1,721,063 research outputs found
Contrarietà al diritto comunitario dell’imposta regionale sarda “sul lusso”, nota alla sentenza della CGCE, del 17 novembre 2009, causa C-169/08, Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri - Regione Sardegna,
No full textIl diritto di stabilimento riconosciuto ai cittadini dei Paesi associati è un diritto effettivo?
No full textIL RITORNO AL PROTEZIONISMO: I DAZI STATUNITENSI, LA REAZIONE DELL’UE E LA CRISI DELL’OMC
No full textBACK TO PROTECTIONISM: U.S. TARIFFS, EU REACTIONS
AND THE CRISIS OF THE WTO
Since 2018 the US have increased tariffs (custom duties) on imports of steel and aluminium products justifying these commercial measures on «national security» ground. On the contrary, several WTO Members have qualified these duties as safeguard measures breaching WTO Law. For this reason the EU and several WTO member states have started to rebalance the injury suffered. Moreover, many WTO Members complained to the Dispute Settlement Body. The main points of this dispute concerns the juridical qualification of the US measures. However, at the moment it is not possible to know the solution because the panel has not ruled yet. Because of this reason, it is not possible to know which interpretation will prevail; furthermore there is not any certainty about the limit of «judicial» accountability in cases where the exception of «national security» is invoked.
This paper examines the GATT rules on customs duties in order to assess whether those in the steel sector have a protectionist purpose and comply with the multilateral system. It also analyzes the EU reaction adopted, both in 2018 and 2020, to respond to U.S. measuresDal 2018 gli USA hanno aumentato i dazi doganali all'importazione di prodotti di acciaio e alluminio, giustificando queste misure commerciali su motivi di «sicurezza nazionale». Al contrario, numerosi membri dell'OMC hanno qualificato tali dazi come misure di salvaguardia contrarie al diritto OMC. Per questo motivo l'UE e diversi Stati membri dell'OMC hanno adottato delle misure tese a ribilanciare il pregiudizio subito. Inoltre, sono stati presentati vari reclami davanti al Dispute Settlement Body. Il punto essenziale della controversia concerne la qualificazione giuridica delle misure USA. Tuttavia, ancora non è possibile sapere quale interpretazione prevarrà in quanto il panel non si è ancora pronunciato, inoltre non è certo quale sia il limite della sindacabilità «giurisdizionale» nei casi in cui si invoca l'eccezione della «sicurezza nazionale». In questo lavoro si esaminano le regole del GATT sui dazi doganali al fine di valutare se quelli statunitensi nel settore siderurgico abbiano un fine protezionista e siano conformi al sistema multilaterale. Inoltre si analizza la reazione dell'UE adottata, sia nel 2018 sia nel 2020, per rispondere alle misure statunitensi
El primer reenvío prejudicial de la Corte costituzionale italiana. Esperando un diálogo aún más constructivo
No full textThe CJEU has issued the judgement Presidente del Consiglio / Regione Sardegna after the first reference for preliminary ruling submitted by the Italian Corte costituzionale. This CJEU judgement constitutes a legal ground for the declaration of the unconstitutionality of the so-called “luxury tax” levied by Sardegna on the operators that are not BASED on the regional territory, since it conflict with article 56 TFEU, as interpreted by CJEU. In fact, according to the Corte costituzionale the provision of Union Law serve as “serve as interstitial rules by reference to which the conformity of the regional legislation with the first paragraph of Article 117 of the Constitution can properly be tested”. With a significant change in the perspective, Corte costituzionale goes beyond its traditional reluctance and opens up to the dialogue with CJEU. Nevertheless, some important issues still wait for an answer, especially those relating to the possibility of raising preliminary rulings in the framework of a procedure in which the constitutional questions are referred to the Corte costituzionale by the italian ordinary courts (incidenter tantum)
Le sovvenzioni e le misure compensative nell'Organizzazione mondiale del commercio
No full textThe analysis of the international legal discipline on public subsidies carried out in this monograph is mainly founded on a critical examination of the relevant disputes. The volume begins with the study of the rules on subsidies in the 1947 GATT, so as to single out both its positive features and its flaws. This historical overview intends to highlight the goals that the WTO Agreements had to accomplish in order to fill the gaps in the international regulation of subsidies. The research continues with an in-depth exam of the relevant rules in the WTO Agreements, based on several rulings issued by the panels and the Appellate Body throughout the last fourteen years.
First, the monograph is directed to reconstruct the notion of subsidy and to check as well if the notion provided by the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) has a general nature and could also apply to other Agreements, in particular to the special category of agricultural subsidies, regulated by the Agreement on Agriculture. This question – addressed both by the doctrine and the case law – has been settled by assuming that WTO Agreements are part of a single system of rules. Therefore it seems necessary to find solutions that could preserve its consistency, including the contextual application of different Multilateral Agreements. This aspect is further discussed in the final part of the study, that deals with the analysis of the rules on agricultural subsidies.
The examination of the disputes settlement bodies reports shows that prohibited subsidies – especially “export” subsidies – are more challenged than “actionable” subsidies. Hence, one cannot consider that Uruguay Round negotiators fully succeeded in establishing more precise rules for the definition of the concepts of “injury” and “causal link” and in rendering the so-called “effect-based norms” provided for in the Agreement more effective. Thus, the provision of actual prohibitions turns itself into an essential means to limit these measures that distort international trade and that are commonly used during times of economic crisis.
The book also analyses the remedies established by the WTO system – with particular reference to the SCM Agreement – in order to offset the distortive use of subsidies. As in the past, the imposition of countervailing duties is currently the most rapid and effective means to re-establish a balance between the industries of the importing and the exporting Members. This unilateral action is therefore widespread and is subject to “quasi-jurisdictional” review by the DSB, in order to avoid abuses that could turn into protectionist practices. Nevertheless, this international trade area is also characterised by a wider access to the multilateral mechanism of disputes settlement if compared to the past. The research deeply focuses on the problems raised by these two competing options allowed to Member States under the system
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