165 research outputs found
Obcy Albert Camus? Przechwycenie jako postkolonialna strategia pisania na przykładzie Sprawy Meursaulta Kamela Daouda
No full textThe author makes a comparative study of The Meursault Investigation by Kamel Daoud and Albert Camus’ works (especially The Stranger and The Fall) based on the literature describing the category of détournement. The theoretical basis of the notion of détournement is reconstructed from the works of Guy Debord, Jacques Derrida and Judith Butler and it becomes the basic category in the interpretation of postcolonial literature. The main aim of the article is to highlight the importance of this category as one of the strategies of postcolonial writing. The author claims that the purpose of using interception in literature is to renegotiate the structure of the canon and position of writers excluded from its structure because of economic, political and cultural conditions. In the first part of the article, the author points out the essential differentiators of détournement. She introduces the formula of the structure of the literary canon created by David Damrosch. Next she analyses two literary narrations dialoguing with each other. Comparison of the canonical story about Meursault’s murder and trial by Camus and The Meursault Investigation by Daoud reveals a strict relation between these novels. In Daoud’s story, the narration is inverted—the perspective of a victim, which is expressed by the brother of nameless Arab, dominates in the book. The analysis ends with the conclusion that détournement of a canonical work, and its recontextualization, is a more revolutionary gesture, made by postcolonial writers, who want to renegotiate their position in the structure of the canon, compared to nativist, utopian reproduction of the precolonial past. The choice of this particular strategy of writing confirms the truth of two claims of which Daoud is aware (as evidenced in novel): first, that every literary work is iterable and, second, that every revolution is only an apparent renouncement. W oparciu o literaturę poświęconą kategorii przechwycenia autorka przeprowadza komparatystyczną analizę Sprawy Meursaulta Kamela Daouda oraz dzieł Alberta Camusa (zwłaszcza Obcego i Upadku). Teoria przechwycenia zrekonstruowana na podstawie pism Guy Deborda, Jacquesa Derridy oraz Judith Butler staje się podstawą dla interpretacji literatury postkolonialnej. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie przechwycenia jako jednej z postkolonialnych strategii tworzenia narracji. Według autorki jej istotą jest renegocjacja struktury kanonu i miejsca twórców wyłączonych – ze względu na ekonomiczne, polityczne i kulturowe uwarunkowania – z pełnego udziału w jego współtworzeniu. W pierwszej części artykułu autorka przedstawia podstawowe wyróżniki przechwycenia oraz struktury kanonu literackiego sformułowanej przez Davida Damroscha. Dalej przeanalizowane zostały dwie dialogujące ze sobą narracje literackie. Porównanie usankcjonowanej w kanonie opowieści o morderstwie i procesie Meursaulta Camusa oraz Sprawy Meursaulta Daouda ujawnia ścisłe związki między dwiema powieściami. W opowieści Daouda odwrócona została narracja o wydarzeniach – w książce dominuje perspektywa ofiary, której wyrazicielem jest brat zabitego przez Meursaulta bezimiennego Araba. Przeprowadzona analiza prowadzi do wniosku, że przechwycenie utworu kanonicznego i jego rekontekstualizacja jest bardziej rewolucyjnym gestem pisarzy postkolonialnych, pragnących wynegocjować własne miejsce w obrębie kanonu, niż natywistyczne, utopijne odtwarzanie przedkolonialnej przeszłości. Wybór tej strategii pisania świadczy o autorskiej świadomości dwojakiego rodzaju: każda literatura jest iterowalna, a każda rewolucja jest tylko pozornym zerwaniem
Compared GDP of different countries of Western Europe since the treaty of Rome (1957-2007).
No full textCette thèse intitulée PIB comparés des différents pays d’Europe occidentale depuis le traité de Rome (1957-2007) est une étude comparative des croissances économiques entre l’Europe des 15 (plus la Suisse) et les Etats-Unis, des débuts de la construction européenne jusqu’à la crise des subprimes. Les recherches se fondent sur les données constituées par l’Université de Groningue, la Banque mondiale et l’Université de Pennsylvanie. L’analyse fait apparaître deux grandes phases : une phase de forte croissance (1949-1973) et une phase de décélération (1986-2007) séparées par une période de crises (1973-1986). Ce sont les pays d’Europe méridionale qui ont connu les croissances les plus rapides durant la première phase, ce
qui fait apparaître la prédominance de l’effet de rattrapage comme principal facteur du dynamisme européen
avant l’ouverture des frontières. Les recherches montrent aussi durant cette période, le dynamisme économique des pays à fort transfert de population en provenance du secteur agricole (Europe des six, Autriche, Finlande).
