115 research outputs found
Images from Newspaper Navigator predicted as maps, with human corrected labels
No full textThe Dataset contains images derived from the Newspaper Navigator (news-navigator.labs.loc.gov/), a dataset of images drawn from the Library of Congress Chronicling America collection (chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/).
[The Newspaper Navigator dataset] consists of extracted visual content for 16,358,041 historic newspaper pages in Chronicling America. The visual content was identified using an object detection model trained on annotations of World War 1-era Chronicling America pages, including annotations made by volunteers as part of the Beyond Words crowdsourcing project.
source: https://news-navigator.labs.loc.gov/
One of these categories is 'maps'. In the original training data for Newspaper Navigator, there were relatively few labelled examples of maps. The predictions for maps have an Average Precision of 69.5%, and 34 images in the validation data.
This dataset contains a sample of these images which have been predicted as 'maps'. It also includes additional labels which indicate whether the predicted map image is a 'map' or 'not a map'.
The data is organised as follows:
The images themselves can be found in 'newspaper_maps.zip'
`2020_30_10_13_19_228_sample.json` contains metadata about each image drawn from the Newspaper Navigator Dataset.
map_labels.csv contains the labels for the images as a CSV fil
Beta Test of Library Carpentry Introduction to AI and Machine Learning
No full textIn this workshop, Mark Bell, Mike Trizna, Nora McGregor, and Daniel van Strien will beta test the lesson that is currently in the early stages of development and is to become a part of the Library Carpentry Curriculum. The workshop aims to empower GLAM (Galleries, Libraries, Archives, and Museums) staff by providing the foundation to support, participate in and begin to undertake in their own right, machine learning-based research and projects with heritage collections
Milnor’s Conjecture on Monotonicity of Topological Entropy: results and questions
No full text02.08.13 KB. Author has recieved permission from publisher to add the submitted version to Spiral.This note discusses Milnor’s conjecture on monotonicity of entropy and gives a short exposition of the ideas used in its proof which was obtained in joint work with Henk Bruin, see [BvS09]. At the end of this note we explore some related conjectures and questions
Correction to Read for Credit #955 question 4
No full textDear Editor MacDermid, As the authors of "An in-depth look at zone III and IV anatomy of the finger extensor mechanism and some clinical implications for use of the relative motion flexion orthosis," 1 We are requesting that the author of Read for Credit Quiz #955 provide the correct answer to question #4. The correct answer is detailed in the article (1) on page 283; left column, line 4. Communication among clinicians and anatomists will improve if universal terminology regarding the structures composing the ex-tensor mechanism (EM) is implemented. This use of universal terminology between scientist and clinician colleagues would lend to better understanding and discussions about the anatomical and functional interactions between the EM's complex tendinous, in-tertendinous, and ligamentous structures. An example is the inappropriate use of the term lateral bands (LBs) instead of conjoined lateral bands (CLBs) when describing the tendinous structures that run on each side of the distal-dorsal end of the proximal phalanx and continue distally past the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ). For this structure, the use of LBs instead of CLBs has lingered for too long and was an important aim for writing our article to distinguish the difference between the LBs and the CLBs. Another important focus of the article was to bring attention to the spiral fibers (SFs), their relationship with the CLBs, and their importance for the proper functioning of the EM. Knowledge of the arrangement of the EM's tendinous and inter-tendinous structures may improve our clinical insight into the EM's function. For example, we point out that intact SFs limit the volar shift of the CLBs (not the LBs) when moving into PIPJ flexion. As shown in Figure 11, the fibers composing the CLBs are derived from both extrinsic fibers from the LBs of the extensor digitorum (ED) and intrinsic fibers from the intrinsic tendon (IT). This is an important distinction between the CLBs and the LBs as the merger of the ex-trinsic fibers (LBs) and intrinsic fibers (IT) is proximal to the PIPJ, while the CLBs continue distally along the PIPJ. The SFs that are located directly over the PIPJ originate from these CLBs, then run dorsal on both sides of the PIPJ and attach to the medial band of the ED and the central slip. The clinical significance of understanding these anatomical relationships lies herein that a zone IV injury (LB/ IT) will probably be managed differently than a zone III EM injury (CLB/SF), and the use of universal (and correct) terminology will improve clinical decision making and communication between surgeons and therapists. Based on our description, the answers to Read for Credit #955 as provided below for question #4 are incorrect: Question #4. The spiral fibers run between the a. dorsal expansionand the EDC b. central slip and the lateral bands c. lumbricales and the interossei d. FDP and the EDC The correct answer should be the SFs are located between the central slip (and the medial slip of the ED) and the CLBs. On a final note, as we endorse the use of universal and precise terminology, we would have preferred that the author of the Read for Credit questions had not used the term EDC but would have followed the article's text, which consistently used ED based on the official International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand and universal anatomical terminology (https://ifssh.info/terminology_hand_ surgery.php/, chapter 1: anatomy)
