1,721,288 research outputs found
La violenza nei lager. Analisi psicologica di uno strumento politico.
No full textIn questo volume si analizza in chiave psicologica la persecuzione nazista così come si è verificata mediante quello strumento politico di oppressione che è stato il campo di concentramento. Dopo aver ricostruito l'ambientazione del Lager, si esaminano le fasi psicologiche attraversate dai deportati, gli effetti distruttivi dell'apparato concentrazionario sugli internati e le varie risposte dei prigionieri. Inoltre si analizza la mentalità delle guardie SS e si descrivono gli effetti psicopatologici sui sopravvissuti
Effects of procedural variables on the lateralization effect of reflective lateral eye movements (LEMs).
No full textIn: R. Schmid, D. Zambarbieri, Pavia 198
La reduction de l'activite oculaire suite a des problemes visuels et spatiaux: un test sur l'hypothese de l'interference visuelle
No full textReduction of ocular motility following visuo-spatial questions: a test of the visual interference hypothesis.
No full textStudies in which lateral eye movements (LEMs) were used as
indices of differential hemispheric activation during cognitive
processing have found a greater proportion of ‘stares’ following
visuo-spatial questions than following verbal questions.
This phenomenon was explained by a visual interference
hypothesis (VIH): assuming that solving spatial questions involves
visual imagery, and that visual stimuli may interfere
with internally generated visual images, interference can be
limited by suppressing eye movements (EMS). No support to
the VIH came from investigations predicting a greater proportion
of stares in visually enriched environments. However
assuming that the ‘gating out’ of visual inputs during the
processing ofvisuo-spatial questions is a well-established habit,
experimental manipulation of the visual environment may be
ineffective in modifying the rate of stares. Based on the VIH,
we tested a different prediction: instances in which spatial
questions are followed by an EM should be characterized by
longer reflection latencies (RL).
Data from 32 female Ss. tested in a LEMs experiment
confirmed that RLs for spatial questions followed by an EM
are significantly longer CM= 10.33”) than those followed by
stares (M = 6.34”). Since this could be due to the fact that
EMS might have a greater probability of occurring in longer
time intervals, analysis was repeated with a 2” cut off for
EMS. The effect of interference was confirmed, RL for questions
followed by an EM being equal to 8.05” and for those
followed by stares being equal to 5.10”.
Further analyses for verbal questions will reveal whether
the interference effect is specific to visuo-spatial processing
Effetto di lateralizzazione dei movimenti oculari di riflessione: influenza della distanza dall'interagente visivo, dell'istruzione di fissazione, della difficolta` e della sequenza delle domande
No full textLa riduzione dell'attività oculare in seguito a quesiti visuo-spaziali: un test dell'ipotesi dell'interferenza visiva
No full textREDUCTION OF OCULAR MOTILITY FOLLOWING VISUOSPATIAL QUESTIONS - A TEST OF THE VISUAL INTERFERENCE HYPOTHESIS
No full textStudies in which lateral eye movements (LEMs) were used as
indices of differential hemispheric activation during cognitive
processing have found a greater proportion of ‘stares’ following
visuo-spatial questions than following verbal questions.
This phenomenon was explained by a visual interference
hypothesis (VIH): assuming that solving spatial questions involves
visual imagery, and that visual stimuli may interfere
with internally generated visual images, interference can be
limited by suppressing eye movements (EMS). No support to
the VIH came from investigations predicting a greater proportion
of stares in visually enriched environments. However
assuming that the ‘gating out’ of visual inputs during the
processing ofvisuo-spatial questions is a well-established habit,
experimental manipulation of the visual environment may be
ineffective in modifying the rate of stares. Based on the VIH,
we tested a different prediction: instances in which spatial
questions are followed by an EM should be characterized by
longer reflection latencies (RL).
Data from 32 female Ss. tested in a LEMs experiment
confirmed that RLs for spatial questions followed by an EM
are significantly longer CM= 10.33”) than those followed by
stares (M = 6.34”). Since this could be due to the fact that
EMS might have a greater probability of occurring in longer
time intervals, analysis was repeated with a 2” cut off for
EMS. The effect of interference was confirmed, RL for questions
followed by an EM being equal to 8.05” and for those
followed by stares being equal to 5.10”.
Further analyses for verbal questions will reveal whether
the interference effect is specific to visuo-spatial processing
La riduzione della motilità oculare in seguito a quesiti di natura visuo-spaziale: valutazione delle ipotesi dell'arousal e dell'interferenza visiva.