Le phénomène de la stagflation causé entre 1973 et 1986 par les chocs pétroliers marque la fin de l’embellie des
«Trente Glorieuses». La période 1986 et 2007 laisse apparaître la persistance durable de la décélération dans les espaces économiques nationaux européens. L’écart de la croissance se creuse entre les Etats-Unis et les pays d’Europe occidentale et seuls l’Irlande, le Portugal, le Luxembourg et le Royaume-Uni échappent à ce déclin relatif. Après 1986, le levier fondamental de la croissance économique n’est plus le rattrapage ou le transfert de population active en provenance de l’agriculture, mais le commerce extérieur.This thesis on GDP of different countries of Western Europe compared since the treaty of Rome (1957-2007) is a comparative study of economic growth among the EU 15 (and Switzerland) and United States since the beginning of unification of Europe to the subprime crisis. The research is based on the databases of university of Groningen, world bank and university of Pennsylvania. The analysis of the groxth disparities revealed two major trends : a high-growth phase (1949-1973) and a deceleration phase (1986-
2007) interrupted by a period of crisis (1973-1986). The southern European countries have experienced the fastest growth in the first phase, confirming the predominance of catch-up effect as the main factor of European dynamism before the opening of the borders. Research also shows during this period, strong growth in countries with high transfer of agricultural population (Europe of six, Austria, Finland…). The phenomenon of stagflation caused by the oil crises between 1973 and 1986 marked the end of the
upturn of the "Thirty Glorious Years". The period between 1986 and 2007 reveals the persistence of the slowdown in european national economic spaces. The growth gap is widening between the U.S. and Western European countries. Only Ireland, Portugal, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom escape this relative decline. After 1986, the main engine of
growth is not longer the catch-up effect nor the agricultural population transfer, but the international trade
Et2NH2C6H3(CO2)3SnBr2.4H2O: SYNTHESIS AND INFRARED STUDY
No full textThe title compound has been obtained on allowing [C6H3(CO2)3(Et2NH2)3] to react with SnBr4. The molecular structure of Et2NH2C6H3(CO2)3SnBr2.4H2O has been determined on the basis of the infrared data. The suggested structure is a dimer in which each tin atom is hexacoordinated by two chelating C6H3(CO2)33- anions and two Br atoms. Cy2NH2+cations are involved through hydrogen bonds with non-coordinating CO2 groups. The suggested structure is a cage
Synthèse par pulvérisation magnétron et caractérisation de couches minces photochromes
No full textThese thesis works are within the framework of the ANR Photoflex (2013-2016), which aims to develop a contactless laser printing technology, in order to create updatable or permanent patterns of unique character on any types of supports, especially flexible supports. We report on a reactive magnetron sputtering-based deposition method to synthesize, at room temperature, photochromic nanocomposite thin films consisting of Ag nanoparticles sandwiched between nanoporous TiO2 layers. These films are deposited on flexible substrates such as a transparent plastic (PET) and a diffusing paper. We show that when the TiO2 is elaborated in the metallic sputtering mode, the nanocomposite film is colored due to the formation of metal Ag nanoparticles inducing a localized surface plasmon resonance in the visible range. In contrast, in the compound sputtering mode, the nanocomposite film is colorless because the Ag nanoparticles are oxidized during their capping by the TiO2. We have demonstrated that the colorless samples can be colored under UV laser irradiation (244 nm) due to the reduction of oxidized silver, followed by the growth of metallic Ag nanoparticles by coalescence or Ostwald ripening. Moreover, visible laser