1,720,985 research outputs found
Redox properties of the Fe3+/Fe2+ couple in Arthromyces ramosus class II peroxidase and its cyanide adduct
No full textThe thermodynamics of the one-electron reduction of the ferric heme in free and cyanide-bound Arthromyces ramosus peroxidase (ARP), a class II plant peroxidase, were determined through spectro-electrochemical experiments. The data were compared with those for class III horseradish peroxidase C (HRP) and its cyanide adduct, and were interpreted in terms of ligand binding features, electrostatic effects and solvent accessible surface area of the heme group and of catalytically relevant residues in the heme distal site. The E-o' values for free and cyanide-bound ARP (-0.183 and -0.390 V, respectively, at 25 degrees C and pH 7) are higher than those for HRP and HRP-CN. ARP features an enthalpic stabilization of the ferrous state and a remarkably negative reduction entropy, which are both unprecedented for heme peroxidases. Once the compensatory contributions of solvent reorganization are partitioned from the measured reduction enthalpy, the resulting protein-based Delta H-rc(int)degrees' value for ARP turns out to be less positive than that for HRP by + 10 kJ mol(-1). The smaller stabilization of the oxidized heme in ARP most probably results from the less pronounced anionic character of the proximal histidine, and the decreased polarity in the heme distal site as compared with HRP, as indicated by the X-ray structures. The surprisingly negative Delta S-rc degrees' value for ARP is the result of peculiar reduction-induced solvent reorganization effects
A first step towards the understanding of the 5-HT3 receptor subunitheterogeneity from a computational point of view
No full textThe functional serotonin type-3 receptor (5-HT3-R), which is the target of many neuroactive drugs, isknown to be a homopentamer made of five identical subunits A (5-HT3A-R) or a binary heteropentamermade of subunits A and B (5-HT3A/B-R) with a still debated arrangement and stoichiometry. Thiscomplex picture has been recently further complicated by the discovery of additional 5-HT3-R subunits,C, D, and E, which, similarly to the B subunit, are apparently able to form functional receptors only ifco-expressed with subunit A. Being the binding site for both serotonin and antagonists (i.e. drugs)located at the extracellular interface between two adjacent subunits, the large variability of the 5-HT3-Rcomposition becomes a crucial issue, since it can originate many different interfaces providing nonequivalentligand binding sites and complicating the pharmacological modulation. Here, the different5-HT3-R interfaces are analysed, on the bases of the structural conformations of previously built 3Dhomology models and of the known subunit sequences, by addressing their physicochemicalcharacterization. The results confirm the presence of an aromatic cluster located in the core of the A–Ainterface as a key determinant for having an interface both stable and functional. This is used as adiscriminant to make hypotheses about the capability of all the other possible interfaces constituted bythe known 5-HT3-R sequences A, B, C, D, and E to build active receptors
Approaching the 5-HT3 receptor heterogeneity by computational studies of the transmembrane and intracellular domains
No full text5-hydroxytryptamine type-3 receptor (5-HT3), an important target of many neuroactive drugs, is a cation selective transmembrane pentamer whose functional stoichiometries and subunit arrangements are still debated, due to the extreme complexity of the system. The three dimensional structure of the 5-HT3R subunits has not been solved so far. Moreover, most of the available structural and functional data is related to the extracellular ligand-binding domain, whereas the transmembrane and the intracellular receptor domains are far less characterised, although they are crucial for receptor function. Here, for the first time, 3D homology models of the transmembrane and the intracellular receptor domains of all the known human 5-HT3 subunits have been built and assembled into homopentameric (5-HT3AR, 5-HT3BR, 5-HT3CR, 5-HT3DR and 5-HT3ER) and heteropentameric receptors (5-HT3AB, 5-HT3AC, 5-HT3AD and 5-HT3AE), on the basis of the known three-dimensional structures of the nicotinic-acetylcholine receptor and of the ligand gated channel from Erwinia chrysanthemi. The comparative analyses of sequences, modelled structures, and computed electrostatic properties of the single subunits and of the assembled pentamers shed new light both on the stoichiometric composition and on the physicochemical requirements of the functional receptors. In particular, it emerges that a favourable environment for the crossing of the pore at the transmembrane and intracellular C terminus domain levels by Ca2+ ions is granted by the maximum presence of two B subunits in the 5-HT3 pentamer
Blue copper proteins: A comparative analysis of their molecular interaction properties
No full textBlue copper proteins are type-I copper containing redox proteins whose role is to shuttle electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor in bacteria and plants. A large amount of experimental data is available on blue copper proteins; however, their functional characterization is hindered by the complexity of redox processes in biological systems. We describe here the application of a semiquantitative method based on a comparative analysis of molecular interaction fields to gain insights into the recognition properties of blue copper proteins. Molecular electrostatic and hydrophobic potentials were computed and compared for a set of 33 experimentally-determined structures of proteins from seven blue copper subfamilies, and the results were quantified by means of similarity indices. The analysis provides a classification of the blue copper proteins and shows that (1) comparison of the molecular electrostatic potentials provides useful information complementary to that highlighted by sequence analysis; (2) similarities in recognition properties can be detected for proteins belonging to different subfamilies, such as amicyanins and pseudoazurins, that may be isofunctional proteins; (3) dissimilarities in interaction properties, consistent with experimentally different binding specificities, may be observed between proteins belonging to the same subfamily, such as cyanobacterial and eukaryotic plastocyanins; (4) proteins with low sequence identity, such as azurins and pseudoazurins, can have sufficient similarity to bind to similar electron donors and accepters while having different binding specificity profiles