Climate Adaptation under Uncertainty: A novel decision scaling approach to assess climate vulnerability in the Waterberg Biosphere Reserve, South Africa
No full textManaging water resources for the future is challenging, given the wide range of climatic and hydrological uncertainty. To support decision makers in formulating robust adaptation plans and finding their way through the broad range of available climate data and models, decision scaling was introduced: an approach for bottom-up climate vulnerability assessments, informed by Global Climate Models (GCMs). This study aims to improve decision scaling as developed by Brown et al. (2012) by introducing three recent advances in climate adaptation and uncertainty science.First, the concept of environmental flows (eflows) was adopted to represent the local ecology and variable hydrology with a broad range of indicators for evaluating the impact of climate change. Second, the GCM weighting strategy of Knutti et al. (2017) was applied to account for model performance and interdependency when estimating the plausibility of future climate conditions. Lastly, climate stress testing was not only done for annual average climate changes, but also for a prolonged dry season to represent the interannually variable character of climate change. The potential application of the novel decision scaling approach was illustrated through a case study of the Mokolo River. This river is situated in the South African Waterberg Biosphere Reserve, which faces competing water demands from tourism, industry, agriculture, and ecology under a changing climate. It was found that the additions contribute to decision scaling, as eflows indicators introduced the climate impact on multiple flow components, which provides extra information on the climate vulnerability of the river during different flow conditions. In Waterberg, low and average flow conditions were found similarly sensitive to climate change. Moreover, GCM weighting increased the range of temperature uncertainty and showed high weights for both wet and dry GCM projections, which emphasizes the need for robust climate adaptation in Waterberg. Next, the additional stress test showed that prolonging the dry season by one month influences flows throughout the following year, especially in the posterior months. In this way, understanding the impact of plausible characteristics of future climate was improved. Finally, this study revealed that local activities, such as groundwater extractions and land use changes, and available knowledge challenges the application of decision scaling to a real case study as it requires models and quantification of indicators. Therefore, carefully matching models, performance indicators, local concerns and knowledge are required for formulating climate adaptation strategies with decision scaling.Water Managemen
Ganymede: A Frozen Enigma: Exploring possible internal density distributions through gravitational potential field variations
No full textIn 2022, ESA plans to launch the JUICE (JUpiter ICy moons Explorer) mission which will spend at least three years making detailed observations of Jupiter and three of its largest moons, Ganymede, Callisto and Europa. These moons are currently a hot topic within the science community as their interiors might include oceans consisting of liquid water. These oceans could provide life, but at the moment little is known about the exact composition and structure of these interiors. Only Earth based observations and a few fly-by’s have been performed to measure the characteristics of these moons. The JUICE mission will provide more detailed information on the moons through fly-by’s. This thesis research will focus on Ganymede as JUICE will be the first human-developed satellite to orbit thismoon. Ganymede stands out as a potential scientific target due to several specific reasons; the most remarkable being it’s intrinsic magnetic field. Only two other solid bodies within the Solar System generate such a magnetic dipole field (Earth andMercury). The complex interactions of this magnetic fieldwith Jupiter’smagnetic field are unique and could provide a lot of new knowledge when studied. Measurements from Galileo and the Hubble space telescope suggest that a subsurface layer of (saline) water is present within the moons interior. Saline water could be a good conductor of electricity, generating the magnetic field. The magnetic field of Ganymede could also point towards a complex core, which is another possibility for the generation of this field. It could be that the core of Ganymede consists of liquid, iron rich elements which generate and maintain this magnetic field. Unfortunately, current models of the gravitational potential field and the interior of Ganymede are still uncertain. A precise gravitationalmodel of Ganymede could provide a lot of information about this interior. An orbiter or in-situ probes are required to achieve high precision gravitational potential field models. JUICE is expected to obtain a model of Ganymede’s gravitational potential field of at least degree and order 15. This thesis will provide insight in how different possible internal density distributions of Ganymede influence the gravitational potential field of the moon. Thisway,when JUICE obtains more information on the gravitational potential