irradiation at low irradiances (few W.cm-2) of the colored films gives rise to changes in the particle morphology that modifies the absorbance of the films and results in sample color changes. We have investigated the influence of the deposition conditions (capping layer thickness of nanoparticles, TiO2 buffer layer thickness, Ag amount, holding time after Ag deposition, plasma annealing of Ag nanoparticles, multilayer) in order to optimize the photochromic effects in amplitude and in speed. All the mechanisms are repeatable during UV/Visible irradiation cyclic processes. For strong visible laser irradiances (several tens of kW.cm-2), we observed on nanocomposite films deposited on glass, color changes dependent on the polarization direction of the probe beam, related to the thermal growth and to the self-organization of Ag according to a periodic grating of nanoparticle chains. Contrary to low irradiances, the photo-induced colors are permanent and have a dichroic character. This study opens up interesting possibilities in terms of applications, including authentication and traceability of manufactured products, data storage, the new generation of datamatrix, etc.Ces travaux de thèse rentrent dans le cadre de l’ANR Photoflex (2013-2016) qui vise à mettre au point une technologie d’impression laser sans contact, pour créer des motifs actualisables ou permanents à caractère unique sur tout type de support, en particuliers des supports souples. Nous rapportons la synthèse par technique de pulvérisation magnétron en mode réactif et à température ambiante de films minces nanocomposites photochromes constitués de nanoparticules d’Ag entre deux couches nanoporeuses de TiO2. Ces films sont déposés sur des substrats souples tels qu’un plastique transparent (PET) et un papier diffusant. Nous montrons que lorsque le TiO2 est élaboré en régime de pulvérisation élémentaire, le film nanocomposite est coloré en raison de la présence de nanoparticules d’Ag métalliques induisant une résonance de plasmons de surface localisés dans le visible. En revanche, en régime de pulvérisation composite, le film nanocomposite est incolore car l’Ag s’oxyde lors de son recouvrement par le TiO2. Nous avons démontré que les échantillons incolores peuvent se colorer sous insolation laser UV (244 nm) dû à la réduction de l’Ag oxydé puis à la croissance de nanoparticules d’Ag métalliques par coalescence ou par mûrissement d’Ostwald. De plus, l’insolationlaser visible (647 nm) à de faibles éclairements (quelques W.cm-2) de ce type de film ou des films initialement colorés donne lieu à des changements morphologiques des nanoparticules d’Ag qui modifient l’absorbance du film et entraînent une modification de la coloration de l’échantillon. Nous avons étudié l’influence des conditions de dépôt (épaisseur de la couche de recouvrement des nanoparticules, épaisseur de la sous-couche de TiO2, quantité d’Ag, temporisation après dépôt d’Ag, traitement plasma des nanoparticules d’Ag, multicouches) afin d’optimiser les effets de photochromisme en amplitude et en vitesse. Tous les mécanismes de photochromisme sont répétables durant des processus cycliques d’insolation UV/Visible. Pour de forts éclairements en laser visible (plusieurs dizaines de kW.cm-2), nous avons observé sur des films nanocomposites déposés sur verre, des changements de couleurs dépendants de la direction de polarisation du faisceau sonde, liés à la croissance thermique et à l’auto-organisation de l’Ag selon un réseau périodique de chaînes de nanoparticules. Contrairement aux faibles éclairements, les couleurs photo-induites sont permanentes et présentent un caractère dichroïque. Cette étude ouvre des perspectives intéressantes en termes d’applications, notamment pour l’authentification et la traçabilité de produits manufacturés, le stockage de données, les nouvelles générations de datamatrix, etc
(Cy2NH2)2SO4.2SnMe3SO4Cy2NH2; 2(Cy2NH2)2SO4.5SnMe3SO4Cy2NH2: SYNTHESIS AND INFRARED STUDY
