1,720,990 research outputs found
Size-dependent linear elastic fracture of nanobeams
No full textA nonlocal linear elastic fracture formulation is presented based on a discrete layer approach and an interface model to study cracked nanobeams. The formulation uses the stress-driven nonlocal theory of elasticity to account for the size-dependency in the constitutive equations, and the Bernoulli-Euler beam theory to define the kinematic field. Two fundamental mode I and mode II fracture nanospecimens with applications in Engineering Science are studied to reveal principal characteristics of the linear elastic fracture of beams at nanoscale. The domains are discretized both through the transverse and longitudinal directions and the field variables are derived by solving systems of the nonlocal equilibrium equations subjected to the variationally consistent and constitutive boundary and continuity conditions. The energy release rates of the fracture nanospecimens are calculated both from the global energy consideration and from the localized fields at the tip of the crack, i.e. the cohesive forces and the displacement jumps. The results are shown to be the same, proving the capability of the interface model to predict localized fields at the crack tip which are important for the cohesive fracture problems. It is found that the nanospecimens with higher nonlocality have higher fracture resistance and load bearing capacity due to higher energy absorptions and lower energy release rates. The crack propagation in the nanospecimens are also studied and load-displacement curves are presented. The nonlocality considerably increases the stiffness of the initial linear response of the nanospecimens. The fracture model is also able to capture the non-linear post-peak response and the unstable crack propagation, the snap-back instability, which is more intense for nanospecimens with higher nonlocality
Analysis of bond behavior of injected anchors in masonry elements by means of Finite Element Modeling
No full textInjected anchors made of steel bars embedded in masonry elements by means of cement-based grout represented in the past a wide solution for avoiding out-of-plane mechanisms. Corrosion phenomena in steel bars reduced the effectiveness of such type of intervention over time. Innovative materials, as the Fiber Reinforced Plastic ones, can represent a suitable alternative to increase durability and performance of injected anchors. Since the effectiveness of injected anchors is strictly related to bond behaviour along both the bar-grout and the grout-masonry interfaces, a detailed analysis by means of a Finite Element model was developed for different types of bars embedded in masonry elements. The numerical model was firstly calibrated on some experimental results of pull-out tests available in literature and, then, is used for investigating the effects of several parameters on both local and global behaviour. Load-displacement curves and local distributions of shear stresses are examined in detail. The numerical analyses evidenced that the maximum tensile force in the anchor mainly depends on the shear strength of the bar-grout and the grout-masonry interfaces and on the embedded length, but for very long embedded length, it can be limited by the tensile failure in the anchor or in the masonry
Nonlocal layerwise formulation for interfacial tractions in layered nanobeams
No full textInterfacial tractions generated at the interface in two-layered nanobeams are studied through the stress-driven nonlocal theory of elasticity and an interface model. The model uses a layerwise description of the problem and satisfies the continuity conditions at the interface. The size-dependency are incorporated into formulation through a nonlocal constitutive law which defines the strain at each point as an integral convolution in terms of the stresses in all the points and a kernel. The Bernoulli-Euler beam theory is used separately for each layer to describe kinematic field, and to derive size-dependent system of coupled governing equations. The displacement components within the layers are derived and the interfacial tractions are obtained through the interfacial constitutive relations. Results are presented for the interfacial shear and normal tractions, exhibiting a different behavior at the nano-scale compared to those of the layered beams with large-scale dimensions including different maximum interfacial tractions and the location where maxima occur. A superior resistance of nanobeams against debondings and delaminations due to the interfacial normal tractions compared to that of the beams with large-scale dimensions is observed. The formulation and the understandings presented here are expected to stimulate further researches on multilayered nanobeams, including their interfacial fracture mechanics
Effects of multiple edge cracks, shear force, elastic foundation, and boundary conditions on bucking of small-scale pillars
No full textThe buckling instability of micro- and nanopillars can be an issue when designing intelligent miniaturized devices and characterizing composite materials reinforced with small-scale beam-like particles. Analytical modeling of the buckling of miniaturized pillars is especially important due to the difficulties in conducting experiments. Here, a well-posed stress-driven nonlocal model is developed, which allows the calculation of the critical loads and buckling configurations of the miniaturized pillars on an elastic foundation and with arbitrary numbers of edge cracks. The discontinuities in bending slopes and deflection at the damaged cross-sections due to the edge cracks are captured through the incorporation of both rotational and translational springs. A comprehensive analysis is conducted to investigate the instability of pillars containing a range of one to four cracks. This analysis reveals interesting effects regarding the influence of crack location, nonlocality, and elastic foundation on the initial and subsequent critical loads and associated buckling configurations. The main findings are: (i) the shielding and amplification effects related to a system of cracks become more significant as the dimensions of pillars reduce, (ii) the influence of the shear force at the damaged cross-section related to the translational spring must not be neglected when dealing with higher modes of buckling and long cracks, (iii) an elastic foundation decreases the effects of the cracks and size dependency on the buckling loads, and (iv) the effects of the edge cracks on the critical loads and buckling configurations of the miniaturized pillars are highly dependent on the boundary conditions
