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Methods and Tools of Quantification in Historical Research. Napoleonic Employment Applications as a Case Study
Full text linkWith the advent of Digital Humanities offering innovative tools for historical
research, this chapter evaluates their benefits and drawbacks using the Napoleonic
Employment Applications project (NapApps) as a case study. After examining data
structuring and categorization, it analyses 800 application letters from candidates for
the Napoleonic administration to investigate aspects of professionalization. Focusing
in particular on willingness to relocate and associated rhetorical strategies, the study
identifies specific trends and distinctive vocabulary patterns. Following an evaluation
of various text mining techniques along with their strengths and limitations, it explores
methods that integrate text analysis with metadata about the authors. It concludes by
arguing that this integrated approach provides a robust means for investigating historical
phenomena
Prima dei social network. Autopromuoversi attraverso la stampa all'inizio dell'Ottocento
Full text linkSelf-promotion existed long before the invention of social networks: in the
early nineteenth century, it was possible through the press. Napoleon was certainly the
master of the century at using the press for self-promotion and propaganda, but he was
not alone. Alvise Mocenigo, Venetian patrician, prefect, senator of the Kingdom of Italy
and creator of the model village of Alvisopoli, was also an expert. His story exemplifies
how it was possible to stand out within the Napoleonic elite through a skilful use of both
the periodical press and publications that echoed one’s support for the regime
Alla ricerca di un asilo: gli emigrati francesi a Venezia durante la Rivoluzione
No full textPrivati del diritto ad un asilo, in qualità di sostenitori della monarchia e nemici della rivoluzione, gli emigrati francesi vissero una singolare condizione di «stranieri politici». Oltre a non poter rientrare in patria per timore di una condanna a morte, furono costretti a spostarsi da uno Stato all’altro, spinti dall’avanzata degli eserciti repubblicani e dalle minacce dei diplomatici francesi. Questi ultimi cercarono di ottenere il loro allontanamento dai luoghi in cui avevano trovato rifugio, come la neutrale Repubblica di Venezia. L’interazione dei suoi organi con i rappresentanti della Repubblica francese permette dunque di approfondire le peculiarità e le contraddizioni dello status di emigrato. Allo stesso tempo, le informazioni raccolte dalle autorità veneziane consentono un’analisi complessiva dei francesi arrivati in laguna negli anni Novanta del Settecento.Privés du droit d’asile, en tant que partisans de la monarchie et ennemis de la révolution, les émigrés français vécurent une très particulière condition d’« étrangers politiques ». Ils ne pouvaient pas retourner dans leur pays d’origine, car ils y risquaient la peine de mort. De plus, ils devaient se déplacer d’un pays à l’autre, poussés par l’avancée des armées républicaines et par les menaces des diplomates français qui demandaient leur expulsion des lieux où ils avaient trouvé refuge. La République neutre de Venise était l’un de ces pays. L’interaction entre son gouvernement et les agents diplomatiques de la République française permet d’étudier les singularités et les contradictions du statut d’émigré. En outre, toutes les informations enregistrées par les autorités vénitiennes peuvent être utilisées pour une analyse globale des Français arrivés à Venise à la fin du XVIIIe siècle.Deprived of the right of asylum for supporting the monarchy and opposing the revolution, French émigrés lived under the condition of «political strangers». They could not return to their homeland, as they risked death penalty. Furthermore, they had to move from one country to another, pressured by the advance of republican armies and by the threats of French diplomats, who demanded their expulsion from the places where they had found refuge. The neutral Republic of Venice was one of those. Through the interaction between its government and diplomatic agents of the French Republic, peculiarities and contradictions of the émigré status can be investigated. Moreover, all information recorded by Venetian authorities can be used for a global analysis of the French arrived in Venice at the very end of the eighteenth century
Practical, physiological and molecular aspects of fruit abscission
No full textMany fruit species bear an abundance of flowers which produce a surplus of fruit that the tree is unable to support. In anticipation of this the major fruit species developed an immature fruit physiological drop as self regulatory mechanism. The physiological fruit drop leads to a reduction of the fruit number per tree, but this is still insufficient to guarantee, at harvest, fruits of good marketable size and maximum commercial yield. For this reason the fruit thinning is performed to achieve the optimum fruit load. Taking into account the practical importance of the thinning operations, the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying natural fruitlet abscission is important for improving fruit thinning technique and setting up molecular strategies useful for screening new chemical thinners or for selecting self thinning varieties. Fruitlet abscission is a highly co-ordinated event. It involves multiple changes in cell structure, metabolism and gene expression leading to cell separation occurring in abscission zone (AZ). Anatomical, biochemical and molecular events associated with cell separation at fruit AZ level have been described. Ethylene and IAA are deeply involved in the regulation of abscission. The general interaction between the two hormones is manifested in their antagonistic relation when the IAA status controls sensitivity of the tissue to ethylene. On the other hand, ethylene is a potent inhibitor of IAA interfering with its polar transport.