No full textAllowing (Cy2NH2)2.SO4.2H2O or Cy2NH2.HSO4 to react with SnMe3Cl in ethanolic media in two specific ratios the sulphato complexes (mentioned in this paper title) were obtained and their infrared study was carried out. Discrete structures containing the complex-anion [SO4(SO4SnMe3)2]4- consisting of a central bidentate sulphate linked to SnMe3 groups which are then coordinated to monodentate sulphate anions or the complex-anion [(SO4)6(SnMe3)5]7- consisting of planar SnMe3 groups, monodentate or bidentate sulphate anions, these complex-anions dimerizing through cations via hydrogen bonds, are suggested
SOME BENZYL CARBOXYLATO DERIVATIVES AND ADDUCTS: SYNTHESIS, INFRARED AND NMR STUDIES
No full textCy2NH2BzCO2•SnPh3Cl, Bz2NH2BzCO2•SnPh3Cl, BzCO2SnPh3•SnPh3Cl•1/4Bz2NH2Cl, Bz2NH2BzCO2•SnPhCl(OH)2, Bz2NH2BzCO2•SnBu2Cl2, [BzCO2SnPh3][SnPhCl3•EtOH•H2O] adducts and complexes have been obtained on allowing Cy2NH2BzCO2 or Bz2NH2BzCO2•4H2O to react respectively with SnPh3Cl, SnPh2Cl2 or SnBu2Cl2 in specific ratios. The molecular structures of these compounds have been determined on the basis of infrared and NMR data. The suggested structures are discrete, dimers and tetramer, the tin atom being tetra-, penta- and hexacoordinated; the benzyl carboxylate anions are monodentate, bidentate and chelating and the cations involved in hydrogen bonds
2(Cy2NH2)2SO4Sn(SO4)2Cy2NH2Cl AND 2(Cy2NH2)2SO4Sn(SO4)22Cy2NH2Cl: SYNTHESIS AND INFRARED STUDY
No full text2(Cy2NH2)2SO4Sn(SO4)2Cy2NH2Cl and 2(Cy2NH2)2SO4. Sn(SO4)22Cy2NH2Cl complexes have been obtained on allowing Cy2NH2O2C-SO3H and Cy2NH2HSO4 to react respectively with SnBu2Cl2 and SnBu3Cl in specific ratios.The molecular structures of these compounds have been determined on the basis of the infrared data. The suggested structures are dimeric, the tin atom being octacoordinated by four chelating sulfate anions, the monomeric basic entities being connected by hydrogen bonded cation chloride cation strings
(Me4N)2O2CSO3Sn(O2CSO3)2.7Me4NSnCl5: SYNTHESIS AND INFRARED STUDY
No full textOn allowing Me4NO2CSO3H (in water) to react with SnCl4 (in ethanol) the studied complex is obtained. The suggested structure is discrete, the anion behaving as a polydentate and chelating ligand, the environment around tin being octahedral
SYNTHESIS, INFRARED AND NMR STUDIES OF SOME SULFATO DIORGANOSTANNIC DERIVATIVES
No full textEthylendiammoniumSO4•SnBu2Cl2•1/4ethylendiammoniumCl2 (A), 2ethylendiammoniumSO4•SnBu2Cl2 (B) and Cy2NH2SO4H•Cy2NH2SnBu2Cl3 (C) complexes have been obtained on allowing ethylendiammoniumSO4 and Cy2NH2HSO4 to react respectively with SnBu2Cl2 in specific ratios. The molecular structures of these compounds have been determined on the basis of infrared and NMR data. The suggested structures are dimeric and tetrameric, the tin atom being hexacoordinated, the sulphate anions behaving as a monochelating ligand or non-coordinating and only involved in hydrogen bonds. The hydrogenosulfate is a non-sigma coordinating anion but only involved in hydrogen bonds of acetic acid type or NH…O bonds. The presence of dimeric [(SnBu2Cl3)2]2- in one of the structures is noteworthy. The key role of the cations involved in hydrogen bonds is outlined
SYNTHESIS AND INFRARED STUDY OF SOME SULFATO TRIORGANOTIN DERIVATIVES AND ADDUCTS
No full textOn allowing ethylenediammonium sulfate or Me4NSO4H to react with SnPh3Cl or SnBu2Cl2 in ethanolic media in specific ratios the three sulfato complexes were obtained and their infrared study carried out. The molecular structures of these compounds have been proposed on the basis of the infrared data. Discrete structures are suggested: the sulfate anion is tetradentate in two of them and monodentate in the other, the tin center being in a trigonal bipyramidal environment in all the structures. When the ethylenediammonium ion is involved through hydrogen bonds, dimeric structures may be obtained
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