No full textINTRODUCTION.
In studies in which lateral eye movements were used as indicators of left versus right hemispheric activation during cognitive processing several authors (e.g. Ehrlichman, Weiner & Baker, 1974; De Gennaro & Violani, 1988) reported that there was a greater proportion of "stares" (absence of eye movements) following spatial questions than following verbal questions.
This effect may be explained by two hypothesis:
1) the interference hypothesis;
2) the arousal hypothesis.
The interference hypothesis (Singer, Greenberg & Antrobus, 1971) assumes that, since solving spatial questions involves visual imagery, visual stimuli in the testing environment may compete and interfere with internally generated visual images. In order to avoid overloading of visual processors, eye movements causing processing of new environmental visual input are suppressed or reduced. In fact experimental studies do not confirm this hypothesis: Meskin & Singer (1974), Ehrlichman (1980) and Ehrlichman & Barrett (1983) found no increase of the ocular motility in different conditions of environmental "enrichment-impoverishment" (when the experiment was run in a lit environment as compared to a dark one, or when the subject was facing an interviewer as compared when facing a blank screen).
The arousal hypothesis posits that, since increase in oculomotor activity is associated with cognitive arousal (e.g. Lorens & Darrow, 1962; Amadeo & Shagass, 1963; Klinger, Gregoire & Barta, 1973), the increase in the number of stares following spatial questions reflects the fact that these are less difficult and arousing.
Goals of the present study are to replicate the finding of a greater proportion of stares following spatial questions, within a study on the direction of reflective eye movements (De Gennaro, Devoto & Violani, in this Volume), and to assess the arousal hypothesis by evaluating whether longer latencies of reflection for verbal questions as compared to spatial questions confirmed that the former were indeed more difficult than the latter.
METHODS.
64 female subjects were tested in a "lateral eye movements" experiment. For the procedure, see De Gennaro et al. (in this Volume); relevant for the present study is the definition of questions' difficulty which was posited a priori and validated by asking a group of 20 subjects to sort sets of verbal and spatial questions, homogeneous with respect to the implied cognitive processes, in each of two levels of difficulty (De Gennaro & Violani, 1988).
From the video-recordings of each individual session a scorer, "blind" with respect to the content of each question, counted stares, defined as instances in which there was no detectable eye movement in the lapse between the end of the question and the beginning of the verbal answer. Latencies of reflection were defined by the time elapsed between end of each question and beginning of the ensuing answer. In order to ensure blindness of the scoring, the audio output of the video-recorder was off, and end of each question and beginning of answer were detected by the turning on and off of a LED.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS.
Five-way mixed ANOVA (Distance x Fixation instruction x Sequence x Difficulty x Question type) on the number of stares showed the following main effects: "Fixation Instruction" (F=25.35; p<.00001) indicating more stares when subjects were requested to fixate a central point during the presentation of the questions (X=2.70) than when they were not (X=.95), "Difficulty" (F=25.38; p<.00001) indicating more stares for "easy" (X=2.05) than for "difficult" questions (X=1.61) and "Question Type" (F=76.70; p<.00001) indicating more stares for spatial (X=2.22) than for verbal questions (X=1.44). No other main effect nor interaction was significant.
The same Anova on mean latencies of reflection showed a significant main effect for "Difficulty" (F=159.84; p<.00001), indicating shorter latencies for easy (X=8.88 sec.) than for difficult questions (X=14.88 sec.), and for "Question Type" (F=30.05; p<.00001), indicating shorter latencies for spatial (X=10.48 sec.) than for verbal questions (X=13.28 sec.). Furthermore a significant Difficulty x Question Type interaction (F=27.91; p<.00001) shows that, only for difficult questions, latencies of reflection were shorter for spatial (X=13.73 sec.) than for verbal questions (X=17.33 sec.; Duncan post-hoc test, p<.01), while for easy questions this difference was not significant (Spatial questions, X= 8.52 sec.; Verbal questions, X=9.23).
The effect of more stares for spatial questions was replicated once more. The results on the mean latencies of reflection partially support the arousal hypothesis. In fact only for the questions defined as difficult the verbal ones were indeed found to have longer latencies of reflection than spatial ones. The lack of a significant interaction between difficulty and type of question on the proportion of stares leaves the problem of the causes of the greater proportion of stares following the "easy" spatial questions unanswered
Ocular motility following verbal or spatial questions: partial support to the arousal hypothesis.
No full textIn: R. Schmid, D. Zambarbieri s, Pavia, 1989
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