field of Ganymede, variations within this field can directly be utilized to determine what interior aspects could cause these variations. From 44 billion 1D homogeneous models considered during this research, only 260 adhered to current known characteristics of Ganymede. Certain elements and water phases are present in all models: a pure iron or iron-sulfide core, a silicon mantle, an ice VI layer together with an liquid ocean and a outer crust consisting of Ice Ih. Dependent on the exact layer thicknesses within a model, intermediate ice phases, ice III and V, can also be present. Layer correlations between the 260 models were analyzed and fourteen models where selected for further research. These models were combined with different boundary and density variations to obtain different 3D heterogeneous models. Gravitational potential simulations for spherical harmonics coefficients up to order/degree 48 were performed. It was found that several relations exist between gravitational potential field data and internal density distributions within Ganymede. If one can effectively correct gravitational potential field signals for measurable components within Ganymede’s interior, several sets of internal structures emerge. Furthermore, taking into account the established limitations and correlations between layers, the gradient of the gravitational signal power over spherical harmonics degree can be directly related to the thickness of an interiors ocean. Several distinguishable models show that the presence of ice III, and to a lesser extent ice V, increase the gravitational signal power of a model. When combined with the correlations found between internal layers during this research, one could even establish an accurate first order approximate of Ganymede’s internal composition. These results, together with measurements performed by JUICE, will provide numerous new insights on Ganymede’s frozen enigma.Aerospace Engineering | Space Exploratio
Invariant measures of interval maps
No full textElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc
Datasheets for Digital Cultural Heritage Datasets
No full textSparked by issues of quality and lack of proper documentation for datasets, the machine learning community has begun developing standardised processes for establishing datasheets for machine learning datasets, with the intent to provide context and information on provenance, purposes, composition, the collection process, recommended uses or societal biases reflected in training datasets. This approach fits well with practices and procedures established in GLAM institutions, such as establishing collections’ descriptions. However, digital cultural heritage datasets are marked by specific characteristics. They are often the product of multiple layers of selection; they may have been created for different purposes than establishing a statistical sample according to a specific research question; they change over time and are heterogeneous. Punctuated by a series of recommendations to create datasheets for digital cultural heritage, the paper addresses the scope and characteristics of digital cultural heritage datasets; possible metrics and measures; lessons from concepts similar to datasheets and/or established workflows in the cultural heritage sector. This paper includes a proposal for a datasheet template that has been adapted for use in cultural heritage institutions, and which proposes to incorporate information on the motivation and selection criteria, digitisation pipeline, data provenance, the use of linked open data, and version information
Volledige hydrogenolyse van Freon 12 en Freon 22
No full textDocument(en) uit de collectie Chemische ProcestechnologieDelftChemTechApplied Science
Hyperbolicity and invariant measures for general C2 interval maps satisfying the Misiurewicz condition
No full textIn this paper we will show that piecewise C2 mappings / on [0,1] or S1 satisfying the so-called Misiurewicz conditions are globally expanding (in the sense defined below) and have absolute continuous invariant probability measures of positive entropy. We do not need assumptions on the Schwarzian derivative of these maps. Instead we need the conditions that / is piecewise C2, that all critical points of / are "non-flat," and that / has no periodic attractors. Our proof gives an algorithm to verify this last condition. Our result implies the result of Misiurewicz in [Mi] (where only maps with negative Schwarzian derivatives are considered). Moreover, as a byproduct, the present paper implies (and simplifies the proof of) the results of Mane in [Ma], who considers general C2 maps (without conditions on the Schwarzian derivative), and restricts attention to points whose forward orbit stay away from the critical points. One of the main complications will be that in this paper we want to prove the existence of invariant measures and therefore have to consider points whose iterations come arbitrarily close to critical points. Misiurewicz deals with this problem using an assumption on the Schwarzian derivative of the map. This assumption implies very good control of the non-linearity of /", even for high n. In order to deal with this non-linearity, without an assumption on the Schwarzian derivative, we use the tools of [M.S.]. It will turn out that the estimates we obtain are so precise that the existence of invariant measures can be proved in a very simple way (in some sense much simpler than in [Mi]). The existence of these invariant measures under such general conditions was already conjectured a decade ago.Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc
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