Insight into MAPK P38α DFG-Flip mechanism by accelerated molecular dynamics
No full textThe DFG motif at the beginning of the activation loop of the MAPK p38a undergoes a local structural reorganizationupon binding of allosteric type-II and type-III inhibitors, which causes the residue F169 to movefrom a buried conformation (defined as DFG-in) to a solvent exposed conformation (defined as DFG-out).Although both experimental and computer simulation studies had been performed with the aim ofunveiling the details of the DFG-in to DFG-out transition, the molecular mechanism is still far from beingunequivocally depicted.Here, the accelerated molecular dynamics (AMD) technique has been applied to model the active loopflexibility of p38a and sample special protein conformations which can be accessible only in some conditionsor time periods. Starting from the assumption of an experimentally known initial and final state ofthe protein, the study allowed the description of the interaction network and the structural intermediateswhich lead the protein to change its loop conformation and active site accessibility. Besides a few importanthydrogen bond interactions, a primary role seems to be played by cation–p interactions, involvingthe DFG-loop residue F169, which participate in the stabilization of an intermediate conformation andin its consequent transition to the DFG-out conformation. From this study, insights which may prove usefulfor inhibitor design and/or site directed mutagenesis studies are derived
Theoretical descriptors for the quantitative rationalisation of plastocyanin mutant functional propertiess
No full textA quantitative rationalisation of the effect of specific amino acids on the recognition process and redox characteristics of plastocyanin towards cytochrome f, as determined by point mutation experiments, has been attempted in this study. To achieve this goal we derived theoretical descriptors directly from the three-dimensional structure of the plastocyanin mutants, in the same manner as it is usually done for small drug-like molecules. The protein descriptors computed can be related to: (a) the electrostatic and dipole-dipole interactions, effective at long distance; (b) polar interactions whose features are encoded by charged partial surface area descriptors; (c) the propensity of the surface residues to form hydrogen bonding interactions; and (d) dispersion and repulsive interactions. Moreover, an estimation of mutation-dependent variation of redox potential observed has been obtained by electrostatic free energy calculations. The quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models offer structural interpretation of the point mutation experiment responses and can be of help in the design of new protein engineering experiments
Biologically relevant properties of copper-containing proteins analysed by means of semi-quantitative and quantitative theoretical descriptors
No full textBiologically relevant properties of copper-containing proteins analysed by means of semi-quantitative and quantitative theoretical descriptor
Control of metalloprotein reduction potential: The role of electrostatic and solvation effects probed on plastocyanin mutants
No full textThe changes in the thermodynamics of Cu(II) reduction for spinach plastocyanin induced by point mutations altering the electrostatic potential in proximity of the copper center were determined through variable temperature direct electrochemistry experiments. In particular, the functionally important surface residues Leu12 and Gln88 were replaced with charged and polar residues, and Asn38 was substituted with Asp. The mutational variations of the reduction enthalpy and entropy were analyzed with a QSPR (quantitative structure-property relationships) approach, employing global and local theoretical descriptors defined and computed on the three-dimensional protein structure. The correlations found are informative on how electrostatic and solvation effects control the E degrees' values in this species through the combined effects on the reduction enthalpy and entropy. The changes in reduction enthalpy can be justified with electrostatic considerations. Most notably, enthalpy-entropy compensation phenomena play a significant role: the entropic effects due to the insertion of charged residues determine E degrees' changes that are invariably opposite to those induced by the concomitant enthalpic effects. Therefore, the resulting E degrees' changes are small or even opposite to those expected on simple electrostatic grounds. The mutational variation in the reduction entropy appears to be linked to the hydrogen bonding donor/acceptor character of the northern part of the protein, above the metal site, and to the electrostatic potential distribution around the copper site. Both properties influence the reduction-induced reorganization of the water molecules on the protein surface in the same region
A computational protocol to probe the role of solvation effects on the reduction potential of azurin mutants
No full textSemiquantitative relationships between thermodynamic parameters of Cu2+ reduction experimentally measured for a series of azurin mutants and the solvation free energy of the oxidized state of the proteins were derived. Solvation free energy calculations were carried out within an ONIOM/PCM scheme specifically adapted to this protein series. The method proved to be able to capture the main determinants of the measured reduction parameters, providing satisfactory predictions of the E degrees'
Computational approaches to structural and functional analysis of plastocyanin and other blue copper proteins
No full textComputational techniques are becoming increasingly important in structural and functional biology, in particular as tools to aid the interpretation of experimental results and the design of new systems. This review reports on recent studies employing a variety of computational approaches to unravel the microscopic details of the structure-function relationships in plastocyanin and other proteins belonging to the blue copper superfamily. Aspects covered include protein recognition, electron transfer and protein-solvent interaction properties of the blue copper protein family. The relevance of integrating diverse computational approaches to address the analysis of a complex protein system, such as a cupredoxin metalloprotein, is emphasized
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