climate change (particularly for First Nations and other vulnerable groups). Further work on how climate change is likely to impact the relational values reported here is a significant undertaking that would provide the foundation for research into and policy development to support adaptation for communities, industries, and economies. 5 Review method The review was structured according to the typology of values developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Values Assessment, specifically focusing on the relational values within their typology (2016; 2022). IPBES conceptualises relational values as the foundational values for a ‘good quality of life’: the achievement of a fulfilled human life which, alongside access to food, water, energy, and livelihood security, comprises health and well-being, social relationships and equity, cultural identity, freedom of choice and action, and the capacity to live in harmony with nature (Diaz et al. 2015). The conceptual work on multiple values carried out by IPBES emerges from acknowledged difficulties in defining, articulating, and measuring social and cultural values – a problem shared by the MDBA. Literature was sourced through a search of academic databases structured using the 11 relational value categories in the IPBES framework: security and livelihoods; sustainability and resilience; diversity and options; living well and in harmony with nature and Mother Earth; health and well-being; education and knowledge; identity and autonomy; good social relations; art and cultural heritage; spirituality and religions; governance and justice. After abstracts and papers were screened for relevance, the final corpus of papers reviewed for this report comprised 186 papers across 11 value categories. Grey literature was sourced through recommendations from experts at the MDBA, Australian National University and Griffith University. Papers initially considered in the security and livelihoods category were excluded as they were considered to align too closely with the economic values literature being reviewed in parallel with this review. Distribution of literature The literature reviewed covers the full suite of relational value categories, however the distribution is uneven across value categories, geographies, and populations. The ‘governance and justice’ literature is the largest collection of papers, explained by the substantial water reforms over the past 20 years. The next largest category, ‘living well and in harmony with nature and mother earth’, features papers that illustrate the deep connections people have to the Basin, and the varied stewardship efforts underway to address environmental and social decline. The smaller number of papers across the remaining value categories suggests more work is to be done to broaden understanding of these value categories, as they all represent important ways in which people live in, experience, and respond to waterways and their connected landscapes. The majority of papers focused on the whole of the Basin as the scale of analysis (52), with studies focused at an NRM region scale the next most common (44). A majority of papers (74) were published in the last five years (2018-2022). The spatial distribution across the Basin is uneven, with just 20 papers solely undertaken in the Northern Basin, compared to 88 solely within the Southern Basin. Of those studies in the Northern Basin, only five were undertaken in Queensland. The Murray River received significantly more attention than other rivers (57 studies), followed by the Darling (15), Murrumbidgee (13) and the Goulburn (13). Representation of First Nations Groups was also uneven: with only 32 of the 45 Nations across the Basin included in the literature, the Baakandji, Yorta Yorta, Ngarrindjeri and Ngemba people were most the groups most frequently included in the literature.Full Tex
Maktabat Al Muthanna Baghdad Feb-May 1962
No full textOn the same date, Ali Al-Mansouri issued an official financial statement confirming that the Al-Khanji Foundation owed a total of 11.375.أصدر علي المنصوري بيانًا ماليًا رسميًا بتاريخ 25 نيسان 1962 يُفيد بأن مؤسسة الخانجي مدينة بمبلغ إجمالي قدره 11,375
Climate change, mitigation and adaptation: the case of the Murray–Darling Basin in Australia
No full textClimate change is likely to have substantial effects on irrigated agriculture. It is anticipated that many areas that are already dry will become drier, while areas that already receive high rainfall may experience further increases. Extreme climate events such as droughts are likely to become more common. These patterns are evident in projections of climate change for the Murray–Darling Basin in Australia. To understand the effects of climate change, as modified by mitigation and adaptation, active management responses designed to improve returns in particular states of nature, such as in the case of drought must be considered. A change in the frequency of drought will induce a change in the allocation of land and water between productive activities. Even with action to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of CO2 at or near current levels, climate change will continue for some decades and adaptation will therefore be necessary. Conversely, most adaptation strategies are feasible only if the rate and extent of climate change is limited by mitigation. In this paper, a simulation model of state-contingent production is used to analyze these issues.Irrigation, Uncertainty, Climate Change
River basin trajectories: societies, environments and development
No full textRiver basin management / River basin development / Hydrology / Water governance / Water use / History / Water allocation / Water transfer / Water quality / Irrigation management / Groundwater management / Surface irrigation / Water lifting / Pumping / Middle East / Jordan / South Africa / Mexico / Tunisia / Tanzania / Iran / India / China / USA / Australia / Lower Jordan River Basin / Olifants River Basin / Lerma-Chapala River Basin / Mediterranean River Basin / Great Ruaha River / Zayandeh Rud River Basin / Krishna River Basin / Bhavani River Basin / Yellow River Basin / Colorado River Basin / Murray Darling River Basin / Merguellil Basin
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