Buckling of cracked micro- and nanocantilevers
No full textThe size-dependent buckling problem of cracked micro- and nanocantilevers, which have many applications as sensors and actuators, is studied by the stress-driven nonlocal theory of elasticity and Bernoulli-Euler beam model. The presence of the crack is modeled by assuming that the sections at the left and right sides of the crack are connected by a rotational spring. The compliance of the spring, which relates the slope discontinuity and the bending moment at the cracked cross section, is related to the crack length using the method of energy consideration and the theory of fracture mechanics. The buckling equations of the left and right sections are solved separately, and the variationally consistent and constitutive boundary and continuity conditions are imposed to close the problem. Novel insightful results are presented about the effects of the crack length and location, and the nonlocality on the critical loads and mode shapes, also for higher modes of buckling. The results of the present model converge to those of the intact nanocantilevers when the crack length goes to zero and to those of the large-scale cracked cantilever beams when the nonlocal parameter vanishes
Free transverse vibrations of nanobeams with multiple cracks
No full textA nonlocal model is formulated to study the size-dependent free transverse vibrations of nanobeams with arbitrary numbers of cracks. The effect of the crack is modeled by introducing discontinuities in the slope and transverse displacement at the cracked cross-section, proportional to the bending moment and the shear force transmitted through it. The local compliance of each crack is related to its stress intensity factors assuming that the crack tip stress field is undisturbed (non-interacting cracks).The kinematic field is defined based on the Bernoulli-Euler beam theory, and the small-scale size effect is taken into account by employing the constitutive equation of the stress-driven nonlocal theory of elasticity. In this manner, the curvature at each cross-section is defined as an integral convolution in terms of the bending moments at all the cross-sections and a kernel function which depends on a material characteristic length parameter. The integral form of the nonlocal constitutive equation is elaborated and converted into a differential equation subjected to a set of mathematically consistent boundary and continuity conditions at the nanobeam's ends and the cracked cross-sections. The equation of motion in each segment of the nanobeam between cracks is solved separately and the variationally consistent and constitutive boundary and continuity conditions are imposed to determine the natural frequencies. The model is applied to nanobeams with different boundary conditions and the natural frequencies and the mode shapes are presented at the presence of one to four cracks. The results of the model converge to the experimental results available in the literature for the local cracked beams and to the solutions of the intact nanobeams when the crack length goes to zero. The effects of the crack location, crack length, and nonlocality on the natural frequencies are investigated, also for the higher modes of vibrations. Novel findings including the amplification and shielding effects of the cracks on the natural frequencies are presented and discussed
Nonlocal strain and stress gradient elasticity of Timoshenko nano-beams with loading discontinuities
No full textA unified approach is applied for determining both strain- and stress-driven differential formulations of Timoshenko nano-beams in presence of loading discontinuities. The consequent models can simulate small scale effects with different types of constitutive laws (such as pure nonlocal, mixture of local and nonlocal phases, and nonlocal gradient). A specific novel feature of the proposed models is the ability to consider loading discontinuities, i.e. points of discontinuities for generalized internal forces occurring in presence of external supports, forces, or couples concentrated at internal points of the nano-beam. To this end, novel constitutive continuity conditions (CCCs) are imposed at the beam interior points of loading discontinuities. CCCs contain integral convolutions of generalized forces or displacements over suitable parts of the nano-beam; they represent a valid alternative to Dirac delta function and are different from the well-known constitutive boundary conditions (CBCs) imposed at the end-points of the nano-beam. Finally, the proposed models are applied for finding closed-form solutions to cases of practical interest
Exact closed-form solutions for nonlocal beams with loading discontinuities
No full textA novel mathematical formulation is presented for the applications of the stress-driven nonlocal theory of elasticity to engineering nano-scale problems requiring longitudinal discretization. Specifically, a differential formulation accompanied with novel constitutive continuity conditions is provided for determining exact closed-form solutions of nonlocal Euler-Bernoulli beams with loading discontinuities, i.e. points of discontinuity for external loads and internal forces. Constitutive continuity conditions have to be satisfied in interior points where a loading discontinuity occurs and contain integral convolutions of the stress over suitable parts of the nonlocal beam. Several results show the effectiveness of the proposed method
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