Recent advances on molecular aspects referring to ethylene biosynthesis and action as well as IAA polar transport in relation to apple and peach fruitlet abscission are discussed
The ethylene biosynthetic and transduction pathways are differently affected by 1-MCP in apple and peach fruit
No full text1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) is an antagonist of ethylene for receptor binding sites and the effects of its application differ in relation to a number of factors including genotype and ripening physiology. Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch cv. ‘Summer Rich’) and apple (Malus domestica L. Borkh cv. ‘Golden Delicious’) fruits were incubated with 1-MCP (1 microLL−1) for 24 h at 20 ◦C and respiration rate, ethylene production and fruit firmness, together with ACC synthase, ACC oxidase, ETR1, ERS1, and CTR1 gene expression patterns were assessed throughout the post-treatment phase. 1-MCP was confirmed to be effective in delaying ripening in apples while in peaches only a limited effect of the chemical was observed. A dramatic inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis and ACS gene expression was induced by 1-MCP in apples whereas no marked difference was observed in peaches between the two controls (in air and in sealed jars without 1-MCP) and the treated fruit. In apples, Md-ETR1 and Md-ERS1 gene expression was down-regulated by 1-MCP starting from the end of the treatment, while Md-CTR1 appeared negatively affected by the chemical at a later stage. Transcription of Pp-ETR1, Pp-ERS1 and Pp-CTR1 genes appeared unaffected in 1-MCP treated peaches. Differences in receptor transcript levels between control fruit maintained in air and those enclosed in sealed jars without 1-MCP may be due to an effect of CO2 that rapidly accumulates following incubation of ripening peaches. Results support the hypothesis that the different behaviour of peaches and apples in response to 1-MCP application might be related to differences in terms of ratio, expression patterns and/or turn-over of the ethylene receptors
Dominance induction of fruitlet shedding in Malus X domestica (L. Borkh): molecular changes associated with polar auxin transport
Full text linkBACKGROUND: Apple fruitlet abscission is induced by dominance, a process in which hormones such as auxin, cytokinins and strigolactone play a pivotal role. The response to these hormones is controlled by transcription regulators such as Aux/IAA and ARR, whereas auxin transport is controlled by influx and efflux carriers.
RESULTS: Seven partial clones encoding auxin efflux carriers (MdPIN1_A, MdPIN1_B, MdPIN10_A, MdPIN10_B, MdPIN4, MdPIN7_A and MdPIN7_B), three encoding auxin influx carriers (MdLAX1, MdLAX2 and MdLAX3) and three encoding type A ARR cytokinin response regulators (MdARR3, MdARR4 and MdARR6) were isolated by the use of degenerate primers. The organization of the PIN multigene family in apple is closer to Medicago truncatula than to Arabidopsis thaliana. The genes are differentially expressed in diverse plant organs and at different developmental stages. MdPIN1 and MdPIN7 are largely more expressed than MdPIN10 and MdPIN4. During abscission, the transcription of these genes increased in the cortex whereas in the seed a sharp fall was observed. The expression of these genes was found to be at least partially controlled by ethylene and auxin.
CONCLUSION: The ethylene burst preceding abscission of fruitlets may be responsible for the decrease in transcript level of MDPIN1, MDARR5 and MDIAA3 in seed. This situation modulates the status of the fruitlet and its fate by hampering the PAT from the seeds down through the abscission zone (AZ) and this brings about the shedding of the fruitlet
Different responses of apple and peach fruit to 1-MCP. a case of different sensitivity to ethylene?
No full textBenzylaminopurine Application on Two Different Apple Cultivars (Malus domestica) Displays New and Unexpected Fruitlet Abscission Features
No full textBackground and Aims: It has been previously shown that abscission of apple fruitlets is preceded by an increase in ethylene evolution and in the amount of transcripts for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO), an enzyme catalysing the final step in ethylene biosynthesis. These events are concomitant with shedding induction and chemical thinning. There are several thinners but their mode of action and efficacy is poorly understood. One of them is benzylaminopurine (BA), a cytokinin believed to act by enhancing vegetative activity and stressing the competition between shoots and fruitlets, thus leading to fruitlet shedding. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism of action of BA and the variable effect depending on apple cultivar (easy or difficult to thin) are poorly understood.
Methods: Abscission, the amount of MdACO1 transcripts and other parameters were followed in immature apple fruits during the period of physiological drop. The cultivars studied were ‘Golden Delicious’ and the ‘spur’ type ‘Red Delicious’. BA was used as a thinning agent and was sprayed 14 d after petal fall (DAPF). Fruitlets were divided into central (C) and lateral (L) fruitlet populations.
Key Results: Fruitlet size was significantly different between C and L fruitlets but it did not differ much between the populations within the same cultivar. C fruitlets were characterized by basal ethylene evolution while L fruitlets displayed an increase in hormone biosynthesis during abscission induction. Cluster composition evaluated by the L/C ratio differed in the two varieties, being almost unchanged throughout abscission induction in ‘Golden Delicious’ and progressively decreasing in ‘Red Delicious’. Shoot growth activity evaluated at the end of the season indicated a possible connection with both the ongoing abscission and BA application. MDACO1 transcripts were mainly detected in L fruitlets and the accumulation was related to total abscission in ‘Golden Delicious’, while in ‘Red Delicious’ expression was observed in both C and L fruitlets.
Conclusions: BA probably exerts its thinning effect through vegetative growth. In the ‘spur’ type ‘Red Delicious’ the chemical is ineffective, probably due to a limited action on shoot growth due to genetic characteristics. The amount of MdACO1 transcripts in seeds is a good indicator of abscission
Candidarsi a un impiego in età napoleonica. Riflessioni a partire da una ricerca in corso
Full text linkThe principle of career pathways based on merit, brought in by the French Revolution, was also asserted by Napoleon. Though opposed to the concept of favour, merit remained an ambiguous term, conceived both as an individual and a hereditary feature. The analysis of a corpus of almost seven hundred applications for employment, produced by three hundred candidates, allows us to examine on which elements they based their rhetorical strategy – be it education, service, kinship, sufferings, or family burdens – by observing the Napoleonic administration through the perception held by those who wanted to be employed
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